LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



CliapH.-li. Copyright No... 
Shelf^S^il.. 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



ANCIENT HISTORY 



Literature and Art. 



Topically Arranged with References 



EMBRACING 



A Geographical Method of Memorizing History. 



. . . B Y . . . 



Julia Harris Bentley. 




{%^^ /•CY\.U'D~t-\ 



CHICAGO: 

W. B. CONKEY COMPANY, PRINTERS. 
1897. 



THE LIBRARY 
or CONGRESS 

WASHINGTON 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1897, by 

JULIA HARRIS BENTLEY. |_^_ ^^^j^^^ 

In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 



PREFACE. 



This work is designed for the use of teachers, schools, fami- 
lies and literary circles. Its obje<?t is to enable the student to 
acquire a knowledge of history with less study than is required 
by the regular text-book method. While the principles of the 
map are neither new nor original, it has been simplified in details 
and plan which adapts it to general use. 

The object of the topical method is to give prominence to 
important names and events, to emphasize and impress upon the 
memory what is most essential and avoid unnecessary detail. 
The object of the reference system is the study of a subject from 
the standpoint of different authors, without the loss of time 
usually required in searching for references. In the selection of 
references, care has been taken to give the best authorities 
usually found in public and private libraries. In the paging of 
the references errors may be found, and in some cases the refer- 
ences may not cover the whole subject as lettered, but are given 
with that object in view. An alphabetical list of books referred 
to in the work, with the year of their publication and name of 
publisher, is given in the appendix. References in the work are 
only expected to correspond to the year of the publication as 
given in the catalogue. 

The purpose of the map is to hold the threads of history 
continuous by the aid of the eye without taxing the memory, as 
illustrated in the study of geography by the aid of maps. The 
map study in this work is practically the same, the centuries tak- 
ing the phice of countries, persons and events of history answer- 
ing to important places in geographical study. The topics and 
their subdivisions are arranged with a view to the main points of 
history and their historical sequence, tracing the progress of 
civilization, through the influence of religion, politics, literature 
and art; special attention being given to the rise, decline and 
fall of nations and causes therefor. The system is very elastic 
and may be condensed or expanded, according to the time at the 
student's disposal, or a choice of subject, history, art or litera- 
ture may be pursued. As an outline of chronology the work is 
valuable as a ready reference. J. H. B. 

VII 



CONTENTS. 



SECTION I. 

PAGE. 

The Creation 1 

Egypt — Country, People and History of Principal Dynasties 2 

Cities of Ancient Egypt 9 

Egyptian Art U 

SECTION II. * 

The Chaldean, Assyrian and Babylonian Empires 14 

Ancient Cities 16 

Chaldean, Assyrian and Babylonian Art 18 

Phoenician History 20 

Ancient Cities 21 

SECTION III. 

Palestine — Hebrew People 22 

Principal Historical Characters, Language and Art 23 

Ancient Cities 28 

SECTION IV. 

Tenth Century Chronology 31 

Hebrew History 32 

SECTION V. 

Ninth Century Chronology 35 

Hebrew History 36 

Assyrian History 39 

SECTION VI. 

Greece— Country, People, Religion, Language and Literature 40 

Cities of Ancient Greece 44 

Greek Colonies of Asia Minor 48 

Cities of Asia Minor 49 

The Principal ^gean Islands 50 

Greek Colonies in Italy 52 

SECTION VII. 

Roman History — Etruria 54 

Italy — Country, People and Religion 54 

Cities of Ancient Italy 59 

IX 



X CONTENTS. 

SECTION VIII. 

PAGE. 

Eighth Century Chronology 61 

Hebrew History 63 

Assyrian History 65 

Grecian History 66 

Roman History 67 

SECTION IX. 

Seventh Century Chronology 69 

Hebrew History 71 

Assyrian History 73 

Babylonian History 75 

Grecian and Roman History 76 

SECTION X. 

Persia — Country, People, Religion and Art 78 

Chief Cities of Ancient Persia 79 

SECTION XI. 

Sixth Century Chronology 81 

Hebrew History 83 

Babylon, Egypt and Lydia 85 

Persian History 86 

Grecian History 87 

Roman History 88 

Greek Literature 89 

Art of Ancient Greece 93 

SECTION XII. 

Fifth Century Chronology 97 

Grecian History 100 

Greek Literature 112 

Greek Art 117 

Roman History 126 

Jewish History 127 

SECTION XIII. 

Fourth Century Chronology 130 

Grecian History 133 

Macedonian History 134 

Greek Literature 138 

Greek Sculpture 140 

Greek Painting 142 

Roman History 143 

SECTION XIV. 

Third Century Chronology 145 

Epirus, Achaean and ^tolian Leagues, Macedon, Egypt and Syria 148 

Parthia 150 

Roman History, Sicily 151 



CONTENTS. XI 

PAGE. 

Rome and Carthage ". 154 

Rome, Macedon and Syria 157 

Greek Literature 160 

Greek Art 161 

SECTION XV. 

Second Century Chronology 165 

Roman History 167 

Jewish History 172 

First Period of Roman Literature 174 

Roman Architecture 175 

The Greco-Roman Period of Sculpture. 176 

SECTION XVI. 

First Century Chronology 179 

Roman History 181 

Jewish History 187 

Roman Literature 188 

Appendix 193 



EXPLANATION OF THE MAP OR CHART AND SUG- 
GESTIONS FOR STUDYING IT. 



The map represents ten centuries, separated from one 
another by broad marginal bands. Each century is divided by 
central bars, merely to assist the eye in locating events and 
dates. The centuries contain one hundred squares, each square 
representing one year. Beginning with the lower right hand 
corner the squares are named 1, 2, 3, etc. Should the century 
be the tenth, the squares would be numbered 901, 902, 903, 904, 
905 to the central bar, the last square on the line would be 910. 
The number of all squares first j)receding the central line will 
end in five, those next after in six, all at the end of the lines in 
nought, while all numbers beginning the lines will end in one, 
as 1, 11, 21, etc. 

The squares, or years, are divided into five sections, each 
section referring to special events of history, as follows: 

1 refers to wars, invasions, battles and 
revolutions. 

2 " " sieges, conquests and coloni- 
zations. 

3 " " laws or edicts. . 

4 " " leagues and treaties. 

5 " " historical personages and mis- 
cellaneous events. 

Nationalities are symbolized by form and color, as follows: 
Egypt, a red square. 




Phoenicia, a red triangle. 

Carthage, a red triangle. 
Syria, a red oblique square. 
Assyria, a yellow square. 
Babylonia, a yellow triangle. 
Kingdom of Pontus, a yellow 

oblique square. 
Hebrew (Judah), a blue square. 



Hebrew (Israel), a blue triangle. 
Persia, a green square. 
Media, a green triangle. 
Parthia,a green oblique square 
Kome, a black square. 
Greece, a black triangle. 
Macedonia, a black oblique 
square. 



EXPLANATION OF THE MAP OR CHART. xiii 

Historical events are marlved as follows: 

Great national events by national color and form embracing 
the whole square or year. 

rWars, usually by color and form, indicated by name. 

\ Civil and social wars, by an oblique cross. 

[Battles, usually by colors of victorious army, section 1. 

Conquests, by colors of conquerors, section 2. 

Leagues and treaties, by an oblique cross, section 4. 

Rulers, indicated in center of section 5. 

Two rulers occupying a throne at the same time, by an ob- 
lique cross. 

Eminent persons, other than rulers, at left of center of sec- 
tion 5. 

Miscellaneous events, at right of section 5, 

Suggestions. — The map or chart should be hung while 
studying, instead of folded ; a century should not be isolated, as 
studying it in relation to its position upon the map helps the eye 
to retain its location and the relation of its history to the pre- 
ceding and subsequent century. The rise and fall of nations are 
also more easily traced by this arrangement. In beginning the 
study of a century, no attention should be paid to dates or names 
of the events, but fix in the mind through the eye the characters 
that first attract the attention, then group together certain other 
characters, impressing them upon the mind until, by closing the 
eyes, a mental picture of the lesson can be seen; after which 
names of events may be learned and thoroughly memorized, let- 
ting the eye take care of the dates^ by photographing upon the 
mind their location upon the map. Should the century be the 
fifth, the marks indicating great national events will strike the 
eye at once. After these the group of characters in the upper left 
hand corner, denoting the Persian Wars and eminent persons 
connected therewith. Toward the last of the century is a sim- 
ilar group, referring to the closing years of the Peloponnesian 
War. In like manner, every century, with its most important 
events, can be made familiar to the eye, which should be able to 
carry the location of the event and thereby fix the date without 
taxing the memory. A fair trial will convince teachers and 
students that this method is unequalled in acquiring and retain- 
ing a knowledge of history. Should it prove as valuable to oth- 
ers as to the author, the object of this work will be fully realized. 



ERRATA. 

PAGES 

46 and 120 should read Lysikrates 

48 should read Karians 

4V) and 85 should read Krcesus 

50 and 140 should read Halikarnassus 

77 should read Kyaxares 

83 and 85 should read Polykrates 

113 and 114 should read Elektra 

1 17 should read Hippokrates 

150 should read Lykurgus 

60() B. C. of the Chart should show form of yellow triangle 
instead of yellow squares. 



Ancient History, Literature and Art. 

section i. 



THE CREATION.^! 



CREATION. — Signification of the word; ancient legends 
concerning it. The Mosaic account of the creation — The Mosaic 
revelation of God and nature of the creation compared Avith 
other nations of antiquity — Modern ideas of the origin of the 
world (a). 

The age of the world as assigned by different writers — An- 
tiquity, origin and primitive condition of man — Advancement 
and moral condition at the time of the Flood (b). 

The flood — Traditions of the different nations verifying the 
event — Diversity of opinion in regard to the deluge being local or 
universal (c). 

Repeopling of the earth — Building of the tower of Babel — 
Confusion of tongues and the dispersion (d). 

tDawson: Origin of the world. Geikie: Hours with the Bible (Creation 
to Patriarchs), 21-39, 57-63 (a), 64-76, 108-137 (b), 150-174 (c), 174 seq. (d). Philo, 
Judaeiis, Vol. 1:1-52 (a). Vol. 2:1-43 (d). Lyell: The Antiq. of Man. Lubbock: 
Origin of Civilization and Primitive Condition of Man (b). Littell's Living Age, 
Vol. 167:596-609. North Amer. Rev., Vol. 18:266 seq. Edinburgh Rev., Vol. 118:254 
seq. Popular Science Mo., Vol. 7:268, Vol. 28:862 (a). Vol. 37:145-seq. (b). West- 
minster Rev. (New Series), Vol. 18:411, Vol. 23:517, Vol. 49:62 (b). Contemporary 
Review, Vol. 114:368 (b-2). Bible, Book of Genesis. Clarke: Ten Great Relig- 
ions, Vol. 2:193-221; appendix, 382-4 (a). Smith: History of the Bible, 21 seq. 
(a), 35-42 (c), 45-8 (d). Smith: Transactions British Archseol. Soc, Vol. 2:213-34, 
Vol. 3:380-96 (c). Clodd: "Childhood of the World" (b). Clodd: Story of Crea- 
tion (a). Smith: The Chaldean Account of Genesis (a-d). Runsen: Egypt's 
Place in History, Vol. 4. Sayce: Fresh Light from Anc. Monuments, 22-47 
(a-1, c, d). Lenormant: The Beginnings of Hist., 47-66 (b), 382-488 (c). Smith: 
Hist. World, Vol. 1:15-57 (a-d). Encyclopedias. 

*Sections I, II and III are preparatory for the map work, beginning with 
the tenth century B. C, and may be treated as supplemental reading. 

tThe student need not necessarily be confined to the list of references given 
in this work, any history or work on the subject may be used; a large library not 
necessary for successful work. 



2 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

EGYPT. 

THE COUNTRY— Extent and general outline— Its dimen- 
sions and boundaries — Major and minor divisions — The Nile val- 
ley—The Delta — Fayoum, Western desert, oases and Natron 
lakes (a) — The Nile — Sources and tributaries — The inundation 
of the Nile (b) — The fertility of Egypt — Soil, productions and cli- 
mate (c) — Wild and domestic animals — Birds of Egypt (d). 

Kenrick: Anc. Egypt Under the Pharaohs, Vol. 1:3-7, 65-80 (b, c, d), 49, 
51-64 (a), 170 seq. (d). Rollin: Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:120 seq. 128-33. Wilkinson: 
Anc. Egyptians, Vol. 1:224-34, 245-52 (d), 303 seq.. Vol. 2:229-33 (a). Herodotus 
(Rawlinson tr.): Vol. 2:5-45 (a, b, c). Poole: Cities of Anc. Egypt (Introduction) 
(a, b). Brugsch: Egypt Under the Pharaohs, Vol. 1:16-24 (a). Harper's Mag., 
Vol. 69:165 seq. (b). Smith: Anc. Hist, of the East, 30-41 (a, b, c), 69 (d), 70 seq. 
(a). Dawson: Egypt and Syria. Rawlinson: Story Anc. Egypt, 1-22. Ridpath: 
Hist. World, Vol. 1:29 seq., 61 (a), 34-6 (b, c). Duncker: Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 
1:1-9 (a). McClintock: Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit, Vol. 7:98-104 (b). Smith: Diet. 
Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 1:36 seq. (a). Vol. 2:430-7 (b, c). Sharpe: Hist. 
Egypt, Vol. 1:1-7. Heeren: Historical Researches African Nations, 286 seq. 
Herodotus: Euterpe, Book II.; Egypt, 7-32 (a, b) 

THE PEOPLE. — Origin, antiquity- and ethnic position of 
the Egyptians — Personal appearance and characteristics — Do- 
mestic life and manners — Dress and ornaments — Amusements, 
music and dancing — Musical instruments — Place of the Egyp- 
tians in the history of civilization. 

Rawlinson: Story of Anc. Egypt, 23-9. Duncker: Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 
1:9-14. Kenrick: Anc, Egypt, Vol. 1:81-3, 196-211, 233-7. Perrot and Chipiez: 
Hist. Anc. Egyptian Art, Vol. 1:9-16. Ridpath: Hist. World, Vol. 1:36-41, 79. 
Sharpe: Hist. Egypt, Vol. 1:181-5. Westminster Review, Vol. 36:1-35. Smith: 
Anc. Hist, of the East, 42-6, 67 seq. Renouf: Origin and Growth of Religion, 
32-79. Dawson: Egypt and Syria, 181-203. Draper: Intellectual Development, 
Europe, Vol. 1:80-93. Herodotus (Rawlinson tr.): Vol. 2:47-128; "Euterpe," 
Book II., 32 seq. Contemporary Review, Vol. 13:319, Vol. 34:304, 570, 741; Vol. 
35:107, 237, Vol. 39:804. Wilkinson: Anc. Egyptians, Vol. 1:1-303, Vol. 2:320-49. 
Brugsch: Egypt Under the Pharaohs, Vol. 1:7-15, 24-6, 30 seq. Maspero: Life 
in Anc. Egypt and Assyria, 1-36, 93-112. Budge: Dwellers on the Nile, 179-90. 

THE SOCIAL SYSTEM— TheKing—ThePriesthood,their 
wealth and influence — The military class, their duties and pre- 
rogatives (a) — The nobles (b) — The laboring classes (c). 

The social rank and freedom of woman in Ancient Egypt — 
Her prominence in Egyptian mythology and importance in civil 
and religious functions — The position of woman proof of a high 
degree of civilization among the Egyptians (d). 



EGYP TIA N HIS TOR V. 3 

Duncker: Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 1:183-97, 200, 229 (a), 198-201 (b, c). Rollin: 
Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:139-43 (a), 153 (c). Herodotus (Rawlinson tr.): Vol. 2:47-9 (d). 
Kenrick: Anc. Egypt, Vol. 2:22-34 (a, b), 24, 35-40 (c), 24, 46 seq. (d). Maspero: 
Life in Anc. Egypt, 11-16. Adams: Historical Essays, 12-15 (d). Wilkinson: 
Anc. Egyptians, Vol. 1:272-7, 310-26 (a-d), 333-6 (a-2), 336 seq. (a-3). Vol. 2:1 
seq. (€), 229-32 (b). Heeren: Hist. Researches African Nations, 322-35 (b, c). 
Smith: Anc. Hist, of the East, 182-7. Yaggy: Museum of Antiqs., 170-1, 214 seq.. 
256 (d). Perrot: Hist. Anc. Egyptian Art, Vol. 1:21-44 (a, b, c). Rawlinson: 
Story Anc. Egypt, 43-5, 60-2 (b, c), 62-4 (d). Ridpath: Hist. World, Vol. 1:72-6 
<a), 77-8 (c). Contemporary Review, Vol. 40:289-91 (d). Brugsch: Egypt Under 
the Pharaohs, Vol. 1:26-8 (c). Sharpe: Hist. Egypt, Vol. 1:29-30 (d), 187-8 (a-2). 

OCCUPATIONS— Agriculture, horticulture, fishing (a). 
Manufactures (b). 

Kenrick: Anc. Egypt, Vol. 1:155-69, 172-5 (a), 181-6 (b). Wilkinson: Anc. 
Egyptians, Vol. 1:212-24, 238-44, Vol. 2:2-4, 11-54 (a), 56-166, 247 (b). Rollin: 
Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:153-6. Lord: Beacon Lights Hist., Vol. 8:372-6, 484-96 (b). 
Yaggy: Museum of Antqs., 163-202, 343-62 (a, b). Perrot and Chipiez: Hist. 
Anc. Egyptian Art, Vol. 2:364-98. Duncker: Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 1:222-4 (a, h). 
Contemporary Review, Vol. 40:282 seq. Maspero: Egyptian Archseol., 240-324. 
Blackwood's Mag., Vol. 108:218-19, 228. 

RELIGION — Polytheism; worship of personified forces of 
nature and symbolical animal worship (a) — Monarch worship (b) 
— The myth of Osiris and Isis the principal gods of the Egypt- 
ians — Horus and Hathor (c). 

The judgment of the dead — The book of the dead — Belief 
in the immortality of the soul (d) — Sacrificial rites — Priests, 
their duties and habits (e). 

Rawlinson: Story Anc. Egypt, 30-41. Duncker: Hist. Antiquity, 42-73 
(a, c), 76-83 (d), 183-7 (b). Wilkinson: Anc. Egyptians, Vol. 1:326-32 (a), 379 seq. 
Perrot and Chipiez: Hist. Anc. Egyptian Art, Vol. 1:21-5 (b). Rollin: Anc. 
Hist, Vol. 1:144-8 (a). Sharpe: Hist. Egypt. Vol. 1:112-16 (c). Vol. 2:22-8 (a-d). 
Edwards: Pharaohs, Fellahs and Explorers, 226-33 (a-d). Maspero: Life in 
Anc. Egypt, 38, 41-50 (b), 55 seq. (c-1). Contemporary Review, Vol. 39:805-20, 
Vol. 40:45-62. Heeren, Hist. Researches African Nations, 355-65. Renouf: 
Origin and Growth of Religion. Smith: Anc. Hist, of the East, 195-205. Rawlin- 
son: Religions of the Ancient World. Rawlinson: Hist. Anc. Egypt, Vol. 
1:310-426. Herodotus: Euterpe, Book IL, 35-9 (e), 40-73 (a, c), 119 seq. (d). 
Kenrick: Anc. Egypt, Vol. 1:293-368 (a), 342-9 (c), 368-79 (e), 396-410 (d). Vol. 
2:1-21 (a-2). Mai-iette: Monuments of Upper Egypt, 23-6 (a), 69 (c), 88-91, 93-4 
(a-2, c), 13-26, 122-3, 143-4 (c). Murray: Manual of Mythology, 341-7 (a), 347-8, 
350-1 (c). Brugsch: Egypt Under the Pharaohs, Vol. 1:39, 74, 228-229, 232, 
295-8 (a-2). Poole: Lectures Anglo-Israel, 403-18 (d). Clarke: Ten Great Relig- 
ions, Vol. 1:209-58, Vol. 2:5-8, 27, 73, 94-6, 136, 152-5, 180-2. 326-30. Budgs: 
Funereal Archasology, 205-10. (Book of the D.) 

BURIAL CUSTOMS.— Embalming the body (a)— Cere- 
monies of funerals (b) — Sarcophagi — "^ombs of the Ancient 



4 HISTORY. LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

Egyptians, tombs of the nobles, tombs of the common people — 
Canopic jars and vases — Papyri (c). 

Mariette: Mons. of Upper Egypt, 32-6. Kenrlck: Anc. Egypt, Vol. 1:401-27 
(a, b, c). DuEcker: Hist, of Antiquity, Vol. 1:73-6. Ridpath: Hist. World, Vol. 
1:80-3. Budge: The Mummy, 153-73 (b), 173-89 (a), 189-94, 311-49 (c). Maspero: 
Egyptian Archaeol., 108-63. Maspero: Anc. Egypt and Assyria, 124-6, 128-32 (a), 
133-52 (b, c). Long: Egyptian Antiqs., Vol. 2:96-146 (a), 147-59 (b), 106-81 (c). 
Herodotus (Rawlinson tr.): Vol. 2:118-25 (a, b), Euterpe Book H. of Herodotus, 
78-81 (a, b). Rav/nsley: Notes for the Nile, 1-18 (c). Westropp: Handbook of 
Archaeol., 126-36 (a, b, c). Perrot and Chipiez: Hist. Anc. Egyptian Art, VoL 
1:126 seq. (a, b, c). Lepsius: Letters from Egypt, etc., 183-5, 211 (b), 261-6 (c). 
Contemporary Review, Vol. 40:45 seq. Blackwood's Magazine, Vol. 108, 220 
seq. (a). 

LANGUAGE. — Close relationship to Semitic and Turanian 
languages (a). The art of writing — Hieroglyphic, hieratic and 
demotic — Egyptian papyri (b). The Rosetta Stone — Interpreta- 
tion of the hieroglyphics by Champollio'n — Value of the Rosetta 
Stone in giving authenticity and completeness to Egyptian his- 
tory (c). 

Literature — General characteristics — Egyptian hymns and 
religious books — The "Book of the Dead" — "Poems of Pentaur" 
— Egyptian fiction; "Tale of the Two Brothers," "The Doomed 
Prince" — Preservation and translation of Egyptian literature (d). 

Science; mathematics, astronomy and medicine (e). 

Renouf: Origin and Growth of Religion, 168-253 (b, d). Duncker: Hist. 
Antiquity, Vol. 1:206-20. Wilkinson: Anc. Egyptians, Vol. 2:249-61 (e). Brugsch: 
Egypt Under the Pharaohs, Vol. 1:242-5 (a), 308-11, Vol. 2:47-8, 50-65, 105-14, 
137, 139 Sharpe: Hist. Egypt, Vol. 1:17, 20 (a, b). Quarterly Review, Vol. 
147:435 seq. Ebers: Egypt, Vol. 2:42 seq. (e). St. Clair: Buried Cities and Bible 
Countries, 11-16 (c). Rawnsley: Notes for the Nile (Hymns of Egypt), 182-324 
(d). Heeren: Hist. Researches; African Nations, 257-81 (c-1). Sayce: The Higher 
Criticism and the Monuments, 208-12 (d). Kenrick: Anc. Egypt, Vol. 1:81-93 (a), 
238-72 (b, c), 273-02 (e). Herodotus (Rawlinson tr.): Vol. 2:255-69 (b), 237-40, 
277-83 (e). Smith: Anc. Plist. of the East, 210-18 (b, d). Contemporary Review. 
Vol. 40:361-77 (d). Mariette: Mons. Upper Egypt, 27-34, 54-61 (a, b, c). Edwards: 
Pharaohs, Fellahs and Explorers, 193-217 (a, d). 217-22 (e), 222-6 (d), 234-60 (b). 
Budge: Funereal Archaeology, 108-52 (c). Budge: Dwellers On the Nile, 98 seq., 
100 seq., 115 seq., 107-78 (d). 

SOURCES OF EGYPTIAN HISTORY.— Great uncertain- 
ty of chronological dates — Value of the monuments in determin- 
ing its chronology — The Tablet of Abydos — The Turin Papyrus 
— The Rosetta Stone — Recent explorations — Inexhaustible 
wealth of Egyptian antiquities — Authorities upon Egyptian 
history, Herodotus — Diodorus — Manetho. 



EGYP TIA N HIS TOR V. 5 

THE OLD EMPIRE — Mythical period — Its antiquity and 
civilization — Menes the first king and traditional founder of 
Memphis. 

Rollin: Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:160. Rawlinson: Story of Anc. Egypt, 46-54. 
Herodotus: (Rawliuson tr.) Vol. 2:140, 284-9. Kenrick: Anc. Egypt, Vol. 1:1-3, 
Vol. 2:93-103. Mariette: Mons. Upper Egypt, 27-48. Duncker: Hist. Antiquity, 
Vol. 1:15-41, 84-6. Smith: Anc. Hist, of the East, 47-59. Brugsch: EgjDt Under 
the Pharaohs, Vol. 1:32-49, 51-67. Popular Science Mo., Vol. 37: 145 seq. (an- 
tiquity of). Lepsius: Letters from Egypt, 367-404. Mariette: Outlines Anc. 
Egyptian Hist., 83-92, 114 seq. Edwards: Pharaohs, Fellahs and Explorers, 37 
seq. (a). 2-36. Clement: Egypt, 27-36. Poole: Lectures, Anglo-Israel, 397-400, 
414, 419, 451. 

THE FOUKTII DYNASTY the epoch of the Great Pyra- 
mid builders and the first veritable historic kings — King 
Sneferu — His supposed tomb the pyramid of Meydoum (a). 

King Khufu or Cheops (b). The Great Pryamid — Its dimen- 
sions and materials — Its passages, long gallery and royal cham- 
bers — Their relative position and purposes — Supposed purposes 
for which the pyramids were built, especially the pyramids of 
Gizeh — Method of construction and material used (c). 

Rawlinson: Story Anc. Egypt, 54-64 (a), 72-85 (b, c). Hist. Anc. Egypt. 
Duncker: Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 1:88-95 (b, c). Kenrick: Anc. Egypt, Vol. 
1:99-106, 116 seq. (b, c), Vol. 2:110-14 (b). Herodotus, Vol. 2:169-74, 289-91 (b, c). 
Maspero: Egyptian Archaeology, 128-31 (c-1), 138 (a). Smyth: Our Inheritance 
in the Great Pyramid. Harper's Magazine, Vol. 1:210, Vol. 7:721, Vol. 47:236. 
Rawnsley: Notes for the Nile, 19-58 (a). Petrie: Hist. Egypt, 30 seq. Brugsch: 
Egypt Under the Pharaohs (1881), Vol. 1:78-83 (a), 85-94. Sharpe: Hist. Egypt, 
Vol. 1:21 seq. Mariette: Mons. Upper Egypt, 93-7, 100-5 (c), 133-4 (a). Reber: Hist. 
Anc. Art, 4-7. Contemporary Review, Vol. 36:93-119. Conway: Dawn of Art, 
99 seq. (a). Smith: Anc. Hist, of the East, 62 seq. Herodotus: (Rawlinson tr.) 
Vol. 2:169-74, 289-91. 

KING KHAFRA (Chephren) third king of the fourth 
dynasty — The second pyramid — The great Sphinx* — The temple 
associated with the Sphinx and the secret passages connecting 
it with the pyramid — Statues of King Khafra (ti). 

KING MENKAURA or Mencheres, builder of the third 
pyramid (completed by Queen Nitocris) (b)— Extent of the domin- 
ion of Egypt under this dynasty— State of science, art and civili- 
zation (c). 



*Mariette says a stone in the Boulak Museum shows that the Sphinx was 
in existence when Cheops, who preceded Chephren, gave orders for the repairs 
which the stone commemorates. 



6 HISTORY, LITERA TURE AND ART TOPICS. 

Duncker: Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 1:92, 95-9 (a). Clement: Egypt, 49-53 (a), 
60-1 (b). Perrot and Chipiez: Anc. Egyptian Art, Vol. 1:323-9 (a). Kenrick: 
Anc. Egypt, Vol. 1:107-9,^112-16 (a), 109-11 (b). Vol. 2:114-20 (b, c). Reber: Hist. 
Anc. Art, 7-9 (a, b). Smith: Anc. Hist, of the East, 63-7 (a). Brugsch: Egypt 
Under the Pharaqhs, Vol. 1:94-100 (a), 101-3 (b). Lepsius: Letters from Egypt. 
52, 59, 66 seq. Mariette: Mens. Upper Egypt, 97-9 (a). Maspero: Egyptian 
Archaeol., 201 seq. (Sphinx). Harper's Magazine, Vol. 47:237 (Sphinx). 

THE MIDDLE EMPIRE. 

THE TWELFTH DYNASTY — Sixteen kings reigned dur- 
ing a period of four hundred and fifty-three years — Amenemhat 
I_ — Usertasen I. — Usertasen III. — Extent of kingdom and mili- 
tary prowess of Usertasen III. (a). 

Amenemhat III. — His achievements — The Fayoum — Build- 
ing of the Labyrinth — The legend of the twelve princes — Lake 
Moeris (b) — The advancement of civilization under this dy- 
nasty (c). 

Rawlinson: Story Anc. Egypt, 101-12 (a), 113-23 (b). Duncker: Hist. An- 
tiquity, Vol. 1:103-17 (a, b), 117-21 (c). Kenrick: Anc. Egypt, Vol. 2:132-49 (a, b, 
c), Vol. 1:41-4 (b). Mariette: Mens, of Upper Egypt, 316-25 (b). Smith: Anc. 
Hist, of the East, 81-92. Petrie: Hist. Egypt, 145-63, 176-83 (a), 184-95 (b), 199 
(c). Brugsch: Egypt Under the Pharaohs, Vol. 1:143-65, 180-7 (a), 187-96 (b), 
198-204 (c) (1891 ed), 55-65, 72-4. Lepsius: Letters from Egypt, 14, 89-96. Sharpe: 
Hist. Egypt, Vol. 1:15-20, 26 (a-2). Herodotus (Rawlinson tr.): Vol. 2:193-6, 
294-5, Euterpe, II. Book of Herodotus, 143-49 (b). 

THE HYKSOS OR SHEPHERD KINGS— About 2200- 
1700 B. C. — Origin — Religion — Their reign and expulsion (a). 

Apepi, the last Hyksos king — His supposed relations with 
the Hebrew Joseph (b). 

Geikie: Hours with the Bible (Moses to Judges), 24 seq. St.' Clair: 
Buried Cities and Bible Countries, 40, 63-4 (a, b). Duncker: Hist. Antiquity, 
Vol. 1:122-34 (a). Ewald: Hist. Israel, Vol. 1:391-407 (b). Quarterly Review, 
Vol. 147:460. Wilkinson: Anc. Egyptians, Vol. 1:15-16, Vol. 2:190-202 (a). Smith: 
Anc; Hist, of the East, 94-102. Petrie: Hist. Egypt, 233-47. Sayce: The Higher 
Criticism and the Monuments, 219-25. Kenrick: Anc. Egypt, Vol. 1:152 seq. (a). 
Brugsch: Egypt Under the Pharaohs, Vol. 1:261 seq. (a), 299-313 (b) (1891 ed), 
104-27. Lepsius: Letters from Egypt, 477-89 (b). Mariette: Anc. Egyptian Hist.. 
21-9 (a). Smith: Hist. World, Vol. 1:108-13 (a, b). 

THE NEW EMPIRE. 

THE EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY— The term "New Empire" 
is applied to this era and marks the beginning of the most 
brilliant period of Egyptian greatness— Aahmes (Amosis),. 



EG YP TIA N HIS TOR V. 7 

founder of the dynasty 1700 B. C. — Expulsion of the Hyksos 
— Restoration of the temples — Queen Nafertari Aahmes— 
Amenhotep I* (Amenophis), 1666 B. C. — Building of the 
great temple at Thebes — Thothmes I. — His wars and cam- 
paigns — Introduction of the horse and chariot into Egypt 
— Prosperity of his reign and extension of the kingdom (a). 

THOTHMES II. and his sister wife, HASHOP (Hatasu) 
the Semiramis of Egypt, 1600 B. C. — Hashop as queen — Her 
architectural work — Expedition to the land of Punt — 
Achievements in commerce and great prosperity of her reign — 
Thothmes III. associated with Hashop (b). 

Brugsch: -Egypt Under the Pharaohs, Vol. 1:316-24, 326-42 (a), 344-62 (b), 
(1S91 ed.). 126-51. Kenrick: Anc. Egypt, Vol. 2:167-81. Duncker: Hist. An- 
tiquity, Vol. 1:130 seq. Clement: Egypt, 109-13 (b). Wilkinson: Anc. Egyptians, 
Vol. 1:37-8, 44, Vol. 2:221 (b). Smith: Anc. Hist, of the East, 103, 108-11. Raw- 
linson: Story Anc. Egypt, 152-69 (a), 170-88 (b). Marietta: Ancient Egyptian 
Hist, 30-6. Sharpe: Hist. Egypt, Vol. 1:32-47 (a, b). Edwards: Pharaohs, Fel- 
lahs and Explorers, 261-300 (b). Ebers: Egypt, Vol. 2:249-52, 257 seq. (Hatasu). 

THOTHMES III., the greatest ruler of the eighteenth 
dj^nasty — Prosperity and splendor of his reign — His wars and 
conquests — The tablet at Karnak recounting his victories — 
Achievements in architecture — Hall of Pillars at Karnak — 
Temple of Ammon at Thebes, the climax of Egyptian art — Use 
of prisoners of war — Personal appearance, character and mili- 
tary renown of Thothmes III. — Condition of the kingdom at his 
death. 

Clement: Egypt, 114-28. Rawlinson: Story Anc. Egypt, 189-206. St. 
Clair: Buried Cities and Bible Countries, 28-31. Ebers: Egypt, Vol. 1:260-6. 
Kenrick: Anc. Egypt, Vol. 2:181-9, 193-6. Eraser's Magazine, Vol. 8:647 (arch). 
Smith: Anc. Hist, of the East, 111-14. Brugsch: Egypt Under the Pharaohs 
(1881), Vol. 1:364-453 (1891 ed.), 152-93. Mariette: Anc. Egyptian Hist., 35 seq. 
Sharpe: Hist. Egypt, Vol. 1:48-52. Bunsen: Egypt's Place in Hist., Vol. 2:390-1, 
Vol. 3:134. Ebers: Egypt, Vol. 1:260-6. Herodotus: Vol. 2:299-303. 

AMENHOTEP III., 1500 B. C— His fame as a conqueror 
and builder — His campaigns in Ethiopia — Treatment of pris- 
oners of war — His temple of Ammon at Karnak and Luxor — The 
avenue of Sphinxes — Temple and tablet at Medinet-Abou — The 
Colossi — The vocal Memnon — Queen Taia. 

Kenrick: Anc. Egypt, Vol. 1:132-5, Vol. 2:197-208. Brugsch: Egypt Under 
the Pharaohs (1881), Vol. 1:468-91 (1891 ed.), 201-14. Rawlinson: Story Anc. 
Egypt, 208-22, 228. Bunsen: Egypt's Place in Hist., Vol. 3:137-42. Rawlin- 
son: Hist. Anc. Egypt, Vol. 1:224-30, Vol. 2:267-8, 272-3. Smith: Anc. 



8 HIS TOR V, LITER A TURE A ND ART TOPICS. 

Hist, of the East, 115-17. Herodotus: Vol. 2:303-7. Mariette: Anc. Egyptian 
Hist., 36-9. Sliarpe: Hist. Egypt, Vol. 1:67-72. Mariette: Mons. Upper Egypt, 
176-7, 183-327. Clement: Egypt, 132-42. Edwards: Thousand Miles up the Nile, 
140-56. Wilkinson: Anc. Egyptians, Vol. 2:432-4. Eraser Magazine, Vol. 1:154 
seq. ■ 

THE NINETEENTH DYNASTY, founded by the great 
house of Kameses about 1400 B. C. — Rameses I. — Reign neither 
long nor remarkable — Seti I. (Sethos) as a ruler and conqueror 
(a) — His Hall of Columns at Karnak — Wars of Seti depicted on 
the outer wall (b). 

Seti's tomb at Babel-Molouk, known as Belzoni's, its pic- 
tures and inscriptions — The Memnonium in honor of Ram- 
eses I. — Association of Rameses II. as heir to the throne — Death 
and apotheosis of Seti I. (c). 

Clement: Egypt, 153-62. Mariette: Mons. Upper Egypt, 189, 246-67. 
Brugsch: Egypt Under the Pharaohs (1881), Vol. 2:8-35 (1891 ed.), 237-57. Ken- 
rick: Anc. Egypt, Vol. 2:251-72. Rawlinson: Story of Anc. Egypt, 231-S. 
Mariette: Anc. Egyptian Hist., 41-3, 121. Sharpe: Hist. Egypt. Vol. 1:74-80. 
Smith: Anc. Hist, of the East, 118-21. 

RAMESES II., the Great, the Sesostris of the Greeks— His 
war with the Kheta — The heroic poem of Pentaur commemora- 
tive of this event — Battle of Kadesh — Record of the battle on 
the temple walls of Karnak — Architectural w^orks of Rameses 
II., temples, colossal statues and obelisks — The Ramesseum with 
the colossus of Rameses — The great rock temple of Ipsamboul — 
Works of utility, the great wall and the canal to the Red Sea — 
Character of Rameses' reign and condition of the kingdom at his 
death (a). 

MINEPHTHAH II. (Menephthes) 1300 B. C, generally ac- 
cepted as the Pharaoh of the Exodus (b). 

Rawlinson: Story Anc. Egypt, 238-68 (a, h). Clement: Egypt, 166-76 (a), 
178-80 (b). Duncker: Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 1:142-59, 169-82 (a), 159-63 (b). Sayce: 
Fresh Light from Anc. Mons. 57 seq. (a, b). Century Magazine, Vol. 12:3-27 (a). 
Vol. 38:708-29 (b). Brugsch: Egypt Under the Pharaohs (1881), Vol. 2:35-98 (a), 
120-37 (b) (1891 ed.), 258-310 (a), 311-20 (b). Herodotus (Rawlinson tr.): Vol. 
2:144-5, 148-56, 308-12 (a). De Lenoye: Rameses the Great. Lepsius: Letters 
from Egypt, 422 seq. (b), 441-5. Mariette: Anc. Egyptian Hist., 43-9 (a). Sharpe: 
Hist. Egypt, Vol. 1:52 (b), 85-102 (a). Ridpath: Hist. World, Vol. 1:61-6 (a, b). 
Unitarian Review, Vol. 4:452 seq. Century Magazine, Vol. 38:708-29. Smith: 
Anc. Hist, of the East, 121-7 (a), 127-9 (b). Milman: Hist. Jews, Vol. 1:165-8 (b). 
Sayce: The Higher Criticism, 237-50 (b). 

THE TWENTIETH DYNASTY— RAMESES III.— The 
last great Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, his reign marking the close 



ANCIENT CITIES. 9 

of the golden age of Egyptian greatness — State of Egypt at his 
accession — His temple of Amnion at Medinet-Abou — Works of 
utility— Wars and conquests — Accounts of his reign in the Har- 
ris Papyrus. 

Rawlinson: Story of Egypt, 271-283. Brugsch: Egypt Under the Pharaohs 
(1881), Vol. 1:252, Vol. 2:145-74 (1891) ed.) 325-42. Duncker: Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 
l:lG3-5. Clement: Egypt, 183-7. Kenrick: Anc. Egypt, Vol. 2:273-85. Contem- 
porary Review, Vol. 35:107 seq. Mariette: Anc. Egyptian Hist., 49 seq. Sharpe: 
Hist. Egypt, Vol. 1:103-8. Ebers: Egypt, Vol. 2:286-94. Wilkinson: Anc. Egyp- 
tians, Vol. l:5G-9, 250-1, Vol. 2-228. 278-89. 

CITIES OF ANCIENT EGYPT. 

MEMPHIS. — Its foundation and location — Character of its 
ruins — Material used in its construction; its durability — An- 
tiquity and ancient splendor of Memphis (a) — Tlie three great 
Pyramids — The Sphinx (b) — The temple of Isis — Statues of Ram- 
eses II. (c). 

Sakkarah — The Necropolis; its extent — The step-shaped 
pyramid; its great antiquity (d) — The Serapeum or tomb of Apis 
— Apis worship and burial — Tomb of Ti — Tomb of Phtah-Hotep 
of the fifth dynasty (e). 

Mariette: Mons. Upper Egypt, 93-105 (b), 106-12 (a, c), 113-29 (d, e). Buck- 
ley: Great Cities of the Anc. World, 55-62. Smith: Diet. Greek and Roman 
Geog., Vol. 2:324-6 (a-e). Fergusson: Hist. Arch., Vol. 1:95, seq. (b), 100-6 (c-1, 
d-2). Kenrick: Anc. Egypt, Vol. 1:94-116. Brugsch: Egypt Under the Pharaohs 
(1881), Vol. 1:52-8 (a), 59 seq., 109 (d-1), (1891 ed.) 20-8. Dawson: Egypt and 
Syria, 20-4. Enc. Brit., Vol. 7:731, 770-3, Vol. 20-122-4, Vol. 2:173-4, Vol. 17:21. 
McClintock: Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 6:71-5 (a-e). Smith: Wonderful Cities, 
Part II, 130-40. Poole: Cities of Egypt, 15-29. Rawlinson: Story Anc. Egj'pt, 
50-2 (a). Maspero: Egyptian Archaeology, 132 seq. (d-2). Ebers: Egypt, Vol. 
1:118 seq. 

THEBES (the No Amon or No of Scripture), the capital of 
the middle kingdom — Its importance under the kings of the 
Xlth and Xllth dynasties — Extent, power and splendor during 
the XVIIIth and XlXth dynasties — W^alls and gates of Thebes 
— Temples, colonnades, Hypostyle Hall and avenues of Sphinxes 
at Luxor and Karnak on the east bank of the Nile — The Rames- 
seum and the Colossi on the west bank — Obelisks — Tombs of 
Thebes. 

Lepsius: Letters Egypt, 250-66. Sharpe: Hist. Egypt, Vol. 1:109-11. 
Mariette: Mons. Upper Egypt, 172-227. 250-71. Smith: Wonderful Cities. Part 
n., 140-7. Yaggy: Museum of Antiqs., 461-9. Poole: Cities of Egypt, 46-63. Buck- 



10 HISTORY. LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

ley: Great Cities Anc. World, 45-54. Ebers: Egypt, Vol. 2:239, 304. Harper's 
New Mo. Mag., Vol. 1:212, Vol. 13:476, Vol. 14:319, 467, Vol. 50:202, Vol. 51:222. 
Smith: Anc. Hist, of the East, 104-8. Lubke: Hist. Art, Vol. 1:28-35. Fergus- 
son: Hist. Arch., Vol. 1:115 seq. Enc. Brit., Vol. 7:775-8, 781-2, Vol. 2:387, Vol. 
17:21, Vol. 20:124, Vol. 23:622. Smith: Diet. Greek and Raman Geog., Vol. 
2:1137-44. Chambers' Journal, Vol. 37:225 seq. (Obelisks). Heeren: Hist. Re- 
searches: African Nations, 366-446. 

HELIOPOLIS, the On of Scripture — Its relation to sacred 
history — Its obelisk of King Usertasen I. (a) — Sais (b) — Tanis or 
Zoan (c), 

Bubastis — Its temple — The festival celebrated there in 
honor of Bubastis or Bast, the Egyptian xVrtemis (d). 

Denderah — The temple of the goddess Hathor, the Egyptian 
Venus — Beauty of the temple and its remarkable preserva- 
tion (e). 

Abj'dos — Recent discoveries of its ruins — Temple of Seti I. 
— Temple of Barneses — Tomb of Osiris and the Necropolis (f). 

Edfu — Its noted temple one of the most stately of Ancient 

Kgypt (g). 

Pelusium — Noted as being the place where the conquest of 
Egypt by the Persians was decided (h). 

Smith: Wonderful Cities, Part II., 147-54 (a-h). Smith: Diet. Greek and 
Roman Geog., Vol. 1:102-3 (a), 874 (b), 1089 (c), 453 (d), 8 (f), Vol. 2:572 (h). St. 
Clair: Buried Cities and Bible Countries, 59-60 (c), 61-4 (d), 66 (a). Kenrick: 
Anc. Egypt, Vol. 1:36-8 (e, f), 45-7 (a, b). Mariette: Mons. Upper Egypt, 88-91 
(a), 146-51, 172 (f), 153-71 (e), 274-9 (g), 313-16 (d). Harper's Mag., Vol. 14:472 (e). 
Vol. 13:609 (g). Herodotus: Vol. 2:186 seq. Poole: Cities of Egypt, 64-88 (c), 
131-49 (a), 150-65 (d), 166-77 (h). Enc. Brit., Vol. 7:768-9 (a, b, c). Vol. 4:408, 769, 
Vol. 19:90 (d). Vol. 1:61, Vol. 7:775, Vol. 20:124 (f). Vol. 7:77, 776 (e), 653, 783, Vol. 
2:389 (g). Vol. 18:481 (h). Stanley: Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 1:76-80 (a). Sharpe: 
Hist. Egypt, Vol. 1:135-7 (c), 138, 176-8 (b). Ebers: Egypt, Vol. 2:211-15 (g), 
224-34 (e). Smith: Anc. Hist, of the East, 136-40 (c), 140-3 (b, d), 166-7 (b). 

ALEXANDRIA, the Greek and Roman capital of Egypt — 
Its founding, location and harbors (a)^Alexandria as a center of 
commerce and learning (b) — Its library and museum. 

The Serapeum and Statue of Serapis (c) — The palace of the 
Ptolemies — The Csesarium or temple of the Caesars — The Dicas- 
terium — The Pharos (d). 

Smith: Wonderful Cities, Part II. 154 seq. Poole: Cities of Egypt, 178-82 
(a, b-1), 182-209 (b-2). Sharpe: Hist, of Egypt, Vol. 1:242-4 (a). Ebers: Egypt, 
Vol. 1:59. Enc. Brit., Vol. 1:482, 494, 498, 778, Vol. 2:387, 173, Vol. 7:717, Vol. 
15:140, 144, Vol. 23:655, Vol. 14:510. Kingsley: Historical Lect. Duruy: Hist. 
Rome,' Vol.' 5:379, Vol. 6:526, Vol. 7:90, Vol. 8:322. Rollin: Anc. Hist, Vol. 3:402 



ART OF A NCIENT EGYPT. 11 

seq. Mahaffy: Story of Alexander's Empire, 120, 140-62. Baedeker: Egypt, 98, 
203-22. Quarterly Review, Vol. 149:141 seq. Smith: Diet. Greek and Roma-n 
Geog., Vol. 1:95-102. Draper: Intellectual Development Europe, Vol. 1:187-92 
(b, c). 

EGYPTIAN ART. 

ANTIQUITY OF THE ART OF EGYPT— Its influence 
upon the art of other nations — Influence of the outline and physi- 
cal features of Egypt upon the character of the people — The art 
of the Egyptians a reflection of their character and religion — 
Architecture; general principles of form and distinguishing 
characteristics — Sympathy or harmony between the aspects of 
nature and the architecture of Egypt (a) — Material used — Its 
durability — Construction and decoration (b) — General descrip- 
tion of Egyptian pyramids (c). 

Fergusson: Hist. Arch., Vol. 1:95 seq. (c), 139 (b). Smith and Slater: 
Classic. Arch., 16-20 (b, c), 41-2 (b). Rosengarten: Architectural Styles, 15-19 
(a, c), 24-8 (b). Lubke: Hist. Art, Vol. 1:17-21 (a), 21-4 (b, c). Wilkinson: Anc. 
Egyptians, Vol. 2:121-2, 179-82, 262 seq., 293, 296-8, 300-2, 305. Maspero: Egypt- 
ian ArchEeol., 126-39. Smith: Anc. History of the East, 205-7. Clarke: Ten 
Great Religions, Vol. 2:265-9 (a). Reber: Hist. Anc. Art, 1-12. Duncker: Hist. 
Antiquity, Vol. 1:15 seq. 220, 277 seq. (a, b). Kenrick: Anc. Egypt, Vol. 1:212-20, 
223. Ridpath: Hist. World, Vol. 1:38-9, 83-97 (a, b). Perrot and Chipiez: Hist. 
Anc. Egyptian Art, Vol. 1:44-69 (a), 96-125, Vol. 2:52-76 (b), 189-241 (c). Raw- 
linson: Story Anc. Egypt, 66-7, 86 seq. (c). 

ARCHITECTURE — The temple;itsrank in Egyptian archi- 
tecture — The columnar aspect a distinctive feature of Egyptian 
temple building — Origin and development of the column; its 
great variety in form and decoration — Walls, openings, roofs, 
manner of lighting, decoration and use of color (a). 

General plan and description of Egyptian temples (b) — The 
great temples of Luxor and Karnak as examples of the fullest 
development of columnar interiors — The avenue of Sphinxes (c) 
— The temples o'f Edfu and Denderah (d). 

Fergusson: Hist. Arch., Vol. 1:104-6 (b), 115-27 (b, c), 133-9 (b, d). Smith 
and Slater: Classic Arch., 24-38 (a, b). Perr6t and Chipiez: Hist. Anc. Egyptian 
Art, Vol. 1:318 seq. (b, c), 434-44, Vol. 2:85-147, 156-69 (a). Mariette: Mons. Upper 
Egypt, 29-32, 62-7 (a, b), 183-208 (c), 152-71 ^-2), 275-9 (d-1). Maspero: Egyptian 
Archseol, 43-107 (a, b). Conway: Dawn of Art Anc. World, 82-106. Lord: Beacon 
Lights, Pagan Civilization, 372-5. Smith: Anc. Hist, of the East, 205-7 (a). 
Rosengarten: Architectural Styles, 19-36 (a, b). Lubke: "Hist. Art," Vol. 
1:28-36 (a, b, c). "Hist. Sculp.," Vol. 1:29 seq. (c). Mitchell: Hist. Anc. Sculp, 
Vol. 1:48-52. Wilkinson: Anc. Egyptians, Vol. 2:280-93. Reber: Hist. Anc. Art, 
16-23 (a), 23-33 (b). Westropp: Handbook of Archaeol, 23-31 (b), 54-7 (a). 



12 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

TOMBS — Location of Egyptian necropoles — Mastabas, 
tombs of the nobility — Tombs of tlie common people — Tomb 
paintings and sculptures — Their significance and value as con- 
tributions to history (a). 

The tombs of Beni-Hassan, Xllth dynasty, the facade, porti- 
co, funerary chapel, well and mummy chamber (b). 

The palace and domestic architecture of the Egyptians (c). 

Fergusson: Hist. Art, Vol. 1:102-3, 124-9 (a), 110-12 (b), 130-2 (c). Smith 
and Slater: Classic Arch., 20-4 (a, b). Lubke: Hist. Art, Vol, 1:25-7 (a, b). 
Perrot and Chipiez: Hist. Anc. Egypt. Art, Vol, 1:35 seq. 126 seq. (a), 249-54 (b), 
Vol. 2:8-38 (c). puarterly Review, Vol, 158:195 (b). Ebers: Egypt, Vol. 1:164-79, 
Vol. 2:252 seq. (a), 151-78 (b). Mariette: Mons. Upper Egypt, 32-6, 129-30 (a), 
135-41 (b). Maspero: Egyptian Archaeology, 2-16 (c), 108-26, 140-63 (a). Reber: 
Hist. Anc. Art, 12-16 (a, b), 33-6 (c). Smith: Anc. Hist, of the East, 89-92, West- 
ropp: Handbook of Archseol., 126-8 (a), 16 (c-2). Duncker: Hist. Antiquity, 
Vol. 1:86-8, 178-82, 224 (a, b). Brugsch: Egypt Under Pharaohs (1881), Vol. 1:59, 
61, 87-8, 109, 155- seq. 169, 177 seq. 200, 347 seq., Vol. 2:27-8, 173-4. Sharpe: Anc. 
Egyptian Hist., 14-15, 21, 42, 99 seq. 121, 123 (a). Renouf: Origin and Growth of 
Religion, 127-38 (a). 

SCULPTURE AND PAINTING. 

SCULPTURE — Subordination of sculpture and painting to 
architecture — Portraiture in Egj-ptian sculpture — Its origin — 
Conventionality and repetition of the same figures, same atti- 
tudes, and same symbolical attributes characterized by solemn 
and absolute repose — General treatment of the body — Principal 
themes of Egyptian sculpture — Its almost non-progressive char- 
acter — Material used — Color in Egyptian statuary — Relief 
sculpture — Its relation to painting — Its value in portraying 
everydaj' life of the people — Religious character of the sculpture 
of Egypt. 

Intaglios — History and great antiquity of — Characteristics 
of intaglios. 

Lubke: HisL Art, Vol. 1:36-47. Woltmann and Woermann: Hist. Paint- 
ing, Vol. 1:6-11. Duncker: Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 1:221 seq. Perrot and Chipiez: 
Hidt, Anc. Egyptian Art, Vol. 2:180 seq. 217, seq. 255-84, 291-330, 401-8. Kenrick: 
Anc. Egypt, Vol. 1:221-7. Reber: Hist. Anc. Art, 36-74. Wincklemann: Hist. 
Anc. Art, Vol. 1:167-209. Radcliffe: Schools and Masters of Sculp, 1-28. Wilkin- 
son: Anc. Egyptians, Vol. 2:264-6, 269-74, 295-6. Brugsch: Egypt Under the 
Pharaohs, Vol. 1:96-7, 201-6. Maspero: Egyptian. Archseol, 187-239. Flaxman: 
Lectures on Sculpt, 54-77, 173-5. Sharpe: Hist. Egypt, Vol. 1:190-4. Edwards: 
Pharaohs, Fellahs and Explorers, 113-57 (origin of portrait sculpture). West- 
ropp: Handbook of Archseol., 147-53 (Sculpture), 324, seq. 378-83 (Intaglios). 



ART OF A NCIENT EG \ F T. 13 

PORTRAIT STATUES OF THE MEMPHITIC PERIOD— 

The statues of Ra-hotep, king Cliepliren,Slieik-el-Beled,tlie seated 
scribe and head of Nem-hotep (a). 

Tomb Sculptures — Reliefs upon the walls of the tomb of Ti 
and of Ilosi at Sakkarah— The Ra statue (b) — Tomb sculptures 
of Abydos, Beni-IIassan and Sioot — The Shabti statuettes (c). 

Subjects of wall reliefs of the temples of Karnak and Luxor 
— Statues of the gods, Thothmes III. — The avenues of Sphinxes 
— Statue of Ramesis II. in the Turin museum (d). 

The Ramesseum — Its historic reliefs — Colossal statues of 
the monarchs — The Memnon Colossi — Temple of Ipsamboul and 
the Rameses Colossi (e). 

Lubke: Hist. Sculp., Vol. 1:23-4 (a), 26-31 (d, e). Perrot and Chipiez: Anc. 
Egypt. Art, Vol. 1:90, Vol. 2:187-8, 192-214, 221-5 (a), Vol. 1:143-54, Vol. 2:189-90. 
193, 195, 214-18 (b). Vol. 1:241-54, Vol. 2:226-38 (c). Vol. 1:235-75, Vol. 2:241-59 
(d). Vol. 1:266-76, 375-84, Vol. 2:240-1 (e). Mitchell: Hist. Anc. Sculpture, 17. 
22-9 (a), 9-14, 21-2, 30-2 (b), 35-9 (c), 48-55 (d), 46-8, 51-3 (e). Century Magazine, 
Vol. 23:395 seq. 

PAINTING AND DRAWING— Portrait painting-Absence 
of perspective in Egyptian painting — System of composition — 
Canon of the human figure — Deficiency of individual character 
and facial expression — Portrayal of movement — Method of col- 
oring — Special characteristics in regard to the position of the 
body in relation to the head and feet — Portrayal of animal 
life (a). 

Mural painting in temples, palaces and tombs (b) — Paint- 
ing on papyrus rolls, mummy cases and cloths (c). 

Lubke: Hist, of Art, Vol. 1:44-9. Kenrick: Anc. Egypt, Vol. 1:227-31. 
Woltmann an.l Woermann: Hist. Painting, Vol. 1:7-21 (a, b, c) Perrot and 
Chipiez: Hist. Anc. Egyptian Art, Vol. 2:331-55 (a, b, c). Wilkinson: Anc. 
Egyptians, Vol. 2:2G4-9, 274-8 (a, b). Sharpe: Hist, of Egypt, Vol. 1:78-80, 193-5. 
232-3. Brugsch: Egypt Under the Pharaohs, Vol. 1:88, 205-6. Maspero: Egyptian 
Archaeology, 87-101, 118-20, 125-6, 147, 151-2, 157-60 (b), 164-87 (a). Edwards: 
Pharaohs, Fellahs and Explorers, 70-4, 81-7, 76-80, 87-94, 97-112. Heaton: Hist. 
Painting, 1-9. Kenrick: Anc. Egypt, Vol. 1:227-31. 



SECTION II. 



THE CHALDEAN. ASSYRIAN AND BABYLONIAN EMPIRES. 

CHALDEA — Extent, situation and boundaries — Principal 
rivers — Climate and products (a). 

Origin and physical characteristics of the people — Govern- 
ment (b). 

Arts and sciences — Language and literature (c). 

Chaldean Religion — Its astral character — Striking resem- 
blance of the Chaldean system to that of classical mj'thology — 
Principal deities; their character and attributes — Belief in a fu- 
ture life — Chaldean tradition of the flood (d). 

Great antiquity of Chaldea — Nimrod, the Bible narrative of 
— Famous cities accredited to him, Babel, Erech, Accad and Cal- 
neh — Urukh — His architectural achievements^Conquest of 
Chaldea by the Assyrians about B. C. 1300 (e). 

Rawlinson: Seven Mons. Vol. 1:1-27 (a), 28-41 (b), 41-8 (c-2), 48-70 (c-1), 
70-97 (d), 97-119 (e), Babelon: Manual Oriental Antiqs. 1-49 (c). Ridpath: Hist. 
World, Vol. 1:103-7 (a), 108-11 (b), 123-32 (c), 132-40 (d), 111-23 (e). Enc. Brit., 
Vol. 3:184, Vol. 2:398, 744, Vol. 21:647, Vol. 11:596, Vol. 13:416, Vol. 18:808. Rag- 
ozin: Chaldea. Mitchell: Hist. Anc. Sculp.. Vol. 1:71 seq. (c, 1). Smith: Hist. 
World, Vol. 1: 190-8, 261-4 (a-d), 198, 204-8 (e), 209-11 (c). McClintock: Cyc. Bib. 
Eccl. Lit. Vol. 2:197-9, 201 (a, b). Duncker: Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 1:233-63 (a, 
b, c), 264-86 (c-1, d). Perrot and Chipiez: Hist. Art, Chaldea, etc.. Vol. 1:1-13 
(a), 13-21, 89-113 (b), 55-89 (d), 114-200, Vol. 2:173-202, 298-74 (c). Vol. 1:33 seq. 
(e). Fergusson: Hist. Arch., Vol. 1:150-9. Smith: Anc. Hist. East, 278, 365, 
seq. 371, seq. 388, 398-405 (c). Johnson: Oriental Religions, 219-78. Featherman: 
Social Hist. Races, 41-59. 

ASSYRIA — Geography and general description of (a) — 
Mountains and rivers— Climate and products (b) — Wild animals j 
their representation in Assyrian sculpture (c). 

Rawlinson: Seven Mons., Vol. 1:18-37 (a), 139-5, (b, c), 217, seq. 507 (c). 
Ridpath: Hist. World, Vol. 1:143-53 (a, b, c). St. Clair: Buried Cities and Bible 
Countries, 340 seq. Smith: "Assyria" Story of the Nations. McClintock: Cyc. 
Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 1:486-8. Sayce: Anc. Empires of the East, 90-178. Enc. 
Brit., Vol. 2:734, Vol. 3:183. Smith: Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 1:244 
seq. Mitchell: Hist. Anc. Sculp., Vol. 1:99 seq. (c). Perrot and Chipiez: Hist. 
Art in Chaldea and Assyria, Vol. 1:1-8 (a), Vol. 2:142-73 (c). 

14 



ASSYRIAN HISTORY. 15 

COLONIZATION AND FOUNDING of the FIRST ASSY- 
RIAN DYNASTY begiuning with Nimrod about 2234— The 
story of Ninus and Semiramis — Mythical and early history of the 
empire (a). 

The famous Assyrian Canon — Its value in ascertaining au- 
thentic chronology of Assyrian history (b) — The decipherment of 
the Cuneiform or wedge-shaped inscriptions — Aid of this knowl- 
edge in verifying history and the Bible narration (c). 

Rollin: Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:344 seq. (a). Rawlinson; Seven Monarchies, 
Vol. 1:367-95 (a), 371 (b). Ragozin: Assyria, 145 (a), 145-7 (b). Ridpath: Hist! 
World, Vol. 1:102-7 (a). Sayce: Fresh Light from Anc. Mons., 1-55 (c). Smith: 
Hist. World, Vol. 1:212-19 (a). Herodotus: Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:360-8 (a). Duncker: 
Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 2:1-25 (Ninus and Semiramis), 26-48 (a). Smith: Assyria, 
Story of the Nations. Smith: Anc. Hist, from the Mons. Baptist Quarterly, 
Vol. 10:140 (b). Smith: Anc. Hist, of the East, 247-75 (a), 391 seq. (c). 

THE PEOPLE— Origin, mental, moral and physical charac- 
teristics of the Assyrians — Civilization of the Assyrians (a). 

Religion — The god Asshur — His emblem; the winged circle 
or globe; the sacred or symbolical tree (b) — Temples, priests, 
sacrifices and festivals (c). 

Rawlinson: Religions of the Anc. World (b). McClintock: Cyc. Bib. Eccl. 
Lit., Vol. 1:488 (a), 490 (b). Geikie: Hours with the Bible. (Creation to Patri- 
archs) 202 seq. (Rehoboam to Hezekiah) 158 seq. (a, b). Perrot and Chipiez: 
Hist. Art in Chaldea and Assyria, Vol. 1:13-20, 89 seq. (a), 55-65 (b). Smith: 
Anc. Hist, of the East, 407-12 (b). Herodotus: Vol! 1:399-401 (a), 475-522 (b). 
Reber: Hist. Anc. Art, 87, 94 (b). Featherman: Social Hist, of Races, 19-40. 
Lord: Beacon Lights Hist., Old Pagan Civilization, 42-53 (b). Ragozin: Assyria. 
Ridpath: Hist. World, Vol. 1:153-61 (a), 191-7 (b, c). St. Clair: Buried Cities 
and Bible Countries, 341-3 (a, b). Rawlinson: Seven Mons., Vol. 1:151-8 (a), 341- 
€7 (b, c). Grote: Hist. Greece (1853), Vol. 3:290-5, 297-300. 

PRIVATE LIFE, MANNERS AND CUSTOMS (a)— 
Science, language and literature (b) — Manufactures and useful 
' arts (c). 

Rollin: Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:469 seq. (a). Herodotus: Vol. 1:259-66 (a). 
Ragozin: "Assyria," 161 seq. (a). Smith: "Assyria." Rawlinson: Seven Mons., 
Vol. 1:241, seq. 167-78 (b), 232-41 (c). Ridpath: Hist. World, Vol. 1:197, 
seq. (b). Perrot and Chipiez: Hist. Art, Chaldea, Assyria, etc., Vol. 2:65-72 (b-1), 
298-372 (c). Maspero: Life in Egypt and Assyria (a). 

BABYLONIA — Geography, climate and products (a) — • 
Origin, manners and customs of the people (b) — Arts and 
sciences (c) — Religion (d) — Language and literature (e) — Com- 
merce (f). 



16 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

Ridpath: Hist. World, Vol. 1:239-54 (a), 254-9, 274-8 (b), 267-74 (c), 278-80 
(d). Smith: Anc. Hist, from the Monuments. Ragozin: "Babylonia." Duncker: 
Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 1:287-306 (c-1). Budge: Babylonian Life, 125-47 (d). Raw- 
linson: Seven Mons., Vol. 2:122-62 (a), 162-70 (b), 188-211 (c), 211-24 (b), 224-30 
(d). Smith: Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 1:360 seq. (a). Sayce: Fresh 
Light from Anc. Monuments, 20-2 (a, b, c). Heeren: Historical Researches, 
Asiatic Nations, Vol. 1:371-412 (a, b), 413-48. (f). 

ANCIENT CITIES. 

CALAH or Nimroud — Khorsbad, the city of Sargon — Their 
location and relation to Nineveh (a). 

The great palace of Asshur-izir-pal at Calah — Its sculpture 
and other decorations (b) — The white stone obelisk from Calah 
in the British museum (c). 

Sargon's palace at Khorsbad — Walls, gates and streets of 
the city (d). 

Rawlinson: Seven Mons., Vol. 1:132-4, 159-60 (a), 402-6 (b, c), 184-90, 444-5 
(d). Duncker: Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 2:30-2, 309, 311-14 (a, b). Vol. 3:196-8 (a). 
Smith: Assyrian Discoveries, 70 seq. 98 seq. (a), 72-3, 91-2. Smith: Wonderful 
Cities, Part H., 242-8. McClintock: Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 2:17 (a). Enc. Brit., 
Vol. 17:512, Vol. 2:398, Vol. 17:572, Vol. 3:183, Vol. 23:623. Chipiez: Hist. Art 
Chaldea and Assyria, Vol 2:9-32 (d), 36-53, 60 (b, d). Fergusson: Hist. Arch., 
Vol. 1:164-77 (a, d). Mitchell: Hist. Anc. Sculpt., Vol. 1:90 seq. (d). Smith: Anc, 
Hist. East (Student's ed.), 257-9, 278 seq. (a). Reber: Hist. Anc. Art, 62-6. 

NINEVEH, the ancient capital of the Assyrian empire — 
Its great antiquity — Location and foundation (a). 

The walls of Nineveh; their dimensions and construc- 
tion (b) — Gateways and their ornamentation (c) — Moats and 
water defenses (d). 

Sennacherib's palaces — Character of their ornamentation 
(e) — Libraries (f) — Recent explorations. 

Rawlinson: Seven Mons., Vol. 1:131-2, 158-62 (a), 162-5 (b, c), 165-7 (d), 
462 (e). Layard: Discoveries at Nineveh and Babylon. McClintock: Cyc. Bib. 
Eccl. Lit., Vol. 7:111-30 (a-e). Smith: Assyrian Discoveries. Yaggy: Museum 
of Antiquities, 423-51. Buckley: Great Cities of Anc. World, 36-44. Reber: Hist. 
Anc. Art, 59-62. Meyers: Remains of Lost Empires, 98-135. Smith: Wonderful 
Cities, 240 seq. Bonomi: Nineveh and Its Palaces. Enc. Brit., Vol. 17:511-12, 
Vol. 2:397 (a-e). Vol. 13:523, Vol. 14:509, Vol. 17:34 (e, f). Blackwood's Magazine, 
Vol. 76:45S. Grote: Hist. Greece (1853 ed.). Vol. 3:305-7. Perrot and Chipiez: 
Hiet. Art, Chaldea and Assyria, Vol. 2:59-62. 

BABYLON. — Antiquity — Location, foundation, magnitude 
and magnificence (a)— Walls— Gates— Streets— Quays and 
bridges — Canals — Palaces and hanging gardens (b). 



A NCIENT CITIES. 17 

The Temple of Belus — -Its golden image (c) — The ruins of 
Babylon — Materials used in the construction of its buildings — 
Great command of forced or slave labor by the Babylonian mon- 
archs (d) — Manufacture of carpets and embroidery — Wall sculp- 
ture (e) — Queen Semiramis — Nitocris — Her tomb (f). 

Geikie: Hours with the Bible (Ezekiel to Malachi), 153-7 (a, b, c). Grote: 
Hist. Greece (1888), Vol. 3:110-23 (a-d). Layard: Nineveh and Babylon. Rollin: 
Anc.Hist., Vol. 1:343-54 (a, b, c). McClintock: Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 1:595- 
601 (a-d). Buckley: Great Cities Anc. World, 7-35. Yaggy: Museum of Antiqs., 
451-60. Smith: Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 1:355-60. Ewald: Hist. Is- 
rael, Vol. 4:253-4, 215, 217, 253, 255, 296-8. Rawlinson: Seven Mons., Vol. 2:170-6 
(a, b, c), 174-'J7, 215 (b, d). Stanley: Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 3:4-12. Smith: 
Wonderful Cities, Part II., 249-54. Duncker: Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 3:358-60, 368- 
90 (a, b, c). Rich: Babylon and Persepolis. Meyers: Remains of Lost Empires, 
200-53. Perrot and Chipiez: Hist. Art, Chaldea and Assyria, Vol. 1:38, 54, 86, 
92 seq.. Vol. 2:53-9, 63. Maspero: Anc. Egypt and Assyria, 273 seq. (e-2). Reber: 
Hist. Anc. Art, 53-9. Harper's Mag., Vol. 43:904, Vol. 50:492. Ridpath: Hist. 
World, Vol. 1:259-64, 605-6 (a-d). North Amer. Review, Vol. 2:185-95. Hero- 
dotus: Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:243-51, 471-85. Smith: The Book of Isaiah, Vol. 
2:189-204. Smith: Hist. World, Vol. 1:230-3, 240-3. 

BAALBEC— The city of Baal or the Sun (Heliopolis); chief 
seat of the deity Baal, the great sun-god of many ancient na- 
tions — Location and magnificence of its ruins — The great temple 
of Jupiter — Temple of the Sun — The circular temple. 

Buckley: Great Cities of the Anc. World, 93-102. Smith: Wonderful Cit- 
ies. Guhl: Lives of the Greeks and Romans, 312-13, 325-6. Smith: Diet. Greek 
and Roman Geog., Vol. 1:355, 1035-8. Lepsius: Letters from Egypt, etc., 346. 
McClintock: Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 1:581-3. Fergusson: Hist. Arch., Vol. 
1:314 seq. Yaggy: Museum of Antiqs., 469 seq. Eraser: Mag., Vol. 63:670. 
Penny Monthly, Vol. 3:43. Harper's Mag., Vol. 5:735, Vol. 15:476, Vol. 43:905. 

DAMASCUS, the metropolis of Syria — Its great antiquity 
— The beauty of its location — Position as a commercial cit}' — 
Its celebrated steel and its cloth called Damask — Its import- 
ance in the modern world in commerce and manufactures (a). 

Antioch (on the Orontes), capital of the Greek rulers of 
Syria (the Seleucidse) (b). 

Enc. Brit., Vol. 6:790, Vol. 22:822 (a), 130-3 (a, b). Smith: Wonderful 
Cities, Part IL, 204-10 (a), 212-16 (b). Duruy: Hist. Rome, Vol. 3:144 seq., 151, 
716, Vol. 1:533. Smith: Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 1:748 seq. (a), 142-6 
(b). Porter: Giant Cities of Bashan and Syria's Holy Places, 342 seq. McClin- 
'tock: Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 1:266 seq. (b). Vol. 2:647-52 (a). Buckley: Great 
Cities of the Anc. World, 84-92 (a). Addison: Damascus and Palmyra. Black- 
wood's Magazine, Vol. 126:387. Bentley's Miscellany, Vol. 39:48. Lepsius: Let- 
ters from Egypt, etc., 340-4. Harper: Mag., Vol. 7:577. 



18 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

CHALDEAN ASSYRIAN AND BABYLONIAN ART. 

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS and similarity in the 
style of Oriental architecture — Materials — Form — Construction 
— Manner of roofing and lighting. 

Location of building and use of the mound and platform — 
Character of the ornamentation — Colossal sculpture — Develop- 
ment of the column and arch — Predominance of horizontal lines 
giving harmony between the architecture of nature and that of 
man. 

Smith and Slater: Classic. Arch., 41-4, 61-3. Rosengarten: Architectural 
Styles. 37-45. Lubke: Hist. Art, Vol. 1:51-8, 71-7. Reber: Hist. Anc. Art, 48-53, 
62, 66-72, 102. Perrot and Chipiez: Hist. Art, Chaldea, Assyria, etc.. Vol. 2:114- 
236. Conway: Dawn of Art, 117-52. Smith: Anc. Hist, of the East, 364-9. Fer- 
gusson: Hist. Arch., Vol. 1:144-9, 204-8. Clement: Hist. Arch., 23-4, 28-9, 34, 
39-41. Rawlinson: Seven Monarchies, Vol. 1:49-57, 179-80, 183, 192-6, 204-10, Vol. 
2:193-5, 382 seq., 409 seq. Wyatt: Fine Art (Lectures), 35-7, 123. 

ASSYRIAN ARCHITECTURE— Character and durability 
of the material used — Construction — Wall and floor decorations 
— Piers and columns — Doors and windows — Importance, size 
and decoration of doors (a). 

The importance and predominance of the palace over the 
temple — The principal elements of the palace, courts, grand 
halls and private apartments — Gates or entrances; how adorned 
(b). 

General plan and characteristic features of the Assyrian 
temple — Absence of tombs in Assyrian architecture (c). 

Lubke: Hist. Art, Vol. 1:52-7 (a), 58-61 (b, c). Rawlinson: Seven Mon- 
archies, Vol. 1:179, 181-7, 506 (b), 188, 190, 197 seq. (a, b), 189, 197-202 (c), 206-10 
(a). Perrot and Chipiez: Hist. Art in Chaldea and Assyria, Vol. 2:114-25, 133- 
39, 146-222, 236-46, 260-311 (a). Vol. 2:1-8, 69-77 Ob), Vol. 1:337 seq. (c-2). Reber: 
Hist. Anc. Art, 62, 73-4, 80-4 (a), 74-7 (c), 84-90 (b). Fergusson: Hist. Arch., Vol. 
1:144-9, 160-4. Duncker: Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 3:204 seq. Smith: Anc. Hist, 
of the East, 378-83 (a, b, c). 

BABYLONIAN ARCHITECTURE.— Predominance of the 
temple over the palace — Its location, general features and orna- 
mentation — The use of color representing the spheres of the 
seven planets — The ziggurat or tower with its shrine (a). 

Palaces and hanging gardens — General effect of Baby- 
lonian architecture as indicated by the ruins — Tombs (b). 



ASSYRIAN AND BABYLONIAN ART. 19 

BABYLONIAN SCULPTURE— Intaglios on gems— Enam- 
melling upon brick — Use of color — Quaintness and grotesque- 
ness characteristics of Babylonian mimetic art (c). 

Rawlinson: Seven Mons., Vol. 2:189-93 (a), 193-7 (b). Lubke: Hist. Art, 
Vol. 1:51 seq. Reber: Hist. Anc. Art, 55:9, 66 (a), 80-4 (c). Smith: Hist. World, 
Vol. 1:199-202, 209-10, 217. Perrot and Chipiez: Hist. Art, Chaldea and Assyria, 
Vol. 1:280-99, 251-80. Fergusson: Hist. Arch., Vol. 1:150-9. Smith: Anc. Hist, of 
the East, 369-78 (b, c). 

SPECIMENS OF ASSYRIAN AND BABYLONIAN 
ARCHITECTURE — Palace of Khorsbad (Sargons palace) (a) — 
Ruins of Warka and Calah (b) — Palace of Assur-bani-pal, (Nim- 
roud) (c). 

The ruins of Nineveh (d) — Birs-i-Nimroud (Temple of 
Belus) (e). 

Rawlinson: Seven Mons., Vol. 1:134, 159-61, 184-5, 144 (a), 132, 160, 474 seq. 
<b), 486 seq. (c), 132, 158 seq. (d), 337, Vol. 2:173-5, 177-9, 184-7 (e). Fergusson: 
Hist. Arch., Vol. 1:165-85 (a, d, e). Layard: "Nineveh and its Remains," "Ruins 
of Nineveh and Babylon." Herodotus: Vol. 2:476-85 (e). Perrot and Chipiez: 
Hist. Art in Chaldea and Assyria, Vol. 2:9-32 (a), Vol. 1:7, 314, Vol. 2:5, 33 seq. 
38 seq. (b), 48 seq. (c), Vol. 1:223, 383, Vol. 2:30, 35, 201 (e). Lubke: Hist. Art, Vol. 
1:51-61. Smith and Slater: Classic. Arch., 44-53. Audsley: Diet. Arch. (Articles), 
Assyrian and Babylonian Arch. Encyclopedias. 

ASSYRIAN SCULPTURE.— Material, execution and gen- 
eral characteristics — Principal themes — Color in Assyrian 
sculpture — Compare with Chaldean sculpture (a). 

Bas-reliefs — The historical value of Assyrian bas-reliefs^ — 
Portrayal of every-day life — Representation of animal forms — 
Artistic merits of this branch of Assyrian art — Inability of the 
Assyrians to depict emotion — Conventionalism and non-progress- 
ive character of their art (b). 

Assyrian art in metallurgy — Bronze, principal metal — Em- 
bossed work, dishes, plates and bowls — Egyptian influence in 
Assyrian art (c). 

Fresco and tile-painting or enamelling upon brick — Scale 
of coloring, composition and drawing — Carvings in ivory — In- 
taglios on stones and gems (d). 

Perrot and Chipiez: Hist. Art in Chaldea, Assyria, etc., Vol. 1:272-277 
(color) Vol. 2:78-125, 243-50, 281-91 (a), 142-73, 203-43 (b), 251-80 (gems). Vol. 
1:260-311 (d), 303-7 (c). Rawlinson: Seven Monarchies (1885), Vol. 1:210-22 (a, b), 
207-8, 222-33 (c, d). Duncker: Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 3:201-4 (a). Smith: Anc. 
Hist, of the East, 383 seq. Harper: Mag., Vol. 50:495 (Bricks). Layard: Nine- 
veh. Woltmann and Woermann: Hist. Painting, Vol. 1:22-9. Lubke: Hist. Art, 
3 



20 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

Vol. 1:52-4, 61-6 (a, b, d). Reber: Hist. Anc. Art. 84-7 (a), 87-96 (b), 96-8 (d). 
Smith; Hist. World, Vol. 1:217 seq., 227. Radcliffe: Schools and Masters of 
Sculp., 29-53. 

PHCENICIA — Situation and characteristics — Climate and 
jiroducts (a). 

People — Origin and identification with the Canaanites — 
Characteristics — Manners and customs — Place in history and 
influence in the progress of civilization (b). 

IJeligion — Affinity with Assyrian and Babylonian relig- 
ion — Worship of Baal, Astoreth (Astarte) and Adonis (Tham- 
muz) — Worship of the Cabiri and Beltis — Character of Phoenic- 
ian worship — Altars and sacrifices — Prevalence of human sacri- 
fices and licentious orgies — Kites of circumcision (c). 

Writing, language and literature (d). 

Dimcker: Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 1:337-41 (a). Vol. 2:285 seq. (b), Vol. 1:352- 
82 (c). Smith: Anc. Hist, of the East, 594-600 (a), 600-6 (b). Keurick: Phoenicia. 
Perrot and Chipiez: Hist. Art in Phoenicia, Vol. 1:1-11 (a), 56-83 (c), Vol. 2:427- 
33 (b), 83-93 (d). Smith: Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 2:605-8 (a, b), 
Vol. 1:545, Vol. 2:614 seq. (c). Davis: Carthage and Her Remains, 242 seq. (c). 
Rawlinsou: Religions of the Anc. World. Harrison: The Story of Greece, 122-8 
(b). Sayce: Anc. Empires of the East, 179-209. Heeren: Historical Researches 
(Asiatic Nations), Vol. 1:289-301 (bj. Sayce: Fresh Light from Anc. Mons.. 65-8, 
98 (c). Morris: Civilization, 43, 47, 48, 51, 55, 153 seq. (b). Thomson: The Land 
and the Book, Vol. 1:608 seq., 517-19. Rawlinson: Hist. Phoenicia, 1-48 (a), 49-63, 
355-74 (b), 319-54 (c), 375-404 (d). Enc. Brit, Vol. 18:801 seq. (a, b). Vol. 22:822, 
Vol. 11:90, Vol. 5:160 (b). Vol. 21:641, 646 (d). Featherman: Social Hist. Races, 
6-18 (b). 

PHCENICIAN COLONIES— Principal colonies; Cyprus, 
Sardinia, Carthage (a) — Ships — Navigation and commerce of 
Phoenicia (b) — Constitution and governnient (c) — Early history 
of Phoenicia (d). 

Heeren: Hist. Researches (Asiatic Nations), Vol. 1:302-24 (a), 225-40 (b), 
341-68. Smith: Anc. Hist, of the East (Student's ed.), 610-36 (d). Duncker: 
Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 2:49-88 (a, b), 294-307 (b). Rawlinson: Hist. Phoenicia, 
89-129 (a), 271-308 (b), 405-53 (d). Grote: History Greece (1853), Vol. 2:103-5 (b), 
Vol. 3:264-89 (a, b). Smith: Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., 608 seq. (b), 617-19 
(a), 613 seq. (c). 

ATvT OF PHOENICIA — Architecture, general character- 
igtics — Temples, tombs and sepulchral monuments — Pillars and 
arches — Pavements in mosaic and alabaster — Fortified walls 
and harbors (a). 

Sculpture — General characteristics — Materials used — 



ANCIENT CITIES. 21 

Statues and busts — Animal forms — Bas-reliefs — Intaglios on 
cylinders and gems — Phcenician painting (b) — Useful arts and 
manufactures (c). 

Heeren: Hist. Researches (Asiatic Nations), 340-68 (c). Smith: Diet. 
Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 2:616 seq. Duncker: Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 2:277-82 
(a), 28-93 (c). Perrot and Chipiez: Hist. Art in Phoenicia and Its Dependencies. 
Conway: The Dawn of Art, 161-5. Mitchell: Hist. Anc. Sculpt, Vol. 2:113 seq. 
Rawlinson: Hist, of Phoenicia, 130-79 (a), 180-242 (b), 243-70 (c). Quarterly Re- 
view: Vol. 145:72-87. Reber: Hist. Anc. Art, 132-9 (a), 139-43 (b). Winckelmann: 
Hist. Anc. Art, Vol. 1:210-12. 

ANCIENT CITIES. 

SIDON (Zidon). — Claims of Sidon over Tyre to priority of 
date — Its trade, commerce, wealth and prosperity in the time of 
Homer — Skill of the Sidonians in navigation, architecture and 
manufacture of glass (a). 

Tyre — Its antiquity, greatness and importance in the an- 
cient world — Its ship-building, navigation and commerce. 

Colonies — Gold mines and famous dyes — Sieges of Tyre 
under Shalmanezer, king of Assyria, Nebuchadnezzar of Baby- 
lon and Alexander of Macedon (b). 

Tarshish — Location — Mines of silver and other metals — Its 
commerce as a factor in the commercial greatness of the Phoeni- 
cians (c). 

Kenrick: Phoenicia. Duncker: Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 2:262-4 (a), 265-8 (b). 
Buckley: Great Cities Anc. V^orld, 111-21. Gillies: Anc. Greece, 410-13 (b). 
Curties: Rise of the. Macedonian Empire, 122-8 (b). Smith: Wonderful Cities, 
232 seq. Grote: Hist. Greece (1853), Vol. 3:267-71 (a, b) (1888 ed.), Vol. 3:88-91, 
149, Vol. 10:80 seq. (b). Rawlinson: Hist. Phoenicia, 64-8, 407-17 (a), 68-73, 418 
(b). Perrot and Chipiez: Hist. Art in Phoenicia, etc.. Vol. 1:28-31, 37-43, 53-6. 
Thomson: The Land and the Book, Vol. 1:036-51 (a), 607, 613, 616-29 (b). Ranker 
Universal Hist, of the East, Chapter 3. Smith: Diet. Greek and Roman Geo., 
Vol. 2:996, 608-9, 611-13, 1248-52 (a, b), 1106 (c). Smith: Anc. Hist, of the East, 
606-7, 615-16, 628-33. McClintock: Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 10:612-20 (b), 218 
seq. Enc. Brit., Vol. 22:35 (a). Vol. 23:710-11 (b). Vol. 18:806 (c), 582, 804, 807-9, 
Vol. 17:650, Vol. 1:482 (a, b). 



SECTION III. 



HEBREW HISTORY. 

PALESTINE — Location and divisions, climate and prod- 
ucts (a) — The early inhabitants; the Canaanites of Phoenician 
origin, the Amorites of the Kelto-Libyan race; the Shasu or 
Bedawin, the Edomites, Ammonites and Moabites (b). 

The Hittites, their antiquity, strength and importance as a 
nation — Their influence upon early civilization — Characteristics 
of the Hittites (c). 

Dunckei: Hist, of Antiquity. Barrows: Sacred Geog. and Antiqs. Burn- 
ham: Struggles of the Nations, Vol. 1:66 seq. Conder: Palestine. Smith: His- 
torical Geog. Holy Land. Henderson: Palestine with Maps. Conder: Altaic 
Hieroglyphs and Hittite Inscriptions. Kiel's Biblical Archaeology, Vol. 1:19-54. 
Dawson: Egypt and Syria. Kitto: Palestine, Bible Hist, of the Holy Land, 1-20 
(b), Fart II. (a). Campbell: The Hittites, Their History and Inscriptions. 
Sayce: The Hittites. Wright: Empire of the Hittites. Sayce: Fresh Light from 
Anc. Mons., 87-93 (c). Perrot: Art in Sardinia, Asia Minor, etc., Vol. 2:4-79, 
353-78 (c). 

ETHNIC ORIGIN OF THE HEBREWS— Personal char- 
acteristics and preservation of their nationality (a) — Importance 
and place of the Hebrews in the history of civilization — General 
character of Hebrew civilization — Indebtedness of the world to 
them for the Sacred Scriptures (b). 

Manners and customs — Form of government of the early 
Hebrews (c). 

Religion — Origin and foundation — Its character (d). 

Geikie: Hours With the Bible (Creation to Patriarchs), 227 seq. (a). Par- 
rot and Chipiez: Hist. Art in Sardinia, Judea, etc., Vol. 1:109-15 (b). Josephus: 
Vol. 1:81 seq. Renan: Hist. People Israel (Introduction), Vol. 1:1-53, 76-87, 99- 
112. McClintock: Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 4:129 seq. Unitarian Review, Vol. 
5:156 (a). Smith: Hist. World, Vol. 1:15, 58 seq., 143-4 (b), 28-9 (c). Mann: 
Ancient and Mediaeval Republics, 1-14 (a, b, c). Milman: Hist. Jews, Vol. 1:47-9 
(d), 83-9 (b). Clarke: Ten Great Religions, Vol. 1-397-447 (d). Kitto: Palestine, 
etc., 23, 625-7 (b-1). Knappert: Religion of Israel. Fen ton: Early Hebrew Life. 
Ewald: Hist. Israel, Vol. 1:11 seq., 277 seq.. Vol. 8:304-65. Duncker: Hist. An- 
tiquity, 383-400. Enc. Brit, Vol. 13:396, Vol. 5:707, Vol. 20:361, Vol. 23:239, Vol. 
3:634. Littell's Living Age, Vol. 144:121, 182, 506, Vol. 145:115, 172, 312, 365, 
444, 632, 812, Vol. 146:56 seq. (c). Johnson: Oriental Religions, 219-78 (d). 

22 



HEBREW HISTORY. 23 

Montefiore: Origin and Growth of Religion (Hibbert Lectures, 1892), 1-54. Bar- 
rows; Sacred Geog. and Antqs., 469-81 (c-2). Featlierman: Social Hist, of Races, 
87 122. Kuenen: The Religion of Israel. 

HEBREW LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE— Chaldean 
influence — Hebrew historical composition — Its grandeur and 
anonymous character — Book of wars of Javeh, Book of Coven- 
ants, Book of Origins (a). 

Poetry — Its structure and essential character — Sources of 
stimulus to Hebrew imagination — Varieties of Hebrew Po- 
etry (b). 

The Old Testament. Ewald: Hist. Israel, Vol. 1:61-203 (Books), Vol. 2:353- 
7, Vol. 4:42 seq., 57-9, 190-200, 276-86, Vol. 5:185-92, 457 seq., Vol. 1:45-62 (a), 
Eccl. Review, Vol. 85:733, Vol. 115:136. Christian Examiner, Vol. 64:74, 346. 
Driver: An Introduction to the Lit. of the Old Testament. Taylor: The Spirit 
of Hebrew Poetry. Herder: The Spirit of Hebrew Poetry. Sayce: The Higher 
Criticism, 356-60, 457-96 (a). Drysdale: Hebrew Poetry. Enc. Brit., Vol. 11: 
594, 597, Vol. 21:645, Vol. 13:408, Vol. 16:285, 502, Vol. 3:638, Vol. 15:30. Palfrey: 
Lects. Jewish Scripts, and Antiqs., Vol. 2:301-31 (b). Gilfillan: Bards of the 
Bible, 23-57, 65-8 (b). Heilprin: Historical Poetry of the Anc. Hebrews. 

HEBREW ART. — Phoenician influence — Tomb-building 
and sepulchral architecture — Religious architecture — Domestic 
architecture (a). 

Sculpture and Painting (b) — Industrial a^ts (c). 

Thomson: The Land and the Book, Vol. 1:577 seq., 600 seq.. Vol. 2:117-21, 
437-44. Perrot and Chipiez: Hist. Art in Sardinia, Judea, etc.. Vol. 1:267-89 
(tombs), 289-330 (a), 330-43 (b-1), 343 seq. (b-2), 344-62 (c). Reber: Hist. Art, 
143-59. Rosengarten: Architectural Styles, 46-8. 

ABRAM OR ABRAHAM, the progenitor of the Israelit- 
ish nation — The idolatry and superstition of his age and its effect 
upon him (a) — His first call at Ur — Second call from Haran 
about 1921; journeying to Canaan — Residence at Shechem and 
Bethel— Retreat to Egypt— Return to Bethel (b). 

The covenant made with Abraham — Birth of Isaac — Abra- 
ham's trial of faith — Marriage of Isaac — Death of Abraham (c). 

Character of Abraham — The purity of his religion and the 
sublimity of his doctrine — His place in sacred history. 

Stanley: Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 1:1-31, 34-35 (a-d). Smith: Hist. Bible, 
49-56 (a, b), 57-8, 62-8 (c). McClintock: Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit, Vol. 1:28-32 (a-d). 
Josephus, Vol. 1:85-104. Ewald: Hist. Israel, Vol. 1:307 seq., 317-33 (a-1). Bible, 
Book of Genesis. Sayce: Fresh Lights from Anc. Mons., 44-5, 47-9. Clarke: Ten 
Great Religions, Vol. 1:402-9 (d). Milman: Hist. Jews, Vol. 1:49-73. Geikie: 
Hours with the Bible (Creation to Patriarchs), 238-41 (a), 248-9, 251, 255-61, 314- 



24 HISTORY, LITERA TURE AND ART TOPICS. 

15 (a, d), 249-54, 274-84 (b), 295, 302-11 (c). Unitarian Quart. Review, Vol. 36:341 
seq. (Religion of). Theol. Repository, Vol. 4:361 seq. Baptist Quart. Review, 
Vol. 5:314. Monthly Religious Magazine, Vol. 8:114 (Abraham and his day). 
Smith: Hist. World, Vol. 1:58-65. Beecher: Bible Studies, 65-82. Philo: Ju- 
djeus, Vol. 2:43-94, 396 seq. Kitto: Palestine, etc., 21-90. 

MOSES, THE HEBREW. LAW GIVER— Birth, education, 
personal appearance and character— Fliglit from Egypt and resi- 
dence in Midian— His commission to deliver Israel from Egyp- 
tian bondage (a). 

Establishment of the Passover— Exodus of the people- 
Journey to Sinai (b). 

ORGANIZATION OF THE HEBREWS AT SINAI as a 
distinct nation; the transition from a tribe to a nation being 
marked by the laws of Moses — Erection of the Tabernacle of 
worship — Mosaic constitution — Consecration of Aaron and his 
sons to the priesthood, and the Levites to the service of the 
Tabernacle (c). 

Journeyings to Canaan — Death of Aaron — Last acts and 
death of Moses (d)— The age of Moses — His character as a man 
and leader — His place in sacred history and position in relation 
to the prophets (e). 

Rawlinson: Moses; Life and Times. Geikie: Hours with the Bible (Moses 
to Judges), 57-92 (a), 92-148 (b), 148-75 (c), 175-93, 195, 208-10 (d, e). Stanley: 
Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 1:91-132 (a, b), 133-51 (c), 156-9 (c-2), 120, 160 seq., 
176 seq. (d, e). McClintock: Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 6:677-83 (a-e). Smith: 
Hist. Bible, 99-120 (a), 121-30 (b), 131-6, 139-40 (c), 145-79 (d, e). Ewald: Hist, of 
Israel, Vol. 2:15 seq., 57-76, 95-106, 202-16 (d), 214-16 (d-2), 47-57, 169-85, 216-8 
(d, e). Bible, The Pentateuch. Smith: Hist. World, Vol. 1:149 seq. (a), 109-12, 
149-57 (b), 158-9 (d). Taylor: Moses, the Law-Giver. Milman: Hist. Jews, Vol. 
1:112-42, 169-75 (a, b), 175-232 (c), 233-58 (d), 258-60 (a, e). Kitto: Palestine, etc., 
145-216 (a, b), 217-303 (c-1), 304-34 (d-1). Brugsch: Egypt Under the Pharoahs, 
Vol. 2:363-98 (Exodus). Green: Moses and the Prophets. Renan: Hist. People 
of Israel, Vol. 1:131-56 (b). Josephus, Vol. 1:151-70 (a), 170-88 (b), 189, 261, 283-5, 
(d-2). Eccl. Review, Vol. 121:176 seq. (b). Cont. Review, Vol. 2:514-34 (Laws of 
Moses). Duncker: Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 1:441-66 (b, c), 467-89 (d-1). Lepsius: 
Letters from Egypt, 405 seq., 449-60 (Exodus). Sharpe: Hist. Egypt, Vol. 1:52-64 
(b-2). Philo: Judffius, Vol. 3, Life of Moses. Lord: Beacon Lights Hist. Jewish 
Heroes and Prophets, 97-132. Sayce: The Higher Criticism, 237-82 (b). 

THE PENTATEUCH— Controversy in regard to date of 
composition and its Mosaic authorship — Poetry of the Penta- 
teuch — The Decalogue and first legislation — The Deuteronomic 
Law — The Levitical law (a). 

The distinctive characteristics of the Mosaic law contrast- 
ed with the laws of other early nations (b). 



HEBREW HISTORY. 25 

THE TALMUD, its history and composition — The Mishnah 
and Gemara, their relation to the Talmud (c). 

Edersheim: Laws and Polity of the Jews (Introduction) (b). Josephus, 
Vol. 1:261-82 (b). McClintock: Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 6:682 seq. (a, b), Vol. 
7:901-23 (a), Vol. 5:288-94 (b). Vol. 10-166 seq. Enc. Brit., Vol. 18:505, Vol. 13:418, 
Vol. 3:637 (a). Vol. 23:35 (c). Contemporary Review, Vol. 7:108-24 (c), Vol. 39:629- 
36. Unitarian Review, Vol. 25:47-68, Vol. 23:97 seq. (a). Lowe (Ed.) Mishnah 
on which the Palestinian Talmud rests. Geikie: Hours with the Bible (Manasseh 
to Zedekiah) 113 seq. (a). Smith: Diet. Bible, Vol. 3:2408-31. Schaff- 
Herzog: Enc. Religious Knowl., Vol. 3:2292-6. Ewald: Hist. Israel, Vol. 
1:63 seq.. Vol. 2:106-69, Vol. 8:319-22. Littell's Living Age, Vol. 96:18, 525, 599, 
Vol. 97:171-88, Vol. 104:195, Vol. 118:579-99, Vol. 142:195-213 (c). Blackwood's 
Magazine, Vol. 106:533-56 (c). Kalisch: Sketch of the Talmud. Chambers: 
Moses and His Recent Critics. Colenso: The Pentateuch. Taylor: Moses the 
Law-Giver, 253-75 (a, b). Smith: Moses and the Prophets, 44-135 (a-1). Spinoza: 
B. De, Chief Works of. Vol. 1:120-32 (a). Smith: Book of Moses or the Pen- 
tateuch in its authorship, credibility, etc. Palfrey: Lect. Jewish Script, and An- 
tiquities, Vol. 1:67-90, 424-511. Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 21:673-85 (c). Gilfillan: 
Bards of the Bible, 69-75 (a-1). Colenso: Lects. on the Pentateuch and Moabite 
Stone. 

JOSHUA. — Character — Ordination by Moses as his succes- 
sor — Passage of the Jordan — Taking of the city of Jericho — War 
against the kings of Canaan — Battle of Beth-Horon — Conquest of 
Canaan and division of the land— Settlement and beginning of 
a new era in the history of the tribes — The covenant renewed — 
Death of Joshua — His life and character compared with that of 
Moses. 

McClintock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 4:1025. Geikie, Hours with the Bible, 
<Moses to Judges), 213-40. White, Patriarchs and Prophets, 481-98, 570 seq. Jo- 
sephus, Vol. 1:287-306. Ewald, Hist, of Israel, Vol. 2:229-68. Bible, Book of 
Joshua. Smith, Hist. World, Vol. 1:159-63. Duncker, Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 1: 
491-509. Kitto, Palestine, etc., 335-64. Palfrey, Lects. Jewish Script, and Antiqs., 
Vol. 2:162-83. Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 1:187-250. Burnham, Struggles 
of the Nations, Vol. 1:68, 71-3. Ebers, Joshua. Renan, Hist. People of Israel, 
Vol. 1:179 seq. St. Clair, Buried Cities and Bible Countries, 125-41. Milman, 
Hist. Jews, Vol. 1:262-81. 

THE BOOK OF JOSHUA.— Discussions concerning its au- 
thorship — Time of composition — Its character and design — 
Value from a literary standpoint — Its relation to the Pentateuch. 

McClintock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 4:1027-31. Colenso, The Pentateuch 
and Book of Joshua. Palfrey, Lectures on Jewish Scriptures and Antiqs. Vol. 
2:134-61. Lloyd, The Book of Joshua. 

Note. — Noted female characters of Hebrew history from the time of Abra- 
ham to Joshua: Sarai, name changed to Sarah; Hagar; Lot's wife; Rebekah; 
Miriam. 



26 HISTORY, LITERA TURE AND ART TOPICS. 

ISKAEL UNDER THE JUDGES— Character, duties, and 
powers of the office of the judges— Decay of national life and 
religion at this period and cause thereof — The fall of Shiloh. 

Geikie, Hours with the Bible, (Moses to Judges), 240-79. (Samson to Solo- 
mon) 15-35. White, Patriarchs and Prophets, 543-80. Josephus, Vol. 1:315-43. 
Ewald, Hist, of Israel, Vol. 2:357-430. Milman, Hist. Jews, Vol. 1, 283-307. Kitto, 
Palestine, etc., 365-412. Miller, The Greatest of the Judges (life of Gideon). 
Smith, Bible Hist., 218-61. Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 1:252-341. Renan, 
Hist. People of Israel, Vol. 1:241 seq. Bible, Book of Judges, Smith, Hist. World, 
Vol. 1:163-7. Lang, Gideon and the Judges. Lang, "Gideon, his life and Times." 

NAMES OF THE JUDGES FROM JOSHUA TO SAUL. 

1. Othniel about 1405 B. C. 2. Ehud. 3. Shamgar. 4. Deborah and Barak. 
5. Gideon. 6. Abimeleck. 7. Tola. 8. Jair. 9. Jephthah. 10. Ibzan. 11. Elon. 
12. Abdon. 13. Samson. 14. Eli. 15. Samue^ 

NOTED FEMALE CHARACTERS OF THIS PERIOD. 

Deborah, the Prophetess (a). Ruth, ancestress of the Messiah (b). Jeph- 
thah's daughter (c). Jael (d). Naomi (e). Hannah (f). 

Cox, Female Scripture Biog., Vol. 1 (a-f). Taylor, Ruth and Esther (b). 
Tyng, The Rich Kinsman (b). Book of Judges, Chaps. 4:5 (a, d), 11:30-40 (c). 
Book of Ruth (b, e), I Sam, 1:2 (f). 

SAMUEL. — The last of the judges and the last of the three 
greatest characters of the first period of Hebrew history, Abra- 
ham and Moses being his predecessors — Birth, education, early 
consecration, character and personal appearance in youth and 
in old age (a). 

The School of Prophets founded by Samuel; their mission 
and influence (b). 

Moral and political condition of Israel at the beginning of 
Samuel's ministry — Change of the government from a theocratic 
to a monarchial form, 1096 B. C. — Causes which led to the change 
— Samuel's position in regard to the change of government and 
his attitude toward Saul (c) — Samuel as prophet and reformer — 
His life and its lessons (d). 

Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 1:346-51, 360-3 (a), 353-5 (b), 344-6, 355-8 
(c), 352, 355, 358-60, 363-6 (a, d). Geikie, Hours with the Bible (Samson to Solo- 
mon) 35-40 (a), 40 seq. 52 (d), 45-7, 49 (b), 54-8 (c). Josephus, Vol. 1:339 seq. 
348-62, 397. Duncker, Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 2:109-27 (a, c). Blakie, First Book 
of Samuel, Vol. 1:1-36, 49-60, 109-20, 181-204. Kitto, Palestine, etc., 413-35. Eder- 
sheim, Israel under Samuel. Milman, Hist. Jews, Vol. 1:307-18 (a-d). Ewald: 
Hist. Israel, Vol. 2:419-30 (a-d). Renan, Hist. People of Israel, Vol. 1:301-13 
(b), 314-21 (c). McClintock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 9:316-19 (a), 319-20 (c), 320- 
2 ('b, d). Enc. Brit., Vol. 21:252, Vol. 13:402, Vol. 19:814. Bible, 1 Samuel, 1-25. 
Deane, Samuel and Saul (Men of Bible). 



HEBRE W HIS TOR V. 27 

PROPHETS.— Signification of the word— Cliaracter of the 
office — Kise of the prophets — When established as an order — 
Mental and moral qualifications (a)— Nature of prophetical 
teaching (b) — Place of prophecy in history and relations of each 
to the other (c) — The prophets as writers (d) — The Old and New 
School of Prophecy; characteristics of each — Object and char- 
acter of the writings of the later school of prophecy (e) — Decay 
of prophecy and cause therefor (f). 

Edersheim, Laws and Polity of the Jews, 44-53. Stanley, Hist. Jewish 
Church, Vol. 1:367-90 (a), 393-49 (b). Ewald, Prophets of the Old Testament 
(Smith tr.). Vol. 1:7 seq. 25-49 (a, b), 59-84 (d), 49-58 (e, f). Christian Examiner, 
Vol. 56:374. Contemporary Review, Vol. 1:615. Milman, Hist. Jews, Vol. 1:310 
seq. Palfrey, Lects. Jewish Scripts, and Antiqs., Vol. 2:362-86 (e). Kuenen, 
The Prophets and Prophecy in Israel. Ewald, Hist. Israel, Vol. 4:5, 6, 9, 70, 
119, 129. Fairbairn, On Prophecy (Edinburgh 1865), 4-18 (a, b), 19-40 (c). Uni- 
tarian Review, Vol. 26:67, 128, 206 (a). Scottish Review, Vol. 1:149 (c). Theol. 
Repository, Vol. 4:97. Smith, The Prophets of Israel and their place in history. 

SAUL, FIRST KING OF ISRAEL— Personal appearance 
and character — His anointing by Samuel — Wars with the Amon- 
ites, Philistines and Amelokites — Samuel's denunciation of Saul 
and reasons therefor — Saul's distracting and foreboding melan- 
choly — His jealousy and persecution of David — Saul's visit to the 
Witch of Endor — Battle of Mount Gilboa — Death of Saul and 
Jonathan — Saul's character as a ruler. 

Smith, Bible History, 262-95. Geikie, Hours with the Bible (Samson to 
Solomon), 57-111. White, Patriarchs and Prophets, 603 seq. Ewald, Hist. Israel, 
Vol. 3:15-53, 67-109. Bible, 1 Sam., 9-31. Duncker, Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 2:117-49. 
Milman, Hist. Jews, Vol. 1:319-32. Blakie, First Book of Samuel, Vol. 1:121-252, 
292 seq. 404-15, 429-40, Vol. 2:1-13. Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 2:3-34. 
Renan, Hist. People of Israel, Vol. 1:322-49. Josephus, Vol. 1:360-412. Enc. 
Brit., Vol. 6:838, Vol. 13:403, Vol. 21:253. Contemporary Review, Vol. 1:615 seq. 
Porter, Giant Cities of Bashan, etc., 254 seq. (Gilboa). 

DAVID. — Birth and early life — Personal appearance and 
charactei^ — His call and anointing by Samuel — David's life at 
the court of Saul (a) — David as an outlaw^ and life in the wilder- 
ness — David king of Israel — Establishment of the Ark and capi- 
tal at Jerusalem, introducing a new era in Israelitish history (b). 

Character and constitution of the kingdom of David com- 
pared with the old regime — Moral and religious condition of 
Israel and its prosperity under David's reign (c). 

Wars of David (d)— Revolt of Absalom — Last years and 
death of David (e) — The character of David and significance of 



28 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

liis reign in Jewisli history — The result of his work and its rela- 
tion to the age (f). 

McClintock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 2:685-8 (a), 690-1 (b), 692-6 (c, d), 696- 
9 (e). Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 2:36-62 (a), 64-75 (b), 75-82 (c), 82-8 (d), 
89-119 (e), 73-5, 81-2, 89-94, 106-8, 111-14, 120-1, 135 seq. (f). Renan, Hist. People 
of Israel, Vol. 1:331-49 (a), 357-62 (b). Ewald, Hist, of Israel, Vol. 3:67-109 (a), 
109-37 (b, c), 137-63, 175-95 (d, e), 54-67, 199-203 (f). Geikie, Hours with the Bible, 
(Samson to Solomon), 113 seq. Milman, Hist. Jews, Vol. 1:323 seq., 332-53. Mac- 
laren. Life of David as Reflected in his Psalms. White, Patriarchs and Prophets, 
703-54. Chandler, Critical Hist, and Life of David. Krummacher, David, King 
of Israel. Taylor, David, King of Israel, His Life and its Lessons. Bible, 1 
Sam., 18-31, 11 Sam., I Kings, 1:2. Duncker, Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 2:150-78 (a-f). 
Oliphant, Jerusalem the Holy City, 1-28 (a), 29-141 (b, e). Blakie, Books of Sam- 
uel, Vol. 1:252-91 (a), 305 seq. Vol. 2:14-25, 62-96 (b), 109-20 (d), 121-33 (c), 217 
seq. (e-1), 314-87 (e-2). 

THE PSALMS OF DAVID.— Origin of the Psalter— Its 
characteristics from a religious and literary standpoint- - 
David's shepherd life,wanderings and love of nature as reflected 
in the Psalms — Authorship of the different parts of the Psalter. 

Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 2:42-4, 61-2, 121-38, 502. McClintock, 
Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 2:699. Enc. Brit. Vol. 20:32, Vol. 3:638, Vol. 6:841. 
Driver, An Introduction to Lit. Old Testament, 337-67. Spurgeon, The Treasury 
of David (Psalms). Jennings, The Psalms with notes. Gilfillan, Bards of the 
Bible, 114-29. Maclaren, The Life of David as Reflected in his Psalms. Schaff- 
Herzog, Enc. Rel. Knowl. Vol. 1:611, Vol. 3:1951 seq. Psalms, 8:19:23:29:42 
^Shepherd life and nature) 7:40:54:56:57:59:64, 70, 109, 120, 143 (wanderings and 
escape). Cowles, The Psalms with notes. 

ANCIENT CITIES. 

JEKUSALEM THE HOLY CITY.— Its foundation and to- 
pography — Its walls; material used, height and thickness — 
Gates, streets, water supply and drainage. 

The Temple of Solomon — Material used and whence ob- 
tained—Area of the temple square — Its three platforms — Plan 
of the temple — Furniture and ornaments — Absence of figure 
sculpture — Phoenician design shown in style of architecture and 
ornament. 

The sacred associations attached to Jerusalem. Its civil 
and religious interests in Hebrew history — Exploration of the 
ruins under Nehemiah, the prophet — Recent exploration and dis- 
coveries — Environs of Jerusalem — Tombs of Jerusalem. 

Warren, "Recovery of Jerusalem." "Underground Jerusalem." Buckley, 
Great Cities of the Anc. World, 185-226. Smith, Diet, of the Bible (art. Jeru- 



ANCIENT CITIES. 29 

salem). Renan, Hist. People of Israel, 102-9. Enc. Brit. Vol. 13:636-40, Vol. 
23:166. Thomson, The Land and the Book, Vol. 2:463-567. McClintock, Cyc. 
Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol, 2:691 seq. Vol. 4:836 seq. Perrot and Chipiez, Hist. Art, 
Sardinia, Judea, etc.. Vol. 1:142-52 (Topography) 201-66 (Temple). Wilson, The 
Holy City. Murray, Handbook of Syria and Palestine. King, Recent Discov- 
eries on the Temple Hill, Jerusalem. St. Clair, Buried Cities and Bible Coun- 
tries, 203-76. Sayce, Fresh Light from Anc. Monuments, 80-6. North Amer. 
Review, Vol. 86:191-218. Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 38:143, 301, 418. Porter, Giant 
Cities of Bashan, etc., 119-54. Hutton, Literary Landmarks of Jerusalem. Har- 
per's Mag., Vol. 43:195 (Explorations). Lewis, The Holy Places of Jerusalem. 

TADMOR (Palmyra); significance of tlie name — Peculiar- 
ities of its location — Its foundation, ancient splendor and pros- 
perity — Ancient commercial importance — Streets, great central 
avenue and tombs — Ruins of Tadmor — Temple of the Sun (a). 

Samaria, capital of the kingdom of , Israel— Its founda- 
tion by Omri — Origin of the name — Its delightful situation — 
Public buildings — Ahab's ivory palace — The temple of Baal — 
Siege and destruction of the city by Shalmanezer and Sargon, 
kings of Assyria (b). 

The Samaritans — Their claims to Israelitish ancestry — Its 
repudiation by Jews and most writers upon the subject — Perpet- 
ual hatred between the Jews and Samaritans — Their festivals 
— The Samaritan Pentateuch (c). 

Seller, Antiquity of Palmyra. Buckley, Great Cities of the World, 103-10 
(a). Porter, Giant Cities of Bashan, 327-30, 336-41 (a), 231 seq. (b). Ewald, Hist. 
Israel, Vol. 5:103-4, 121, 213 seq. 220, 277-81, 287, 352-4, 377, Vol. 8, 322-5 (c). 
Geikie, The Holy Land, Vol. 2:231-40 (b). Kitto, Palestine, 553 (c). Thomson, 
The Land and ^le Book, Vol. 1:111-14 (b), 114-36 (c). Smith, Greek and Roman 
Geog., Vol. 2:536 seq. (a), 887 (b).~ Addison, Damascus and Palmyra. Smith, 
Wonderful Cities, Part II. 216-20 (a), 210 (b). Hengstenberg, Hist. Kingdom of 
God, etc.. Vol. 2:295 seq. (c). Meyers' Remains of Lost Empires, 1-43 (a). 

PETRA (Sela), Arabia. — Location and general description 
— Its antiquity and the character of its wonderful ruins — Tem- 
jjles and tombs of Petra (a). 

Hebron; noted for being the burial place of Abraham, 
Isaac and Jacob — Its recorded antiquity — Conquest of, by the 
Israelites under Joshua — Hebron a Levitical city of refuge (b). 

Shechem, first capital of the kingdom of Israel — Its situ- 
ation — Consecration by Abraham — Convocation of the Tribes by 
Joshua at Shechem — A city of refuge — Joseph's tomb and 
Jacob's well. 



30 



HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 



Geikie, The Holy Land, Vol. 1:314-44 (b), 109-11, 116, 136-41 (c). Thom- 
son, The Land and the Book, Vol. 2:249, 268-78 (b). Smith, Wonderful Cities, 
Part II. 184 seq. (a). McClintock, Cyc. Bib. Eocl. Lit., Vol. 8:40-5 (a). Buckley, 
Great Cities of the Anc. World, 123-34 (a). Harper's Magazine, Vol. 16:744 (a). 
Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 2:582-4. Encyclopedias. 



SECTION IV. 

TENTH CENTURY B. C. CHRONOLOGY. 

MAP ILLUSTRATIONS. 

1000. Solomon's kingdom at the height of its prosperity. 

Hiram, king of Tyre. 
988. Shishonk, the Shishak of Scripture. 

976. Accession of Rehoboam. Revolt of the Ten Tribes and 
establishment of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. 

Jeroboam, king of Israel. 
972. Invasion of Judah and Sack of Jerusalem by Shishak. 
959. Abijah, second king of Judah. 
956. Asa, third king of Judah. 
953. Baasha, third king of Israel. 
941. League between Asa and Benhadad I. of Syria against 

Baasha. 
930. Zimri and Omri (Israel). Asshur-dayan II., founder of 

the third Assyrian dynasty. Civil war between 

Tibni and Omri. 
D25. Founding of the city of Samaria. (See anc. cities above.) 
919. Accession of Ahab, king of Israel. The Prophet Elijah. 
915. Accession of Jehoshaphat (Judah). 
911. Vul-Lush II. (no recorded history). 

LANDMARKS FOR THE EYE. 
First — Division of tlie liingdom of Israel and establishment of the king- 
doms of Judah and Israel. Connect this event with the following events: The 
usurpation of the throne of Israel by Jehu and the throne of Judah by Athaliah, 
B. C. 883; with the long reign of Jeroboam II., which closes B. C. 782; also 
with the fall of the kingdom of Israel and captivity of the Ten Tribes, 3. C. 721. 
Second — Founding of the city of Samaria. 
Third — Rise of the Prophet Elijah. 
Fourth — Emergence of Assyria from a long period of obscurity. 

CONTEMPORARY EVENTS OF HISTORY. 
1000 (about). Beginning of Phoenician colonization. Solomon falls into 
idolatry. Decline of the kingdom. 

31 



32 HISTORY, LITERA TURE AND ART TOPICS. 

■ 980. Benhadad and Rezin seize the whole of Syria with Damascus. 

977. Solomon seeks to kill Jeroboam who flees to Egypt. Solomon writes 
Ecclesiastes. 

976. The golden calves set up at Dan and Bethel by Jeroboam to prevent 
his subjects going to worship at Jerusalem. 1 Kings, 12:26-33. 

962-27. The supposed flourishing of Homer, although Grecian statements 
differ almost five hundred years as to the epoch of Homer. 

958. Abijah defeats Jeroboam in battle. 2 Chron., 13:3-21. 

942. Zerah, the Ethiopian, with a great army totally defeated by Asa. 
2 Chron., 14:9-15. 

1000-900. ^olian, Ionian and Dorian colonies settle along the coast of 
Asia Minor and its islands. 

919. Ahab marries Jezebel. Introduction of the Phoenician worship of 
Baal. Jehoshaphat re-establishes the true worship. 

902, Ben-hadad II. besieges Samaria. 

TOPICS FOR THE XTH CENTURY. 

HEBREW HISTORY. 

KING SOLOMON.— Early life and character— His acces- 
sion — Splendor of his court and character of his reign (a) — The 
reputed wisdom and greatness of Solomon (b). 

His architectural works— Building and dedication of Solo- 
mon's temple (c). 

Commercial relations and increasing wealth of the kingdom 
during Solomon's reign — Domestic life, old age and death (d) — 
Elements of weakness in the kingdom tending towards its down- 
fall — The results of Solomon's reign (e). 

Hiram, King of Tyre — His relations with King Solomon (f). 

Milman, History Jews, Vol. 1:353-6 (a), 358-64 (c), 366-74 (b, c). Geikie, 
Hours with the Bible (Samson to Solomon) 211-39 (a, b, c), 242-57 (c). Renan, 
People of Israel, Vol. 2:111-23 (c), 136-9 (d-2), 92-103 (f). Ewald, Hist. Israel, 
Vol. 3:204-308. Smith, Bible Diet., Vol. 4:3075-85 (a-2), 1080 (f). McClintock, 
Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 9:861-72, Vol. 10:1020-4 (a, b), Vol. 4:272 (f). Lord, 
Beacon Lights Hist., Vol. 7:237-70. Oliphant, Jerusalem the Holy City, 142-83. 
Farrar, Solomon, His Life and Times. Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 2:141- 
50, 162-70 (a), 193-202 (b), 171-86 (c), 210-16 (d-2), 151-60 (d-1), 155 seq. (f). Jo- 
sephus, Vol. 1:472-91 (b), 494-506 (c), 510-14 (a), 491-3, 508-9 (f). Duncker, Hist. 
Antiquity, Vol. 2:179-200, 264-7. Enc. Brit., Vol. 22:251, Vol. 13:405 (a), Vol. 2:181 
(b), 392, Vol. 23:166 (c). Vol. 18:807 (f). Bible, 1 Kings, Chaps. 1-11, IL Chron., 
1-9. Rawlinson, Hist. Phcenicia, 421-34 (f). 

THE WRITINGS OF SOLOMON— Proverbs— Their date, 
contents and ethical code — Ecclesiastes — Its date and char- 
acter of its teachings — Canticles, or Song of Solomon — Its poet- 
ical beauty. 



TENTH CENTURY, HEBREW HISTORY. 33 

Gilfillan, Bards of the Bible, 130-44. Cox, Book of Ecclesiastes. Griffis, 
The Lily among Thorns. Geikie, Hours with the Bible, (Samson to Solomon) 
245-6, 258-67. Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 2:202-10, 216-20. Thomson, 
The Land and the Book, Vol. 1:9-16. Renan, The Song of Songs in Acts and 
Scenes. Plumtre, Book of Eccl. with notes. Horton, The Book of Proverbs. 
Driver, Introduction to Lit. Old Testament, 368-83, 409-24, 436-49. McClintock, 
Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit. Vol. 8:699, Vol. 2:92-7. Smith, Bible, Diet., Vol. 3:2607-16, 
Vol. 1:376-80, 643-9. Westminster Review, Vol. 45:342-54. Cowles, Proverbs 
Eccl. and Song of Solomon. Stuart, Comm. Book of Proverbs, Comm. Eccl. 

ACCESSION OF KEHOBOAM— Revolt of the Ten Tribes 
and establishment of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah — Shis- 
honk the Shishak of Scripture — His relations with Kehoboam 
and Jeroboam — Capture of Jerusalem by Shishonk — Charactei' 
of Rehoboam — Character and reign of Jeroboam (a) — The King- 
dom of Israel; the name as applied to the Ten Tribes — Extent 
and resources of the kingdom (b) — The Kingdom of Judah — The 
name Judah and its significance after the division of the king- 
dom — Population, resources and advantages (c) — Political and 
religious strength of the two kingdoms compared (d), 

Geikie, Hours with the Bible (Rehoboam to Hezekiah) 15-29 (a). Stanley, 
Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 2:230-4 (a), 223-31 (b, d), 327-9 (c), 371 (d). Duncker, 
Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 2:227 seq. Josephus, Vol. 1:521-3, 528-31 (a). Renan, Hist. 
People Israel, Vol. 2:149-52 (a). Kenrick, Anc. Egypt, Vol. 2:290-6, 300 (a). Con- 
temporary Review, Vol. 1:626 (d). Brugsch, Egypt under the Pharaohs (1891) 
'375-9 (1881 ed.) Vol. 2:207-22. McClintock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit. Vol. 4:694-5, 828, 
Vol. 8:1021 seq. Vol. 9:702-4 (a, b), Vol. 4:695-7, 1052 seq. (c). Smith, Bible Hist, 
361-4, 367 (b, d). Milman, Hist. Jews, Vol. 1:377-82 (a). Ewald, Hist. Israel, 
Vol. 3:291-315, Vol. 4:23, 43-7 (a). Vol. 4 (Introduction) (b, c, d). 

ABIJAM. — Accession and reign^ASA, third king of 
Judah — His character and reign — Moral and religious condition 
of the kingdom at his accession — His reforms — Wars with Israel 
—Alliance with Benhadad of Syria and the result — Death of 
Asa (a). 

Jehoshaphat, fourth king of Judah — His reforms, character 
and prosperity of his reign — Relations w^ith Ahab, king of Israel 
— War with the Moabites and result — Moral and religious con- 
dition of the people during the reigns of Asa and Jehoshaphat (b). 

Geikie, Hours with the Bible (Rehoboam to Hezekiah) 31-5 (a), 38-43, 56-9, 
62-4 (b). Josephus, Vol. 1:535-9 (a), 553-6, 559. Milman, Hist. Jews, Vol. l,3b.4 
(a), 395-8 (b). Ewald, Hist. Israel, Vol. 4:49 seq. 53-7. McClintock, Cyc. Bib. 
Eccl. Lit. Vol. 1:450 seq. (a). Vol. 4:806 seq. (b). Smith, Hist. Bible, 369, 372-4 
(a) 374, 384-7 (b). Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 2:332 seq. Bible, 1 Kings, 
Chaps., 15:22: II Chron. 14:15:16:17:18:19:20. 



34 HISTORY, LITERA TURK AND ART TOPICS. 

BAASHA, third king of Israel — His revolution and the ex- 
tinction of the house of Jeroboam, the crown of Israel passing 
from the tribe of Ephraim to that of Issachar — War with Judah 
— Death of Baasha and accession of his son Elah — Extinction of 
the house of Baasha (a). 

Usurpation of Zimri — Civil war between Tibni and Omri — 
Accession and reign of Omri, sixth king of Israel — War with 
Moab — History of the Moabite Stone commemorative of this 
war — Its inscription and character of the writing (b). 

Accession of Ahab, seventh king of Israel — War with Syria 
under Benhadad II. — Character of Ahab — Wickedness of his 
reign — Jezebel — Her influence over Ahab — Battle of Kamoth- 
Gilead — Death of Ahab — Tragical death of Jezebel (c). 

Ewald, Hist. Israel, Vol. 4:33-6 (a), 36 seq. (b), 65-77 (c). Milman, Hist. 
Jews, Vol. 1:386 seq. 394-5. Josephus, Vol. 1:537-9 (a), 540-57 (c). Geikie, Hours 
with the Bible, (Rehoboam to Hezekiah) 33-8 (a, b), 38-43, 56-9, 62-4 (c). Sayce, 
The Higher Criticism and the Monuments, 361-76 (M. Stone). Colenso, Lect. on 
the Pentateuch and Moabite Stone. Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 2:241-3 
(b), 243-7, 266-71 (c). Thomson, The Land and the Book, Vol. 1:225-34 (c). Con- 
temporary Review, Vol. 1:615 seq. (c). Smith, Hist. Bible, 369 seq, 375, 382-5. 
Bible, 1 Kings, 15:22. Walsh, The Moabite Stone. 

ELIJAH THE PROPHET— His personal appearance— The 
grandeur and nobility of his character — His teachings — Scenes 
on Carmel and Horeb — His translation (a). 

Condition of Israel at the close of his ministry — Eesults of 
his work (b). 

His age and place in Jewish history (c). 

Milman, Hist. Jews, Vol. 1:387, 389-94, 400 seq. (a). Enc. Brit., Vol. 8:134- 
6, Vol, 13:407, Vol. 19:816, Geikie, Hours with the Bible, (Rehoboam to Heze- 
kiah) 43-50, 72-4 (a), 50-60 (b). Krummacher, Elijah the Tishbite. Contempo- 
rary Review, Vol. 1:628-33. Unitarian Review, Vol. 26:67, 128. Bible, I Kings, 
17:-21: II Kings, l:-2:. Macduff, The Prophet of Fire. Josephus, Vol. 1:542-7. 
Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 2:247-65, 272-6 (a, b). Ewald, Hist. Israel, 
Vol. 4:63 seq. 78-80, 101-13. McClintock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit. Vol. 3:144-50 (a, b, 
c). Christian Observer, Vol. 34:348, 406, Vol. 37:551-74. 

SUMMARY. 

The special historical interest attached to this century is the decline of 
the kingdom of Judah during the latter part of King Solomon's reign, followed, 
in the beginning of the reign of his successor, by the revolt of the Ten Tribes, 
the division of the kingdom, and establishment of the kingdoms of Judah and 
Israel. The rise of Elijah, one of the greatest of the Hebrew prophets, occurs 
in the latter half, and the closing years of the century records the emergence 
of the Assyrian Empire from a long period of obscurity. 



SECTION V. 



NINTH CENTURY B. C. CHRONOLOGY. 

MAP IDLUSTRATIONS. 

898. Battle of Ramoth Gilead. Ahab slain. Accession of Aha- 

ziah, king of Israel. 
897. Translation of Elijah, the prophet, and call of Elisha. 
896. Jehoram, king of Israel. 
894. Jehoram at war with the Moabites. 
891. Jehoram begins to reign in Judah. 
889. Tiglath-Nin II. reigns in Assyria. 
885. Ahaziah ascends the throne of Judah as king, having been 

viceroy to his father one year. 
883. Ahaziah and Jehoram, kings of Judah and Israel, slain by 

Jehu, who ascends the throne of Israel. Athaliah 

usurps the throne of Judah. Asshur-izir-pal king of 

Assyria. 
880. Israel at war with Hazael, king of Syria. 
877. Joash, son of Ahaziah (rescued 883 from the massacre of 

his family by Jehu), crowned king of Judah. Atha- 
liah, the queen, slain. 
858. Shalmaneser II. ascends the throne of Assyria. 
855. Death of Jehu, accession of Jehoahaz, of Israel. 
853. The Battle of Karkar, the first fought by the Syrian 

League (Benhadad, the Hittites and Phoenicians) 

against Shalmaneser. 
850. History of Jonah. Shalmaneser at war with Syria. 
849. Syria invades Israel. 
841. Joash of Israel begins to reign jointly with his father 

(838). At death of his father becomes king. 
840. Judah reduced to its lowest depression by Syrian wars. 



4 



35 



36 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

837. Amaziah, king of Judah. 

827. War between Judah and Israel. 

82G. Jerusalem taken by Jelioash of Israel and the Temple 

plundered. 
823. Death of Jehoash of Israel. Accession of Jeroboam II. 

Shamus-Vul II. king of Assyria. 
810. Vul-lush III. succeeds Shamus-Vul. 
808. Amaziah, king of Judah, slain. Uzziah succeeds. 
801 (about). Joel begins to prophesy. 

LANDMARKS FOR THE EYE. 

First — Rise of the Prophet Elisha. 
Second— The wars of Judah with Syria. 
Third — Growth of Assyrian power. 

CONTEMPORARY EVENTS OF HISTORY. 

900 (about). Erection of the north-west palace of Nimroud. (About.) Com- 
mencement of the Assyrian Canon (which terminated 640 B. C). 

888. Flourishing period of Phoenicia, especially of Tyre. 

885. Hazael kills Benhadad and becomes, as Elisha predicted, king of Syria^ 
II Kings, 8:3-15. Joash, king of Judah, one of the three kings (Aha- 
ziah, Jehoash, Amaziah) omitted by Matthew in the genealogy of 
Christ. 

876 (about). The Kimmerians make their first appearance in Asia Minor. The' 
death of the prophet Elisha occurred in the reign of Joash (Israel). 

SIO. The reign of Vul-lush III. is given as the epoch of Semiramis. See 
Rawlinson: Seven Mons., Vol. 1:421-2. Ragozin: Story of Assyria, 
196-203.) 

808-756. During the reign of Uzziah, Isaiah and Amos prophesied in Judah, 
Jonah and Hosea in Israel. Zedekiah was royal tutor and counsellor 
to Uzziah. 

TOPICS FOR THE IXTH CENTURY. 

HEBPiEW HISTORY. 

The battle of Ramoth Gilead. (See Ahab, above). 

ELISHA THE PROPHET— His life, personal appear- 
ance, character and works contrasted with Elijah (a)— His place 
in history (b) — His miracles (c) — The religious and political con- 
dition of the kingdom of Israel at the beginning and close of his 
ministry (d). 

Bible, II Kings, 2:4:5:6:7:8:9. McClintock, Bib. Eccl. Lit, Vol. 3:153-9 
(a-d). Lord, Beacon Lights Hist., Jewish Heroes, Vol. 7:297. 300, 309, 316-17. 
Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 2:276-81 (a), 296-9 (d). Ewald, Prophets of 



NINTH CENTURY, HEBREW HISTORY. 37 

the Old Testament, Vol. 1:50 seq. Edershelm, Elisha the Prophet (as a type of 
Christ). Enc. Brit., Vol. 8:140-1 (a, b, c). Vol. 19:816, Vol. 13:407-8 (d). Josephus, , 
Vol. 1:567-75 (c). Smith, Diet. Bible, Vol. 1:714-15 (a), 717-19 (c), 722 (a-d). 
Ewald, Hist. Israel, Vol. 4:64, 80-3, 120-2. Contemporary Review, Vol. 1:630-3. 
Unitarian Review, Vol. 26:128 seq. Blunt, Lects. Hist, of Elisha. 

891 B. C, JEIIORAM II., fifth king of Judah— His reign— 
Atlialiali, his wife; her evil influence — Its effect upon the king- 
dom — Introduction of Phoenician ' idol-worship — Death and 
burial of Jehoram (a). 

885 B. C, Ahaziah — His evil reign — Judah and Israel at war 
with Hazael — Ahaziah slain by Jehu — Athaliah usurps the 
throne — Her reign and death (b). 

877 B. C, accession of Jehoash (Joash), eighth king of 
Judah — Early childhood and accession — His character and 
reign — Wars with Syria — Visitation of locusts — Moral and re- 
ligious condition of the kingdom at his death (c). 

Geikie, Hours with the Bible, (Rehoboam to Hezekiah) 78-9, 84 seq. (a, b), 
90-7 (c). Josephus, Vol. 1:576 seq. (a, b), 583-8 (c). Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, 
Vol. 2:282 seq. 340-7. Milman, Hist. Jews, Vol. 1:399 seq. 407-9. Ewald, Hist. 
Israel, Vol. 4:96 seq. 134-42. McClintock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit. Vol. 4:805 (a), 798 
(c). Bible, II Kings, 8:12: II Chronicles 21:-24. 

837 B. C, AMAZIAH, ninth king of Judah— War between 
Israel and Judah — Conquest of Jerusalem by Joash (a). 

808 B. C, accession of Uzziah (Azariah), tenth king of Judah 
— His character and reign — Growth of the priestly power — So- 
cial, religious and political condition of the people during the 
reign of Uzziah — His last years and death (b). 

JOEL, Prophet to Judah — His place in Jewish history — 
Character and style of his works and teaching (c). 

Milman, Hist. Jews, Vol. 1:409-11 (a, b). Ewald, Hist. Israel, Vol. 4:122, 
143-8 (a, b) 127 (foot note) 128, 138, 196 seq. (c). Josephus, Vol. 1: Keil Comm. 
Minor Prophets. Pusey; Minor Prophets. Geikie, Hours with the Bible, (Re- 
hoboam to Hezekiah) 102 seq. 125-7, 129-30 (a, b), 96-9, 127-31 (c). Stanley, Hist. 
Jewish Church, Vol. 2:298 seq. (a), 348 seq. 372-9 (b), 379 seq. (c). 

896 B. C, JEHOKAM (Joram), ninth king of Israel, suc- 
cessor to Ahaziah, who reigned one year — Baal-worship discon- 
tinued — Relations with Jehoshaphat, king of Judah — Conquest 
of Moab — War with Ben-hadad, king of Syria, and Hazael, his 
successor — Siege of Samaria — Death of Joram and extinction of 
the house of Ahab (a). 



38 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

883 B. C, Jehu, tenth king of Israel — His character — 
Anointing and accession — Character of his reign — Power of 
Damascus — Relations of Jehu with Shalmanezer II., king of 
Assyria (b). 

855 B. C. Death of Jehu and accession of Jehoahaz — In- 
vasion of the kingdom by the Syrians under Benhadad and 
Hazael — Condition of Israel as the result of this invasion (c). 

Milman, Hist. Jews, Vol. 1:398-400 (a), 404-7 (b), 409 (c). Ewald, Hist. 
Israel, Vol. 4:87-96 (a), 96-101, 114 seq. 134 (b), 121 seq. (c). Josephus, Vol. 1:564-7, 
570-3. Smith, Hist. Bible, 389-93 (a), 394-400 (b). Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, 
Vol. 2:282-91. Geikie, Hours with the Bible, (Rehoboam to Hezekiah) 85-102. 
McClintock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit. Vol. 1:750, Vol. 4:104, 804 (a). Vol. 1:504, Vol. 
4:812 (b). 

JONAH THE PROPHET— Character and personal ap- 
pearance — His mission to Nineveh — Splendor and greatness of 
Nineveh at this period (a). 

The Book of Jonah — Its historical value (b). 

JOASH, twelfth king of Israel — Strength and condition of 
the kingdom at his accession compared with its strength at the 
close of his reign — His visit to the Prophet Elisha — His charac- 
ter as a ruler — Wars with Syria — Conquest of Jerusalem — 
Death of Joash (c). 

Milman, Hist. Jews, Vol. 1:409 seq. (c). Geikie, Hours with the Bible, 
(Rehoboam to Hezekiah) 107 seq. (a), 102 seq. (c). Enc. Brit., Vol. 13-736, Vol. 
3:639 (b). Rawlinson, Seven Mons., Vol. 1:425-7 (a). Josephus, Vol. 1:593-5 (a). 
Gilfillan, Bards of the Bible, 173-81. Palfrey, Lects. Jewish Script., Vol. 3:464-74. 
Fairbairn, Jonah, his Life, Character and Mission. Keil, Commentators Minor 
Prophets. McClintock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit. Vol. 4:989-92 (a, b). Vol. 8:798 (c). 
Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 2:300-6 (a, b), 298 seq. (c). Reade, Bible Char- 
acters, 58-81 (a). Contemporary Review, Vol. 1:634 seq. (a). Bible, Book of 
Jonah. Kalisch, Bible Studies, Part II Jonah. 

823 B. C, JEROBOAM II., thirteenth king of Israel— His 
conquest over the Syrians — The great prosperity of his reign — 
Its effect upon the people — Moral and religious condition of Is- 
rael during his reign. 

Dissolution of the Old School of Prophets and rise of the 
New — Character of the new contrasted with the old school — Its 
influence upon both kingdoms. 

Geikie, Hours with the Bible (Rehoboam to Hezekiah) 105-13, Josephus, 
Vol. 1:593 seq. Milman, Hist. Jews, Vol. 1:412 seq. Stanley. Hist. Jewish Church, 
Vol. 2:295 seq. 307-9. Ewald, Hist. Israel, Vol. 4:123-33. 



NINTH CENTURY, ASSYRIAN HISTORY. 39 

ASSYRIA. 

889 B. C, TIGLATH-NIN II.— Distinguishing feature of liis 
reign, the emergence of Assyria from a long period of obscurity 
— Asshur-Izir-Pal — His campaigns — Increase of territory and 
growth of power — Size and magnificence of his buildings — His 
palace at Calah and its ornamentation (a). 

858 B. C, Shalmaneser II. — His reign — Conquests — Growth 
and power of the Empire — The power of Syria under Benhadad 
II. — History of the black obelisk commemorative of the reign of 
Shalmaneser — Its inscriptions (b). 

Samsi-Bin (Shamus-vul) — 810 B. C, Bin-nirari (Vul-Lush 
III), the last of the Nimrud line of monarchs — The Statues of the 
god Nebo and their inscriptions commemorative of this mon- 
arch's reign and his queen, Semiramis, one of the most noted 
names of antiquity (c). 

Rawlinson, Seven Mons., Vol. 1:395-407 (a), 407-14 (b), 414-23 (c). Ragozin, 
Assyria, 147-70 (a), 175-90 (b), 191-6, 203 (c). Enc. Brit, Vol. 17:512 (a), Vol. 3:186, 
Vol. 13:406 (b). Herodotus, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:368-72. Duncker, Hist. Antiquity, 
Vol. 2:310-14 (a), 314-25 (b), 325-S (c). Ridpath, Hist. World, Vol. 1:167-9 (a), 
169-71 (b), 171-3, 282 (c). Sayce, Fresh Light from Anc. Mons., 94-100 (b), 100 
seq. (c). 

SUMMARY. 

The general interest and importance of this century pertains to the wars 
of Judah with Syria and civil war between Israel and Judah. The rise of the 
prophets Elisha, Jonah and Joel; the reaction against heathenism and the be- 
ginning of Hebrew literature. 

Assyrian history is marked by the rapid growth, power and wealth of 
the Empire, and advancement in art. 



SECTION VI. 



GREECE.* 

THE HEROIC AGE OF GKEECE.— Condition of society 
as found in legend and poetry — The influence and position of 
women compared with historical times — Religion; its national 
character (a). 

Architectural monuments of this period — Their historical 
significance (b). 

Tro}^ — Its legendary history — The Trojan War; cause, dura- 
tion and result (c)— The Legend of Theseus — The Argonautic ex- 
pedition; cause and object of the expedition (d). 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:150-62 (a), 152-9 (b), 146 seq. (c). Benjamin, 
Troy, its Legends, Hist., etc. Murray, Manual of Mythology, 265-9, 270-6 (d), 
283-307 (c). Lubke, Hist. Art, Vol. 1:121-30 (b). Cox Tales of Anc. Greece, 126-31 
(d-l), 167-258 (c). Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:186-91 (b), 209-11, 213, 507, 514 
(d-1), 223-31 (d-2). Schleimann, Researches and Disc, at Mykena?, (b) 334-7 (a), 
(Introduction) (c). Guhl, Lives of the Greeks and Romans, 59-64, 74-8. Gay- 
ley, Classic Myths, etc., 277-312. Timayenis, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:15-34. Stewart, 
The Tale of Troy. Mann, Anc. and Med. Republics, 25-7, 64-7 (women). Perrot 
and Chipiez, Hist. Art. of Primitive Greece, Vol. 1:53-151. Mitford, Hist. Greece, 
Vol. 1:29-34 (a), 37 seq. (d-2), 49-62 (d-l), 69-77 (c). Plutarchs Lives (Clough 
tr.),Vol. 1: (d-l). Grote, Hist. Greece, (1888), Vol. 1:109-12, 213-34 (d-2), 260-308 
(c), (1853 ed.). Vol. 1:114-18, 206-8 (d-l), 231-43, 253-6 (d-2), 284-321 (c). Vol. 2:57- 
118 (a). Ridpath, Hist. World, Vol. 1:498-511. Fergusson, Hist. Arch., Vol. 1: 
231-40 (b). Heeren, Anc. Greece, (Hist. Researches) 50-61 (c). Homer, Iliad and 
Odyssey. Kingsley, Greek Heroes (d). 

HISTORICAL GREECE. 

GEOGRAPHY AND PHYSICAL FEATURES— Ancient 
name — Its three general divisions — Its mountains, rivers and 
lakes — Legends of the rivers — Climate and products (a). 

Diversity of its climate; its effect upon the character of the 
people of different parts of the country — Accessibility of Greece 
by sea — Contrast of inland with seaport people (b) — Effect of 
the configuration of Greece upon the political character of the 
people (c). 

*Sections VI and VII are preparatory work for the Vlllth century and may 
be omitted by the student or treated as supplemental reading. 

40 



GRECIAN HISTORY. 41 

Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 1:1010-12 (a), 1013-14 (c), 1015 
seq, (b). Grote, Hist. Greece, (1888), Vol. 1:96 seq., Vol. 2:141 seq. (a), 16 J (b), 
154 seq. (c), (1853 ed.) Vol. 2:211-26 (a), 226-9 (b, c), 229-33 (b). RoUin, Anc. Hist., 
Vol. 1:519 seq. (a). Heeren, Anc. Greece, 1-20 (a). Smith, Hist. World, Vol. 1: 
306-8 (a, b, c). Perrot and Chipiez, Hist. Art Primitive Greece, Vol. 1:20-53. Cur- 
tius. Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:9-26 (a). Abbott, History of Greece, Vol. 1:1-17 (a, b), 
19-23 (b). Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:121-40 (a), 141-6 (b), 505-7. Mitford, Hist. 
Greece, Vol. 1:9-14 (a, c). Enc. Brit., Vol. 11:80 seq. 93. Cox, Hist. Greece, 1-5 
(a, b, c). 

THE PEOPLE. — Early inhabitants, the Pelasgians and the 
Legles — The Hellenes; their chief divisions — Their legendary 
origin (a). 

Physical, mental and moral qualities of the Greeks — 
Sources of culture — Their place in history and influence in the 
progress of civilization (b) — Patriotism (c) — Education (d) — 
Classes and occupations (e). 

Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:70 seq., 522 seq. (a), 543 seq. (d). 
Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:47-58 (a), 37 seq. (b). Ridpath, Hisi. 
World, Vol. 1:457-9 (a), 459-63 (b), 463-4 (c). Vol. 2:32-3, 37-40 (d). Smith, Diet. 
Greek and Roman Antiqs., Vol. 1:925-30 (d). Mure, Language and Lit. Anc. 
Greece, Vol. 1: Chapter 111. Cox, Hist. Greece, 5-12, 21-4, 47-56. Heeren, Ane. 
Greece, 26-49, 67-93. Mann, Ane. and Mediaeval Republics, 21-3. Draper, Intell. 
Devel. Europe, Vol. 1: (b). Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:24-30 (a), 109-10 (b). 
Abbott, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:26-38 (a). Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:147-86, Vol. 
2:1-5. Grote, Hist. Greece (1853 ed.) Vol. 1:96-105 (a). Vol. 2:236 seq. 255-6 (b), 
261-7 (a). Herodotus, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:443-50 (a-1). Smith, Hist. World, Vol. 
1:303-5, 308-12 (a, b). 

THE FAMILY; the original unit of society — Its ancient ex- 
clusiveness — Position in relation to the Athenian constitution — 
Its religious character— Ancestor-worship; its influence upon 
the family and society — Position of woman in domestic, social 
and political life. 

Botsford, Athenian Constitution, 2 seq. 29-58, 68-80, 91 seq. Duruy, Hist. 
Greece, Vol. 1:462-3, 470, 551 seq. Gillies, Ane. Greece, 18 seq. 34, 158-9. Cox, 
Hist. Greece, 5-9. Becker's Charicles, 462-98 (Position of women). Grant, Greece, 
Time of Pericles, 226-33. Contemporary Review, Vol. 32:647-64, Vol. 34:700 seq. 
North Amer. Review, Vol. 91:301 seq. Westminster Review (new series) Vol. 
8-413 seq. Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 27:273-86. De Coulonges, The Anc. City, 49 
seq. Mahaffy, Social Life in Greece. 

MANNERS AND CUSTOMS of the ancient Greeks- 
Houses and dress — Public and domestic life — Marriage and fun- 
eral ceremonies — Feasts (a). 

Games and festivals — Their religious significance — Their 



42 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

moral, intellectual and political influence upon the state (b) — 
The four great festivals— The gods in whose honor they were 
celebrated (c). 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:256-7, Vol. 2:31-41 (b). Rldpath, Hist. World, 
Vol. 1:482-9 (a), 515-16 (b, c). Abbott, Pericles, 197-8, 341-67. Felton, Hist.' 
Greece, Vol. 2:331-492. Grote, Hist. Greece (1853 ed.), Vol. 1:23-45, 365 (b, c). 
Vol. 2:240-3, 317 (c). Vol. 4:50-73 (b, c), (1888) Vol. 2:1-40 (a), 169-70, 179, Vol. 
3:278-86, 292-7 (b, c). Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Antiqs., Vol. 1:1023-6, 391- 
7, 410-14, 637-40, 645, 593. Cox, Hist. Greece, 15, 22-4, 47-51. Timayenis, Hist. 
Greece, Vol. 1:48 seq. 59-61 (b). Mahaffy, Social Life in Greece. Mitford, Hist. 
Greece, Vol. 1:186-95 (b, c). Gillies, Anc. Greece, 17-22, 28 (a), 29-30, 51, 54-6, 
67-9 (b, c). Yaggy, Museum of Antiquities, 203 seq. 219-52, 316 seq. Heeren, 
Anc. Greece, 80-93 (b), Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:330-51 (b-2c) 378-93. Gubl, 
Lives of tlie Greeks and Romans. Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:36-42, 52-69 (b, c). 
Westropp, Handbook of Archseol., 16 seq. (houses). 

KELIGION OF THE GREEKS.— Pantheistic nature wor- 
ship — Belief in the immortality of the soul (a) — The Greek tem- 
ple; its significance and special purpose — The priesthood; their 
relation to the state — Relation between the priesthood and the 
prophetic art (b). 

Oracles; their origin and religious character — The Delphic 
temple and oracle — Its influence in the formation of Greek na- 
tional life — As an element in the progress of civilization — The 
worship of Apollo (c). 

The Eleusinian Mysteries — Their sacredness among the 
ancients — The myth of Demeter — The worship of Dionysios — 
Its Egyptian or Oriental origin (d). 

Mythology of the Greeks — Origin of myths and legends — 
Their historical value and influence upon literature and art (e). 

Grote, Hist. Greece, (1853 ed.) Vol. 1:1-22, 340-461 (e), 19, 29-37 (d-2) 37-45 
(d-1) 45-53 (c). Vol. 2:253-5. Clarke, Ten Great Religions, Vol. 1:259-315, Vol. 
2:9-11, 27, 29 seq. 65-7, 136-8. Murray, Manual of Mythology (e). Rawlinson, 
Religions Anc. World. Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:61-73 (a). Vol. 2:2-16, 51, 
65-72 (b), 58-60 (a), 16-30, 42-50, 101-11 (c). Taylor, Eleusinian and Bacchic Mys- 
teries. Abbott, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:65-71 (e). Lord, Beacon Lights Hist., Pagan 
Civilization, 108-34. Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:197-219 (e-2), 318-30 (c), 351-78 
(d). Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:42-52 (c).- Dyer, The Gods in Greece. Gayley, 
Classic Myths, 1-18. Heeren, Anc. Greece, 26-49. Guhl, Life of the Greeks and 
Romans, 1 seq. (b). Myers, Greek Oracles (Hellenica). Mitford, Hist. Greece, 
Vol. 1:78-101 (a), 168-80 (c). Gillies, Anc. Greece, 12-16 (a), 27-8, 31 (c), 230 seq. 
(d). Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 4:295-303 (d). St. Johns, The Hellenes, 349-68 (a). 
Grant, Greece in the age of Pericles, 10-41. Tylor, Primitive Culture, Vol. 
1:273-416 (e). Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Antiqs., Vol. 1:715-25 (d). Cox, 
Tales of Anc. Greece (e). Contemporary Review, Vol. 37:347, Vol. 38:121, 412, 
Vol. 12:72. Blackwood's Mag., Vol. 73:185 (d). Fortnightly Review, Vol. 25:260- 
76, Vol. 26:752-72 (d). Bulfinch, Age of Mythology. 



GRECIAN HISTORY. 43 

LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE of the Greeks (a). 
Arts (b) — Science (c) — Philosophy (d). 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:26-36 (a-1), Vol. 2:74-90 (b), 90-100 (a), 63-5, 
464-77 (d), 546-95 (a-2) 596-607 (b, c). Ridpath, Hist. World, Vol. 1:464-82 (a, b). 
Mahaffy, Hist. Greek Lit., (Introductory Chap.) (a). Lord, Beacon Lights Hist., 
Pagan Civilization, Vol. 8:381-91, 401-29 (b), 183-244 (d), 309-20, 435-80 (c). Yaggy, 
Museum of Antiqs., 652-91 (b), 703 seq. (a). Blackwood, Mag., Vol. 1:9 seq. 
Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:111-24 (a), 128-44 (b, c). Schlegel, Philosophy of 
Hist., 237-47 (b, c, d). Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Antiqs. Mure, Language 
and Lit. Anc. Greece. Grote, Hist. Greece, (1888). Vol. 2:167, Vol. 3:166, (1853) 
Vol. 2:239. North Amer. Review, Vol. 12:178. Enc. Brit., Vol. 11:90, 126-31, 136 
seq. (a). Vol. 2:401-12 (b), 740, 746 (c). 

LEADING DIVISIONS OF THE GREEK RACE, ^olians, 
loniaiis and Dorians — Their mythical origin and countries as- 
signed to each. 

Grote, Hist. Greece, (1853 ed.) Vol. 1:96-105, (1888) Vol. 1:96 seq. Felton, 
Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:76 seq. 286 seq. Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1: Meuller, The 
Dorians (hist, and antiq. Doric race). Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:45, 74-8, 122. 
Lnc. Brit., Vol. 7:366, Vol. 11:90, 92. Heeren, Manual Anc. Hist., 96-9. Heeren, 
Anc. Greece, 21-6. 

THE DORIAN INVASION and conquest of Peloponnesus 
— General account of the Peloponnesus — Effect of the Dorian in- 
vasion upon the subsequent history of Greece (a). 

The Heraklid?e — Supposed date of the return of the Hera- 
klidse (b) — The Amphiktyonic Councils — Their origin, character, 
political influence and relation to the state (c). 

Colonization of the Cyclades and Asia Minor by the iEoli- 
ans, lonians and Dorians (d) — Effect of colonization upon civili- 
zation (e). 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:74-8, 488-500 (e), 131, 136, 176-98 (a), 121-2 
(b), 123, 126, 128 seq. 259 (c), 136-44 (d). Ridpath, Hist. World, Vol. 1:512-13 (a, 
b), 514 (d), 517-23 (c). Enc. Brit, Vol. 11:92-5, Vol. 1:772-3, Vol. 8:477. Grote, 
Hist. Greece, (1853) Vol. 1:92-5, Vol. 2:1-14 (b), 17-32 (a, d), 243-52 (c), 298-312 
(a), (1888) Vol. 1:438-46 (a, b), 455-8 (d). Vol. 2:171-8 (c), 222-46 (a), Vol. 3:1-30 
(d). Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Biog. Vol. 1:102-5, 471-83 (e). Duruy, Hist. 
Greece, Vol. 1:269-73 (a), 273-81 (b), Vol. 3:306-18 (c). Mitford, Hist. Greece, 
Vol. 1:162-8 (a, b) 180-6, 210-11, 218, 235 (c), 308-22 (d, e). Abbott, Hist. Greece, 
Vol. 1:59-64 (a), 114 seq. (d) Vol. 2:26-30, 318 seq. (c). Heeren, Manual Anc. Hist., 
102-4 (a, b, e) 100-105 (c), 125-30 (d, e). Herodotus, Anc. Hist, Vol. 3:267-75 (a). 
Mann. Anc. and Mediaeval Republics, 27 seq. 

THE SPARTAN STATE— Its development— Double king- 
ship of Sparta — Powers of its kings — Its three classes of citi- 
zens (a) — Lykurgus — His character and legislation — Character 



44 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

of his coDstitution (b) — Youths and their education — Training of 
Spartan men and women — Condition, social position and charac- 
ter of Spartan women (c). 

Early supremacy of Sparta — Cause of its rapid growth and 
I)Ower — Sparta and the Messenians — Sparta and Argos (d). 

Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:434-42 (a), 434-75 (b), 458 seq. (d), 498-503 (e). 
Grote, Hist. Greece, (1853) Vol. 2:348-54 (a), 337 seq. (b), 381-9 (c), 455-62 (d), 312 
seq. (a, e) (1888 ed.) Vol. 2:259 seq. 405 (b), 365-73 (d), 298-302 (c). Smith, Diet. 
Greek and Roman Biog., Vol. 2:850-7 (b)i Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:199-206 
(a), 206-25 (b), 216-20 (c). Enc. Brit., Vol. 11:93-4, Vol. 7:671, Vol. 22:369-71, 
Vol. 15:113-14. Rollin, Anc. Hist, Vol. 1:100-9 531-48, Vol. 2:432-8 (a, b, c). 
Felton, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:57-70 (b). Cox, Hist. Greece, 26-39, 42 (a, b, 
d). Herodotus, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:275-84, 299-302 (a) 285-91 (b, d-1), 386-74 (a). 
Timayenis, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:64-80 (a-d). Plutarch's Lives, (b). Abbott, Hist. 
Greece, Vol. 1:194-223. Mann, Anc. and Med. Republics, 29-43 (a, b, c). 

THE ATTIC STATE— Topography, climate and location of 
Attica and Athens (a) — Early history, growth and civiliza- 
tion (b). 

The monarchial period — Attributes and powers of the kings 
— Death of Kodrus and abolition of the kings — Establishment of 
the archonship — Archons, how appointed; duties and functions 
of the office (c). 

Athenian citizenship — Different classes of Athenian citi- 
zens (d) — The demoi and their position in the Attic body-poli- 
tic (e)- — The Areopagus — Its duties and powers (f). 

Grote, Hist. Greece, (1853) Vol. 1:193, Vol. 3:366 (e), 48-72 (a, b), 73 seq. 
(c, f). Vol. 2:23-5, 61-3 (c), (1888), Vol. 1:442-52 459-61, Vol. 2:1-55, 383-4, 440-4. 
Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:444-62 (c, d, f). Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:40-62, 
305-8 (b, c) 336-43 (d, e) 348 (f). Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:316-19 (a), 319-31 
(b), 326-30 (c, f), 325 (d). Herodotus, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:303-18. Smith, Diet. 
Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 1:321-6. Mann, Anc. and Med. Republics, 60-4 
(d-1). Mahaffy, Greek Pictures, 54-62. Botsford, Athenian Constitution, 586-9 
(d, e) 95-109 (b, c) 111-33 (c, e, f). Freeman, Historical Essays, Vol. 2:140 (e), 
140-2 (c). Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Antiqs., Vol. 1:165-9 (c), 175-8 (f), 614- 
16 (e). Abbott, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:279-91 (b), 286 seq. Vol. 2:10-14 (c). Cox, 
Hist. Greece, 69-73 (b, d, f). 

CITIES OF ANCIENT GREECE. 

TROY (Ilium) location — The first people on the site of Troy 
as shown by the excavations of Dr. Schliemann and Dr. Dorpfeld 
— The ruins of Hassarlik — The supposed Phrygian foundation 
of the first and second city — Its walls, towers and gates — Relics 
of gold, silver and copper found in the ruins. 



GREECE, ANCIENT CITIES. Ah 

The Ti'oy of Homer contemporary with the city of Mykense 
— The supposed date of the tlourishing of the Trojans of Homer — 
Manner of the destruction of the city as indicated by the ruins— 
The pahice of King Priam and its treasures — Weapons of war- 
fare, vases, rings, chains and other ornaments — Ivoads and tu- 
muli. 

Benjamin, Troy, its Legends, History and Literature. Schliemann, Ilios. 
Troja. Troy and its remains. Maclaren, Topography of the Trojan War, (Edin- 
burgh (1882). Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 2:33-4, 1233. Yaggy, 
Museum of Antiquities, 385-422. Enc. Brit., Vol. 23:577, 579, Vol. 17:646, Vol. 
12:117, Vol. 20:637, Vol. 2:341. Grote, Hist. Greece (1853) Vol. 1:322-40. Perrot 
and Chipiez, Hist. Art. Primitive Greece, Vol. 1:154-254. Homer, Iliad. Journal 
of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 2:7-43, Vol. 3:185-217. Contemporary Review, Vol. 12: 
481-99. Fortnightly Review, Vol. 41:433-52. North Amer. Review, Vol. 135: 
339-62. Edinburgh Review, Vol. 153:514-47. Quarterly Review, Vol. 157:183, Vol. 
152:205-36. Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 54:128-31. 

TIRYNS — Location and mythical tradition — Its destruc- 
tion by the Argives — The walls of Tiryns; their probable date — 
Idols found in the ruins, representing the goddess Hera — Pot- 
tery of Tiryns (a). 

Mykena? — Its situation — Tradition of its foundation by 
Perseus — Destruction of Mykense — The Acropolis and fortifica- 
tions — The Walls and the Lion's Gate. 

The Treasury or tomb of Atreus — Tombs and tombstones; 
their archaeological value — The five tombs and discussion re- 
garding their identity as those of Agamemnon and his compan- 
ions—Idols of Hera-worship— Vases, gold plates, masks, breast- 
plates, weapons, vessels and ornaments found in the ruins — Re- 
lations of Mykenian civilization to the East— Its influence 
on the subsequent history of Greece (b). 

Schliemann, Mycenae and Tiryns. Smith, Wonderful Cities, Part II, 121. 
Lubke, Hist. Art., Vol. 1:125 seq. Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp. 141 seq. (b). Perry, 
Greek and Roman Sculp., 21 seq. Murray, Hist. Greek Sculp., Vol. 1:38 seq. 
Fergusson, Hist. Arch., Vol. 1:234-40. Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 179-92 (a, b), 272-6 
(b). Newton, Essays, Art and Archaeol., 246-302. Gardner, New Chaps, in Greek 
Hist., 91-117 (a), 55-90 (b). Perrot and Chipiez. Hist. Art. Primitive Greece. Vol. 
1, 254-04 (a), 294-381 Vol. 2; 352 seq. (b). Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:153 seq. 
178-83 (b), Vol. 2:530. Buckley, Great Cities of the Anc. World, 331-7 (b). Smith, 
Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 2:1211 (a), 380-3 (b). Contemporary Review, 
Vol. 31:344-64 (b). Vol. 35:118. Heeren, Manual Anc. Hist., 115, Grote, Hist. 
Greece, (1853), Vol. 1:89-92, 160-7 (a, b). 

ATHENS — Foundation, location and topography— The 
Piera3us — The long walls and othei' fortifications (a). 



46 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

The Acropolis — The Stadium — Street of Tripods — Monu- 
ment of Lysicrates (b) — The temple of the Wingless Victory 
(Nike Apteros) — Temple of Theseus (c). 

Statue of Athene Promachos — The Erechtheium — The 
Propylsea — The Parthenon — Statue of Athene Parthenos — The 
Panatheniac frieze — The groups in the pediments and the reliefs 
of the metopes (d). 

Social and intellectual life of Athens in the time of Perikles 
— Influence of women in public life (e). 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:241, 364, 611-13 (a), 607-9, 613-25, 627-30, 632- 
41 (a, d), 507-605 (e). Mahaffy, Social Life in Greece. Bulwer-Lytton, Athens, 
its Rise and Fall. Shepard, Great Cities of Anc. World, 82-92 (e), 92-106 (d), 
116-18 (a). Baedeker, Greece, 104-8 (a), 48-9 (b), 60-1, 81-3 (c), 58-9, 64-74 (d). 
Lloyd, Age of Pericles. Leake, Topography and Antiquity of Athens. Duruy, 
Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:508-16 (a), V.ol. 2:532-4 {c-2). Guhl, Life of Greeks and 
Romans, 263-4 (a), 18-20 (c-1), 25-9, 45-7, 57-8 (d), 106 (b). Pausanias, Descrip- 
tion of Greece, Vol. 1:1-62. Harrison and Verrall, Mythology and Mons. of 
Anc. Athens (tr. from Pausanias). Mahaffy, Greek Pictures, 65-109. Enc. Brit., 
Vol. 3: (art: Athens) Vol. 2: (Aspasia), Vol. 19:194-212, Vol. 22-231-8, 263-7, Vol. 
21:302-3, Vol. 23:295. Smith, Wonderful Cities, 75-118. Smith, Diet. Greek and 
Roman Geog., Vol. 1:255-308. Reber, Hist. Anc. Art., 224 (c-2), 223-6 (d). Mur- 
ray, Hist. Greek Sculp., Vol. 2:330-5 (b). Lubke, Hist. Art, Vol. 1:153-4 (c-2), 
154-61 (d), 162-3 (b). Blackwood's Mag., Vol. 5:509, Vol. 6:137. Edinburgh Re- 
view, Vol. 38:126, Vol. 110:35 seq. Harper's Mag., Vol. 15:476, Vol. 17:601, Vol. 
62:831. Adams, Temples, Tombs, Mons., Anc. Greece and Rome. 

SPARTA — Her political importance — Location, size and 
general character of the city compared with Athens — Greatness 
of Sparta as a city compared with her political importance as a 
state — Comparison of Spartan soldiers and statesmen with those 
of Athens (a). 

Thebes, capital of Boeotia — Founding of the Kadmse by 
Kadmus — The legend of the founding of Thebes by Amphion 
— Walls and gates of Thebes — Adrastus — "The Seven Chiefs 
against Thebes" — War of their descendants — The story of CEdi- 
pus — The legends of Herakles and Bacchus — Early power of 
Thebes — Its celebrity in later history (b). 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:180, 199-200 (a). Grote, Hist, Greece, (1888) 
Vol. 2:189, 230 (a), Vol. 1:127, 235-59 (b), (1853 ed.) Vol. 1:92 seq. 256-84 (b). Smith, 
Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 2:1024-31 (a), 1145-55 (b). Timayenis, Hist. 
Greece, Vol. 1:13-15 (b). Mahaffy, Greek Pictures, 166-76. Mitford, Hist. Greece. 
Vol. 1:34, 244 seq. (a). Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:205-9, 211-13, 219-23, Vol. 2:90- 
2 (b). Murray, Manual Mythology, 117 seq., 246 seq., 277-82 (b). Cox, Tales of 
Anc. Greece, 261-80. 



GREECE, ANCIENT CITIES. 47 

KORINTH, capital of Achsea — Founding, position and ad- 
vantages in commerce, early navigation and naval power — Its 
natural and artificial defenses — Wealth, manufactures and colo- 
nizing activity of the early Korinthians — Character of the peo- 
ple (a). 

History of the Bacchiadse — The tyranny of Kypselus and 
Periander — Extinction of the Kypselidae (b). 

Early literature, useful arts, architecture, pottery and 
bronzes of the Korinthians (c). 

Korkyra — Its location in regard to navigation — Relations 
to Korinth (d). 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:288-93, Vol. 3:2-5 (a, d). Grote, Hist. Greece, 
(1853) Vol. 2:307, Vol. 3:1-4, 39-47. Enc. Brit, Vol. 6:397-9, Vol. 17:641-2, Vol. 
22:130, Vol. 6:395, Vol. 13:205 (a, b). Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 
1:674-86. Harrison. Story of Greece, 129-50 (b). Cox, Hist. Greece, 44 seq. (b). 
Pausanias, Description of Greece, Vol. 1: Book II. Smith, Wonderful Cities, 
Part II. 118. Buckley, Great Cities Anc. World, 316-26. Mitford, Hist. Greece, 
Vol. 1:21-3, 238-40 (a, b, d). Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:76-85. Herodotus, Anc. 
Hist., Vol. 2:369-73. Timayenis, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:82-4. 

DELPHI — Its temple and oracle — Sacred roads — Delphi as 
a center of higher culture, as an Amphiktyonic sanctuary and 
political center — Its influence upon the history of Greece — De- 
cline of its influence (a). 

Chseroneia — Noted as a famous battlefield (b). 

Platsea — Its temples, statues and paintings — Tombs of the 
heroes of the battle of Platsea (c). 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:101-111, 125, 258, 282, 296, Vol. 2:20-42, 75- 
103, 110 (a). Vol. 5:450 (b). Grote, Hist. Greece, (1888), Vol. 1:176, 179, Vol. 
8:271, 284-6 (a). Vol. 9:252, 483 seq. (b). Harrison, Story of Greece, 111-21. Smith, 
Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 1:595 (b). Vol. 2:637-10 (c). Enc. Brit., Vol. 
7:52-3, Vol. 2:185, Vol. 1:772, Vol. 17:808, Vol. 14:345 (a). Vol. 5:371 (b), Vol. 19: 
177-8 (c). 

SIKYON — Early inhabitants — Its antiquity — War against 
Krissa — Prosperity under the tyrants — The Orthagoridse — 
Kleisthenes — Agariste, daughter of Kleisthenes, and her suitors 
— Fall of the Orthagorida? — Schools of art — Works in bronze 
and terra-cotta (a). 

Ol^^mpia — Topography and natural beauty of its situation 
— Its two-fold character in the history of Greece — Relation to 
Delphi — Its national festival and its origin — The altis — Temple 
of Hera — The sanctuary of the Olympian Zeus — Votive offering 
of Kypselus — German explorations at Olympia (b). 



48 HISTORY, LITERA TURK AND ART TOPICS. 

Grote, Hist. Greece, (1853), Vol. 3:3 seq. 32-9 (a) (1888) Vol, 1:255 seq. 
Vol. 2:380, 407-12, 420 (a). Vol. 1:95, 131 Vol. 8:304 note (b). Curtius, Hist. 
Greece, Vol. 1:276 seq. Vol. 5:211 (a). Vol. 1:247-8, Vol. 2:35, 41 (b). Smith, Diet. 
Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 2:989-94 (a), 475-9 (b). Enc. Brit., Vol. 22:31 (a). 
Vol. 17:765-70 (b). Buckley, Great Cities Anc. World, 327-30 (b). Newton, Es- 
says Art and Arcbseol. 321-72 (b) (explorations). Mahaffy, Greek Pictures, 137- 
51 (b). Herodotus, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:419-24 (a). Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:69- 
75 (a). Abbott, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:378-92 (a). Lubke, Hist. Art, Vol. 1:195 seq. 
177 seq. (b). Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., 255-73 (b). Timayenis, Hist. Greece, 
Vol. 1:80-2 (a). Smith, Hist. World, Vol. 1:340 (a). Gardner, New Chaps, in 

GREEK COLONIES OF ASIA MINOR. 

THE COLONIZING ACTIVITY OF THE EARLY 
GREEKS — Efforts to Hellenize colonies founded, a character- 
istic of the Grecian system of colonization — Importance of the 
Greek colonists and their bearing upon Hellenic history and 
European civilization — Rapid growth in population and com- 
merce of the earliest colonies (a). 

ASIA MINOR — Geography, climate and productions — 
Famous rivers and mountains — Historical importance of Asia 
Minor — Influence upon the civilization of Greece (b). 

Early people — The Phrygians, Lydians, Carians and Ly- 
cians (c). 

Hellenic settlements in Asia Minor — The J^olians and 
their twelve citites — Occupation of the Troad and coast of Mysia 
--The lonians and the twelve cities forming the Pan-Ionic fed- 
eration (d). 

Herodotus, Vol. 1:221-4 (d), 306-16 (b). Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:12-14, 
85-97, 433-48. Smith, Hist. World, Vol. 1:359, 361-3 (a, d). Perrot and Chipiez, 
Hist. Art, Phrygia, Lydia, etc., 1-36, 211-31 (c-1) 232-57 (c-2) 302-30 (c-3) 331-53 
(c-4). Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:112-26. Duncker, Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 1:510- 
81. Draper, Intellect. Develop. Europe, Vol. 1:126 seq. Smith, Anc. Hist. East 
(Student's ed.) 457 seq. 466-72, 499-502. Grote, Hist. Greece, (1853) Vol. 2:235, 
Vol. 3:172-80, 190-2, 195-7 (d), 203-18 (a, b, c) (1888) Vol. 2:163, Vol. 3:1-21, 31-49. 
Enc. Brit., Vol. 2:703-13, Vol. 17:644. Heeren, Manual Anc. Hist., 125 seq. Heer- 
en. Hist. Researches, Vol. 1:65-81. Barrows, Sacred Geog. and Antiqs. 

ART OF ASIA MINOR^Ph«nician, Greek and Roman in- 
fluence — Tombs — Their peculiar national character — Examples; 
rock-cut tombs at Antiphilus and Myra— The so-called tomb of 
Midas— Monuments— The monument of the Harpies at Xanthos 
—Sarcophagi and Tumuli (a)— Industrial arts (b). 

Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 163-74, 285. Gardner, New Chapters in Greek Hist., 
28-54. Lubke, Hist. Art., Vol. 1:165-7, 181-4. Perrot and Chipiez, Hist. Art in 
Phrygia, Lydia, Caria and Lycia. 



ASIA MINOR, ANCIENT CITIES. 49 

CITIES OF ASIA MINOR. 

EPHESUS — Its autiqiiitj and importance among the cities 
of Asia Minor— The early or mythical inhabitants— Its relations 
with Croesus, king of Lydia — Poetic literature — The temple of 
Diana ranked as one of the seven wonders of the world — Ephesus 
captured by Alexander — Under the Romans — Rivalry with Per- 
gamus and Smyrna— Destroyed by the Gauls— Explorations at 
Ephesus (a). 

Smyrna — Preservation of its identity from the earliest 
period to the present time — Its early prosperity — Conquered by 
Alyattes, king of Lydia — The city restored by Antigonus — En- 
larged and fortified by Lysimachus — Its rival cities, Pergamus 
and Ephesus — The river Meles, famous in literature — The legend 
connecting the name of Homer with the valley of Smyrna and 
the banks of the Meles (b). 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:263, 434, Vol. 2:131-2, Vol. 3:546 (a), Vol. 1:148, 
Vol. 2:120 (b). Grote, Hist. Greece, (1888) Vol. 3:9 seq. 82, Vol. 6:352, 375, 433, 
Vol. 10:39 (a), Vol. 3:10-16 (b), (1853 ed.) Vol. 3:180-2 (a), 188-9 (b). Enc. Brit., 
A^ol. 8-466-9, Vol. 13:204, Vol. 17:646, Vol. 2:406, 410, Vol. 21:697 (a). Vol. 22:185-7, 
Vol. 17:647 (b). Century Magazine, Vol. 11:133-46 (Temple of Diana). Newton, 
Essays, Art and Archgeol. 210-45 (a) (explorations). McClintock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. 
Lit. Vol. 3:241-7 (a). Vol. 9:831 seq. (b). Buckley, Great Cities Anc. World 232-8 
(a), 227-31 (b). Smith, Wonderful Cities, Part II 66-8 (a, b). Smith, Greek and 
Roman Geog., Vol. 1:833-9 (a). Vol. 2:1016 seq. (b). Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., 
534-7. Wood, Discoveries at Ephesus (a). Harper's Magazine, Vol. 47:481. Quar- 
terly Review, Vol. 158:204. Vaux, Anc. Hist, from the Mons., 37-45. 

PERGAMUS — Its rise to prominence — Character of its rul- 
ers — Their victories over the Galatians and their Greek rivals in 
Asia Minor. 

Commerce and trade of Pergamus — The marvelous develop- 
ment of plastic art and great advancement in literature in the 
reigns of Attains I. and Eumenes II. — Excavations at Pergamus 
])y the Prussian Government. 

Mahaffy, Story of Alexander's Empire, 187-98. Enc. Brit., Vol. 18:527, Vol. 
15:143, Vol. 17:646, Vol. 14:511, Vol. 2:365. Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., 
Vol. 2:575 seq. Quarterly Review, Vol. 154:398. Heeren, Manual Anc. Hist., 
233-5. Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:514-16. Vaux, Anc. Hist, from the Mons. 31 
seq. Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:32, 114-15, 310, Vol. 4:88-91, 103, 243, 256-63. Smith, 
Wonderful Cities, Part II 71 seq. Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., 570-3. Lubke, 
Hist. Sculp., Vol. 1:241-4, Hist. Art, Vol. 1:235-6. Murray, Hist. Greek Sculp., 
Vol. 2:379-83. 



50 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

HALTKARNASSUS — Its relation to the Attic confederacy 
— Queen Artimesia — The famous mausoleum erected by her in 
memory of her husband, Mausolus — Destruction of Halicarnas- 
sus by Alexander (a). 

Miletus — Location and early history — Its colonizing ac- 
tivity — Trade and commerce — The political revolution which 
gave rise to the Tyrannis — Participation of Miletus in the Ionic 
revolt and the result — Besieged and taken by Alexander — Its 
noted men of literature and philosophy (b). 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:318, 550-1, Vol. 5:214 (a), Vol. 2:199-214 (b). 
Smith, Wonderful Cities, Part II. 70 (a), 69 (b). Perry, Greek and Roman Sculp., 
402-13 (a). Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:15-18 (a), Vol. 2:39, 319, Vol. 3:118 (b). 
Cox, Hist. Greece 141-5 (b). Murray, Hist. Greek Sculp., Vol. 2:293-303 (a). 

Rawlinson, Seven Mons., Vol. 2:537 (a), 439, 537, 484 (b). Enc. Brit., Vol. 
11:383, Vol. 21:413 (a), Vol. 13:204-5, Vol. 16:294, Vol. 17:647, Vol. 22:186 (b). 
Lubke, Hist. Sculp., Vol. 1:207-14, Lubke, Hist. Art, Vol. 1:227-8 (a). Vaux, Anc. 
Hist, from the Mons. (Cities, Islands Asia Minor) 62-70. Grote, Hist. Greece, 
Vol. 1:466, Vol. 3:30, Vol. 10:44 seq. (a), Vol. 3:5, 78, 80, 501-16, 483, 492-7, 520, 
Vol. 4:301, 511, Vol. 6:206-16, 228, 255, 320-6 (b). Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman 
Geog., Vol. 1:1026 (a), Vol. 2:355 seq. (b). Mitchell, Hist. Sculp., 463-74 (a). 
Murray, Handbook Greek Archseol. 221 seq. (a). 

THE PRINCIPAL ^EGEAN ISLANDS. 

LOCATION AND AID TO COMMERCE in the infancy of 
civilization — The island of Euboea, Chalchis and Eretria, chief 
(•ities — Their wealth and power — Mention of the cities of Euboea 
in the Iliad — Metals and coinage — Relations of Euboea with 
Eastern Greeks and with Athens — Its naval confederation and 
importance (a). 

Lesbos, principal seat of ^^olian culture — Mitylene, princi- 
pal city, and one of the states of the Peloponnesian Confederation 
— Early political relations with Athens — Pittakus — Its cele- 
brated poets, Alkfeus and Sappho (b). 

The Island of Chios (Scio) — Chios principal city (c). 

Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:233, 237-47 (a). Vaux, Greek Cities and Islands 
of Asia Minor, 156 seq. Encyclopedias. Grote, Hist. Greece, (1888) Vol. 2:531 
seq. Vol. 4:169, 178, 197, 434, Vol. 9:329-35, Vol. 3:163-7, 170-2 (a), 21-5 Vol. 5:158- 
69, Vol. 6:390-7 (b). Vol. 6:196-9, 214-20, 326-8 (c) (1853 ed.) Vol. 3:163-7, 170-2 (a), 
193-5, 198 (b), 187 seq. (c). Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:19, 85, 124, 130, 197, 203. 
236, 314, 338, 450, 534, Vol. 3:104-6 125-9, Vol. 5:112-13, 277, 347, 379, 400 (a. b, c). 
Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 1:31. 871 (a), Vol. 2:164 (b). Vol. 
1:609 (c). 



THE jEGEAN islands. 51 

The CYCLADES — Location and number — Naxos and Paros 
the principal islands of the Cyclades — Their position and rela- 
tion to each other — Wealth, prosperity and resources — Position 
of Naxos and Paros in the complications between Persia and 
Greece — Expedition of Aristagoras and Artaphernes against 
Naxos and the result (a). 

Delos — Traditions regarding its origin — The sacred char- 
acter of the island — The ancient festival annually celebrated 
there — The sacred ship of the Athenians — Later political and 
commercial history of Delos (b). 

Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:118, 418, 439 (b). Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 
2:193-8, 235, 384, 532-4, Vol. 4:390 (a). Vol. 1:97, 383, Vol. 2:19, 40, 42 seq. 235, 
381, Vol. 3:53, 151, Vol. 5:365 (b). Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., Vol'. 
2:405 seq. 552 seq. (a), Vol. 1:758-60 (b). Quarterly Review, Vol. 49:143 (b). 
Grote, Hist. Greece, (1888) Vol. 2:533, Vol. 3:494 seq. Vol. 4:19, 282-4, 394, Vol. 
6:341, 430, Vol. 8:122 seq. (a). Vol. 2:534 seq. Vol. 3:280, Vol. 4:20, 352 seq. 379, 
390-7, 428, (1853 ed.) Vol. 3:163, 166, 167-9 (a, b). Enc. Brit., Vol. 6:744, Vol. 17: 
302, Vol. 18:319 (a). Vol. 7:51, Vol. 2:185, Vol. 1:773, Vol. 11:100, Vol. 14:345 (b). 

THASOS- — Its wealth in gold mines — Its history (a). — 
Lemnos — Its relations with Lycurgus and with Athens (b). 

Samothrace, celebrated for the worship of the Cabiri; 
origin and antiquity of this worship (c). Its identification with 
the Dioscuri. 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:225, 404-8, Vol. 4:16, Vol. 5:57, 188 (a). Vol. 
2:190, 532 (b). Enc. Brit., Vol. 23:221-2 (a). Vol. 14:436, Vol. 18:408, Vol. 4:621 
(b), Vol. 21:250, Vol. 4:620 (c). Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 2:1135 
seq. (a), 155 (b), 901 (c). Duncker, Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 1:376-9 (b). Smith, Diet. 
Greek and Roman Antiqs., Vol. 1:216. Duruy, Hist. Rome (1883), Vol. 1:46,49. 
Timayenis, Vol. 1:121. Grote, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:253, Vol. 4:4, 140, 397-9, Vol. 
6:351, 367, 443 (a). Vol. 1:215, Vol. 3:255, 488 seq. (b). Kenrick, Phcenicia, 326 seq. 
Mitchell, Anc. Sculp., 556-60 (c). Duruy, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:52 seq. Vol. 2:175, 
Vol. 3:111, 127 (Dioscuri). Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:128 (c). Lenormant, 
The Beginnings of Hist. 154-64 (Cabiri). Perrot and Chipiez, Hist. Art in Phoe- 
nicia, etc.. Vol. 1:71, 78, 315 (c). 

^GINA — Ancient importance and political history of the 
island — Its school of art — Characteristics of the sculptors, Gallon 
and Onates, and their principal works — The .Eginetan marbles 
and the history of their discovery — The great temple — The 
sculpture of the pediments — ^ginetan scale of weights and 
measures. 

Grote, Hist. Greece, (1888) Vol. 1:170, Vol. 3:388 seq. Vol. 4:5-8, 145-6, 149, 
156, 205, 242, 410, 419, Vol. 5:282, Vol. 7:535 seq. (1853) Vol. 2:319-20, 323-5. 
Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 1:32-4. Perry, Greek and Roman 
5 



52 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

Sculp., S2-6, 122-30. Lubke, Hist. Sculp., Vol. 1:100-6. Lubke, Hist. Art, Vol. 
1:186-8. Paris Manual Anc. Sculp. 85:163-73. Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:87-8, 
103,227-9, 261 seq. 293,433,436 Vol. 3:18,62, 561, Vol. 4:282. Enc. Brit., Vol. 1:180-1, 
Vol. 2:350,352, Vol. 17:642. Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 293 seq. Mitchell, Hist. Anc. 
Sculp., 237-48. Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:63-9. Quarterly Review, Vol. 155:380 
seq. 

KKETE — Its antiquity, early civilization and fame — Phoe- 
nician influence — Its ancient system of laws which served as a 
model for Grecian legislature and jurisprudence (a). 

Minos, the great legislator of Krete — Character and estab- 
lishment of his laws (b). 

The character and manners of the Kretans — Their military 
and naval power (c). 

Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:17-20, 23, 25, 35, 55, 56, 60, 233-4 331 seq. 
Heeren, Anc. Greece, 47-9. Timayenis, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:115. Harper's New 
Monthly Mag., Vol. 34:758 seq. Gillies, Anc. Greece, 7-10. Abbott, Hist. Greece, 
Vol. 1:122-4, 520-8. Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:288-94. Grote, Hist. Greece, 
(1853) Vol. 1. 218-30 (b). Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:438-44 (b, c). 

CYPRUS — Location, size, fertility, climate and products — 
Colonization by the Phoenicians — Greek settlements — Cyprus 
under the Kypselid^e — Evegoras, his rule in Cyprus — Luxury 
and prodigality^ of the people — Stoic philosophy (a). 

Art of Cyprus — Architecture— Temples — Sculpture — Anal- 
ogy to Assyrian sculpture — Greek influence — Chest of Kypselus 
— Materials used and general characteristics of Cyprian sculp- 
ture (b). 

Gems — ilntaglios (c). 

Perrot, Art in Phcenicia and Cyprus, Vol. 1:272-325 (b-1), Vol. 2:84-105 (a), 
105-96, 220-6 (b), 227-60 (c), 264-426 (d). Perrot and Chipiez, Hist. Art Primitive 
Greece, Vol. 1:443-52 (b). Newton, Essays Art and Archseol. 303-20 (b). Paris 
Pierre Manual Anc. Sculp., 78-88. Gardner, New Chaps, in Greek Hist. 153-86. 
Rawlinson, Hist. Phoenicia, 91-9. Quarterly Review, Vol. 145:75 seq. Vol. 146: 
414-29. Reber, Hist. Anc. Art 159-63. Heeren, Manual Anc. Hist., 94-124. Di 
Cesnola, Cyprus; its Anc. Tombs and Temples. 

GREEK COLONIES IN ITALY. 

MAGNA GR^^CIA. 

DATE AND CHARACTER OF GREEK EMIGRATION 
TO ITALY — League of the Achaean cities — Extent of Greek col- 
onization in Italy. 

Cumse, one of the oldest and most important colonies in 
Italy (a). 



MAGNA GRA£C/A. 53 

Sybaris, founded 720 B. C. — Its wealth and prosperity in 
the seventh century — Character of the Sybarites — Overthrow 
and destruction of Sybaris by Krotona — Influence of its fall upon 
Hellas (b). 

Kroton (Krotona) — Founding — Conflict between Sybaris 
and Krotona — The Persians in Krotona — The school of philoso- 
phy founded by Pythagoras — Its power and influence (c). 

Tarentum — Its foundation, situation and early importance 
— Its harbors and fisheries — Its subjugation by the Romans (d). 

Thurii — Its enmity to Tarentum — Relation to Sybaris (e). 

Grote, Hist. Greece, (1888) Vol. 3:169 (a), 189,206-12, Vol. 4:495-510 (b, c) 
210, Vol. 3:169-72, 198-201 (d). Vol. 4:499, 500, Vol. 9:368 (e) (1853 ed.) Vol. 3: 
357-60 (a) 367-9, 392-400, Vol. 4:399-401, 411-19 (b, c). Vol. 3:387-92 (d). Curtius, 
Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:279, 285, 470, Vol. 2:44, 192, 516 Vol. 3:266-9 (b, c). Vol. 1:468, 
472, Vol. 3:269, 271 (d). Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:177-94, 416, 480-1, 454, 
465, 499-510, 530-533 (d, e). Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884) Vol. 1:108-10, 119, 179, Vol. 
2:9, 15, 44 (a), Vol. 1:34, 45, 110-12, 462, 471 (b, c) 108, 111, 456-8, 462-4, Vol. 
2:29-32, 38 seq (d, e) (1883 ed.) Vol. 2:140-8, 153 (b). Smith, Wonderful Cities, 
Part 11:30 (d). Hare, Cities of Southern Italy, 348 seq. (b, c) 463 seq. (d). Nie- 
buhr, Anc. Hist, Vol. 3:207-12 (a, b, c) Vol. 1:300, Vol. 2:146 Vol. 3:172-82 (d), 
211-12 (e). 



SECTION VII. 



ROMAN HISTORY. 

ETRURIA — Geography and physical features — Ancient 
name — Origin of the people — Character and influence of their 
civilization — Their influence upon Roman civilization (a). 

The twelve cities forming the Etrurian confederacy — Their 
wealth and commerce (b). 

Characteristics, manners and customs of the Etrurians — 
Language and religion (c). 

Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:166-76 (a, b, c) 265, seq. (b) 200, 242-5, 306-7, 
558 (c), 288 seq. (a). Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884) Vol. 1:35, 43, 60-80 (a, b, c) (1883 
ed.) Vol. 1: Introduction, 37, 58-89 (a, b, c) 122-140 (c). Dennis, Cities and Ceme- 
teries of Etruria (Introduction) (a, b). Montesquieu, Grandeur and Decadence of 
the Romans, 40 seq. North Amer. Review, Vol. 16:431 seq. Rawlinson, Re- 
ligions of the Anc. World. Clarke, Ten Great Religions, Vol. 2:324-6 (c). Bnc. 
Brit., Vol. 8:633-7, Vol. 20:731, .734, 739, 742, Vol. 18:871, 780, Vol. 24:3. Smith, 
Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 1:855-64 (a, b, c). Contemporary Review, 
Vol. 26:714-34 (a). 

ETRUSCAN ART— Plastic art — Art in bronze, coins, jew- 
elry, vases (blackware), pottery and terra-cotta — Vase and mural 
painting — Glyptic art (a). 

Architecture — Temples and tombs — Their characteristics 
and value as historical records (b). 

Duruy, Hist. Rome, (1884) Vol. 1:35 note 81-7 (a, b). Mommsen, Hist. 
Rome, Vol. 1:311-15, 603-10 (a, b). Muller, Anc. Art, 128-39 (a, b). Fergusson, 
Hist. Arch., Vol. 1:281-9 (b). Rosengarten, Architectural Styles, 102-7 (b). 
Westropp, Handbook of Archaeol. 39 seq. 139-42 (b), 153-5 (a-1) 282-7 (vases) 384- 
90 (Glyptics). Burton, Etruscan Bologna (a). Winckelmann, Hist. Anc. Art, 
Vol. 1:220-56. Woltmann and Woermann, Hist. Painting, 105-10. Enc. Brit., 
Vol. 17:637, Vol. 19:614, Vol. 18:193, Vol. 8:639, Vol. 17:40, Vol. 2:353 (a), 414, Vol. 
6:423 (b). Westminster Review (1844) Vol. 41:145-78 (b). Dennis, Cities and 
Cemeteries of Etruria. Paris Manual Anc. Sculp. 334-40. 

ITALY — Physical features and general outline — Climate 
and productions — Its three general divisions, North, Central and 
Southern Italy, and their countries — Rivers, lakes and mountains 
of Italy (a). 

Early Inhabitants — lapygians, Pelasgians, Etruscans and 

'54 



R OMA N HIS TOR V. 55 

Italians — The Latin and Umbro-Sabellian, the two great branch- 
es of the Italians — The two branches of the Umbro-Sabellian, 
the Sabines and Samnites (b). 

Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1: (Introduction) (a) 29-48, 56 seq. 160-76 (b). 
Leighton, Hist. Rome (Introduction) 1-9 (a), 9-12 (b). Smith, Diet. Greek and 
Roman Geog., Vol. 2:74-83 (a), 4,83-7, 865-70, 890-7, 1314-17, 563-6 (b). Ridpath, 
Hist. World, Vol. 2:36-40 (a), 47-53 (b). Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884) Vol. 1:17-44 
(a), 60-87 (Etruscans) 88-92, 96-106, 115 (b) (1883) Vol. 1:1-29 (a), 38-56, 58, 90- 
108 (b). Enc. Brit., Vol. 13:434-43, 446, Vol. 8:636, Vol. 20:669, Vol. 21:128-9, 248-9 
(b). Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:81-4 (Etruscans). 

KOME — The beginning of the city state — Origin of the name 
and era of its foundation according to the legend of Romulus (a). 

The Palatine or original city — The Quirinal or Hill people — 
Names of the seven hills on the east bank of the Tiber and the 
one on the west (b). 

The three tribes recognized by Romulus — Their origin and 
the difference in their rank. 

Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 1:139-46, 163, 183-9, 138, 150,157,162,274 (a, b) 
(1883), Vol. 1:63-7 (a, b). Leighton, Hist. Rome, 13-98 (a, b), 18 seq. 26-7 (a, c). 
Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 2:719-28, 802 seq. (a, b). Mommsen, 
Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:70-87, 123-6 (a, b), 80-4, 105-123-5 (c). Larned, Hist. Ready 
Reference, Vol. 4:2657, 2660. Gilman, Rome. De Coulanges, The Anc. City. 
Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:8 seq. 20-3. 

THE PEOPLE — Roman characteristics, mental, moral and 
physical (a). 

Agriculture, trade and commerce — Manners and customs 
(b-1-2)— Art and literature (c-1-2). 

Education of the Romans — Their position and influence in 
the history of civilization (d). 

Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:42-8, 79 (a, b), 54-246 seq. (b-1), 291-315 (c-1). 
Vol. 3:525-32 (d). Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 1:116, 255-71 (b, c), Vol. 4:345-9 
(c-1) (1883), Vol. 1:135-51 (b-2), 410-12 (a). Gilman, Rome, 69-71 (a, b). Fosbrook, 
Treatise on the Manufactures, Manners and Customs of the Romans. Leighton, 
Hist. Rome, 385-90, 404-15 (b), 399-404 (d). Morris, Civilization, 55-8, 60, 66 seq. 
(d-2). Montesquieu, Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans, 124-8, 149-54 (d-2). 
Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:119-32 (c). Wilkins, Roman Antiquities (b). Cruttwell, 
Hist. Roman Lit. Sellar, Hist. Roman Lit. Preston, Private Life of the Romans. 
Ridpath, Hist. World, Vol. 2:53-9 (a, b-1), 77-99 (b-2), 59-76 (c). Smith, Hist. 
World, Vol. 1:303-4 (a, d-2). Littell's Living Age, Vol. 137-643. Harper's New 
Mo. Mag., Vol. 44:66, 174 (a). Clarke, Ten Great Religions, Vol. 2:294-7 (a). 

THE ROMAN FAMILY — Position and authority of the 
father in the household — Relation of the family to the state — Po- 
sition and influence of woman in domestic and social life — Mar- 



56 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

riage and divorce — Conditions of a higher culture among the Ro- 
mans as shown in the adjustment and mutual relations of the 
Roman family. 

Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 2:116-17, 263-4. Leigh ton, Hist. Rome, 
394 seq. Enc. Brit., Vol. 20:671. De Coulanges, The Anc. City, 23-60, Becker, 
Gallus (Roman scenes time of Augustus), 153-81. Ihne,''Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:112-14, 
Vol. 4:226-50. Harper's Magazine, Vol. 46:66, 174. Westminster Review, Vol. 
8:420-30, 434-6. Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:49, 88-96. Preston, Private Life 
of the Romans. 

RELIGION AND RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS OF THE 
ROMANS — Character of the Roman religion and its relation to 
the state — The principal gods of the Romans, Janus, Jupiter, 
Mars, Juno and Minerva — Their personifications (a). 

The household gods; the Penates and Lares — The sacred- 
ness attached to each and their influence upon domestic life (b). 

The Manes; the two kinds, and the belief attached to each 
— Funeral ceremonies — Worship of the dead (c). 

Pontifices (priests) — Flamens, sacrificial priests — How ap- 
pointed — Colleges for religious work. Vestals — First institu- 
tion of the office — Their number and method of their selection — 
Their privileges and duties — Penalty for violation of vows — The 
moral idea of this priesthood — Augurs and augural science — Its 
origin and original number (d). 

Sacrifices and festivals — Interpretation of portents — The 
Sibylline books (e). 

Leighton, Hist. Rome, 33-44, 91-2 (a-d). Lord, Beacon Lights Hist., Vol. 
8:134-41. Murray, Manual of Mythology, 198 seq. (b, c). Guhl, Lives of Greeks 
and Romans, 296-7, 531-44 (d, e), 589-94 (c). Duruy, Hist. Rome (1883), Vol. 
1:77-84, 94-100 (a), 84-94 (b, c), 100-10 (d), 110-12 (e), (1884) Vol. 1:122-32, 216-34 
(a-1), 199-206 (a-2), 206-10 (b), 210-16 (c). Vol. 3:349, 627, 658, 223-5, 237-8, Vol. 
6:147-8, 226-9. Middleton, Remains of Anc. Rome, Vol. 1:289-96 (Vestals). Enc. 
Brit., Vol. 15:477 (c). Vol. 18:488-9, Vol. 14-313-14 (b). Vol. 9-285, Vol. 19-455, 
Vol. 24-93, Vol. 20-818, Vol. 2:417, Vol. 19:91, Vol. 3:72, Vol. 15-202 (d-2). Rawlin- 
son, Religions Anc. World. Clarke, Ten Great Religions, Vol. 1:316-54, Vol. 
2:72', 115, 333. Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 4:252-71 (a-d), 280-3 (e). Vol. 1:29-30, 32 (d). 
Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1-218-45 (a, b, d). Vol. 2:467-70 (c). 

THE ROMAN CONSTITUTION— The original and the Ser- 
vian constitutions (a)— The king and his powers (b) — The Sen- 
ate and its functions (c) — Political and social distinctions (d) — 
Roman tenure of land — Obligations of Roman landholders to the 
state (e). 



ROMAN HISTORY. 57 

Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:88-141 (a), 96-100 (b), 113-18 (c), 104 seq., 
120 seq. (d), 32-4, 246-7, 255-7 (e). Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 2:342 seq. (a),' 
194-5 (b, c), 117-22, 197-8 (d, e), 274 seq. (c), (1883) Vol. 1:72 seq. Enc. Brit., Vol. 
20:669 (b), 732-5 (b, c, d). Pelham, Outlines Roman Hist, 22-9, 36 seq. Long, 
Decline Roman Republic, Vol. 1:129-36, 144-58. Johns Hopkins, University 
Studies (1891), Vol. 9:vii, viii, 1-19 (e). North Amer. Review, Vol. 116:447-52 (a). 
Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:62-9 (a), 115-17 (b, c), 111-12, 114 (d). Ihne, Researches 
Into Hist. Roman Const. 

CLASSES OF ROMAN CITIZENS— Patricians, the aris- 
tocracy or original citizens of Rome; their general assembly, 
the Comitia Curiata; their representatives, the Senate — Power of 
the Patricians after the expulsion of the kings — Effect of Agra- 
rian legislation upon the patricians (a). 

Clients — Meaning of the word — Their place in the commun- 
ity, rights and obligations (b). 

Plebeians, residents of Rome not connected by kinship or 
as clients with the patricians — Admission to citizenship under 
Servius TuUius, becoming a second order in the state — Signifi- 
cance of this right — Increase in power resulting in social and 
political equality (c). 

Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 1:189-94, 239-50, 274-9, 289-91, 320-40, 380- 
97 (a), 192-4, 246 (b), 196-7, 241, 275, 279-97, 502-9 (c), (1883) Vol. 1:67-72 (a, b), 
74-6 (c). Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:94-6, 126-32, 335 seq. 340-4, 375-86. Long', 
Decline of Roman Republic, Vol. 1:129-32, 154-6, 293 (a, b), 134 seq. (c). Enc! 
Brit, Vol. 17:525, Vol. 18:411-12, Vol. 20-669, 732, 736 (a, b. c). Ihne, Hist 
Rome, Vol. 1:46-9, 109-11, 114 (a, b, c). De Coulanges, The Anc. City, 142 seq. 
299-306 (a, b), 307-13, 379 seq. (c). 

PROLETARII, the poorest class of the inhabitants of Rome, 
not admitted to serve in the army until the time of Marius (a) — 
Freedmeu — Their social position — Their monopoly of commerce 
— Increasing importance and wealth (b) — Slaves — Great num- 
bers, employment and sources of Roman slaves (c). 

Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 1:399, Vol. 2:346, 359, 531 (a). Vol. 1:407-8, 
633, 646, Vol. 2:363-4, 386, 418, 437 (b). Vol. 1:261, 263, Vol. 2:3, 16, 358, 360-1, 365, 
388, 419-20, 432-41 (c), (1883) Vol. 2:386-9 (c). Becker, Gallus, 198-225 (c). Momm- 
sen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:135, 256 (a), 211, 570, Vol. 2:417, Vol. 4:14, 124, 127-8, 
196 (b), Vol. 1:49, 94-5, 257 (c). Guhl, Greeks and Romans, 514-17 (c). Ihne, 
Hist. Rome, Vol. 4:32-6, 239-41 (b, c). Enc. Brit, Vol. 22:131, Vol. 14:155 (b, c). 
North Amer. Review, Vol. 39:413-37 (c). 

ROMAN CITIZENSHIP— Originally belonging to the pa- 
tricians exclusively" — Its extension under the Servian Constitu- 
tion — Extended to the Latins — Obtained by the Italians — How 
bestowed under Caesar and Augustus (a). 



58 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

The Comitia Centuriata an assembly of the Roman peo- 
ple voting in centuries — Patrician influence predominant — Its 
extensive powers — Gradual loss of power after the establishment 
of the tribunate (b). 

The Comitia Tributa; originally a plebeian assembly of 
thirty tribes, — History of its foundation and growth — Its in- 
creased political importance after the establishment of the tri- 
buneship — When and how assembled (c). 

Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 1:194-7, 234, 481-3, Vol. 2:363, 604-7, Vol. 
3:533, Vol. 4:369-70 (a). Vol. 1:244, 273-5, 386, 641-2, Vol. 2:17, 340, 473 (b), Vol. 
1:241, 261, 286-8, 294-6, 384, 642, Vol. 2:549 (c). Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman 
Antiqs., Vol. 1:291-3 (a). Montesquieu, Grandeur and Decadence *of the Romans, 
226 seq. Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:94, 129, 139, 149, 535 seq., Vol. 2:395, 
Vol. 3:277, 299 seq., 309 (a). Vol. 1:137 seq., 331-3, 339, Vol. 2:417, Vol. 3:137, Vol. 
4:131, 197 (b). Vol. 1:361-2, 370 (c). Ihne, Hist, Rome, Vol. 1:112-14 (a), 184-7, 
202, 204, 206-8, 449-51, Vol. 4:10-22, 24 (b, c). 

THE ROMAN SENATE— Importance and patrician char- 
acter of — How constituted — Power during the regal period — Its 
increased power after the establishment of the republic — Its 
hostility to the first agrarian law — Admission of plebeians into 
the senate — Modification of its powers after j)lebeians gain rep- 
resentation — Its condition during the best days of the repub- 
lic (a). 

Increase of power and usurpation of all rights by the Sen- 
ate, after the Punic wars, leading to the democratic reaction of 
the Gracchi; continued by Marius, resulting in civil war be- 
tween Marius, leader of the popular party, and Sulla, the sena- 
torial leader (b)^ — Its weakness and inefficiency under Caesar — Its 
relations with Antonius and Octavius (c). 

Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:115, 134, 136-40, 142, 175-9, 202 seq., 209 seq., 321, 

332 seq., 428-30, 450, Vol. 4:43-74, 311 seq. (a, b), 345-50 (b). Duruy, Hist. Rome 
(1884), Vol. 1:194, 274, 288-98, 380-411, 502-9, Vol. 2:259 (a), 339-45, 366-72, 548-61, 
608-35, Vol. 3:34-44 (b). Vol. 1:420, 425, 506-7, 522, 548, 553, 556-62, 573-4, 584-90 (c). 
Mann, Anc. and Med. Republics, 170-92. Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:113-18, 

333 seq., 363 seq., 372-412 (a), Vol. 3:146, 161, 166, 324, 432 seq. (b), Vol. 4:123, 
127, 139, 194, 377, 456, 567. Pelham, Outlines Roman Hist., 24-7, 157-67, 170, 201-3, 
211 seq., 242, 351, 428-31. Leighton, Hist. Rome, 19, 22-4, 60-4, 88-9. Ihne, Early 
Rome, 126-32 (a). 

THE ROMAN MILITARY SYSTEM— The Roman army or 
legion as organized by Servius Tullius — Reconstructed by Ca- 
millus (a) — Military reforms of Caius Marius, their political sig- 
nificance (b) — Military organization of Augustus — Standing 



ITALY, ANCIENT CITIES. 59' 

army created (c) — Military discipline — Soldiers' pay — Emblems^ 
or standards of the Roman legions (d). 

Leighton, Hist. Rome, 20, 22-3, 365 seq. (a), 370-4 (b, d), 379 (c). Lord, 
Beacon Lights Hist., Pagan Civilization, 542, 554-60. Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 
1:63-5 (a-1), 243-5 (a-2, d-2). Montesquieu, Grandeur and Decadence of the 
Romans, 268-72 (c). Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:132-9, 559-63 (a). Duruy, 
Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 1:243 seq., 371, 509-23, Vol. 2:345-7 (a, d-1), 531 seq. (b), 
98-100, 213, 386-91 (c). Vol. 1:351, 522, Vol. 3-405 note, Vol. 4:388 (d-2). Pelham, 
Outlines Roman Hist., 36 seq. (a), 105-6, 461 seq. (c, d). Mann, Anc. and Med. 
Republics, 193-202. 

THE EQUESTRIAN ORDER— The original organization 
under Servius Tullius — ITow chosen, duties, requirements and 
provisions for — Later changes by which its exclusive military 
character was changed; the order becoming a distinct class in 
the state — Their power, wealth and judicial position — Their re- 
lations with the senate (a). 

Pretorian bands — When formed — Original duties — Reor- 
ganized by Augustus — How formed and commanded — Duties 
and pay (b). 

Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Antiqs., Vol. 1:471-5. Long, Decline of the 
Roman Republic, Vol. 1:136-8 (a). Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:244, Vol. 4:58, 102-5^ 
354-8 (a). Lord, Beacon Lights Hist. Old Pagan Civilization, 538-54, 568 (a, b). 
Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 2:377, Vol. 3:95, 141-3, 166 seq., 254, 262, 264 seq.,. 
Vol. 4:122, 128 (a). Leighton, Hist. Rome, 367, 428 (a). Duruy, Hist. Rome 
(1884), Vol. 1:195, 243, 410, 515, 523, 586, Vol. 2:72 note, 386, 474, 477, 548, Vol. 
3:37, 105, 170, 190 (a). Vol. 2:531, Vol. 4:95 (b). 

CITIES OF ANCIENT ITALY. 

ROME — Location and legendary history of its foundation 
(a) — Walls, gates, building material and construction (b). 

The Roman Forum — The Rostra — Temples of Saturn, Jan- 
us, Castor and Pollux — Temple of Vesta — -House of the Vestals 
— Basilica JuliaT— The Mamertine prison (c). 

The Campus Martins and the Circus Maximus (d) — The 
Cloaca Maxima, aqueducts, streets and bridges (e). 

Middleton,. Remains of Anc. Rome, Vol. 1:1-5 (a), 5, seq. 112-22, 126-41 
(b), 142-5 (e-1), 151-5, 167-9, 231, seq. 248-9, 252, seq. 269-71, 276-83, 297-8, 307-19 
(c), 378, seq. (d-1). Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:70-87 (a), 241. 558, Vol. 3:88-92, 
Vol. 4:356, seq. 595-9. Lanciani, Anc. Rome, etc., 75-84, 134-77 (c). Smith, Won- 
derful Cities, Part II, 7-30. Enc. Brit., Vol. 20:807, 810, 812-15 (a, b, c), 815-20 
(c), 827-30 (c, d). Vol. 5-199 (Castor and Pollux), 791-2 (d). Forbes, Rambles in 
Rome, xvii, xxiv (b), 12, 15, 17, 18, 28 (c), 126, 189 (d), 42, 192, 297 (e). Hare, 
Walks in Rome. Wey, Rome. Buckley, Great Cities of Anc. World, 347-60. 



60 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 4:299-304 (a-e). Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., 
Vol. 2:719-28 (a), 748-58 (b), 772-86 (c), 812, 815, 832, 848, 860. Harper's Mag.' 
Vol. 44:7, seq. Adams, Temples, Tombs, Mons. Anc. Greece and Rome, 97, 
seq. (c-1). 

VEII, the ancient rival of Kome — Its prominence in Etrus- 
can history — Its wars with the Romans — Its walls, bridges, 
cemeteries and tombs (a). 

Volsci — Its site; the tomb of Isis — Painted pottery (b) — 
Tar-quinii — Its legendary origin and history — The acropolis 
walls and port; its wonderful tombs and their decorations (c). 

Dennis, Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria, Vol. 1:1-42 (a), 437-66 (b), 301, 
seq. 417-29 (c). Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 2:1261-6 (a), 1101 (c), 
1321-3 (b). London Magazine, Vol. 9:122, Vol. 10:409, 517 (Cities of Anc. Italy). 
Buckley, Great Cities of the Anc. World, 338-46 (a). Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), 
Vol. 1:155-6, 356-9, 369 (a). Encyclopedias. 

TUSCULUM (a) — Sentinum — Location and history — Its 
walls, amphitheatre and rock tombs (b) — Herculaneum (c) — 
Capua (d) — Coriola (e). 

Dennis, Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria, Vol. 1:62-80 (b). Gell, Topog- 
raphy of Rome and Vicinity. London Mag., Vol. 9:122, Vol. 10:409, 517. Hare, 
Cities of Southern Italy, 192, seq. (c). North Amer. Review, Vol. 12:586, Vol. 
14:296-309 (e). Howells, Italian Journeys, 106-15 (c). Taine, Italy, Rome and 
Naples, 45-52 (c). Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 2:1241-4 (a). Vol. 
1:1053 (c), 510-13 (d), 686 (e). Enc. Brit., Vol. 11:723-5 (a). Vol. 6:402 (b). Duruy, 
Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:68, 107, 166, 302, 372, 431, 495, Vol. 3:138, 364 (a). Vol. 1:102-3, 
389-90, 414-18, 420, 434-6, Vol. 2:5-15, 30-7 (d). Vol. 1:288, 308-9 (e). Adams, 
Buried Cities of Campania (c). 

POMPEII — Founding, location, destruction and excava- 
tions — Gates — Temples — Baths — The great theatre. 

Houses of Pansa and Sallust — Villas of Arrius and Dio- 
medes — Temple of Venus — Street of the Tombs — Art in Pompeii 
as illustrated by its mural decorations. 

Dyer, Pompeii. Lubke, Hist. Art, Vol. 1:319, seq. Adams, Buried Cities 
of Campagnia. Gell, Pompeii. Yaggy, Museum of Antiqs., 17-156. Rosengar- 
ten, Architectural Styles, 146-54. Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 1:68, Vol. 2:420, 
427 (notes). Vol. 4:185-6, 338 (note), 340, Vol. 5:170-6. Smith, Diet. Greek and 
Roman Geog., Vol. 2:846-54. Howells, Italian Journeys, 89-105. Harper's Mag- 
azine, Vol. 11-721-43. Butler, Pompeii. Bulwer-Lytton, Last Days of Pompeii. 
Murray, Southern Italy, 191, seq. Guhl, Lives of the Greeks and Romans, 323, 
355, 357-66, 371-3, 383-5. Monnier, Wonders of Pompeii. California Illus. Mag., 
July, 1892. Baedeker, Southern Italy, 91, seq. Encyclopedias. Murray, Hand- 
book Greek Art, 403, 407, 411, 416, 419, 421, 423, 441-3. 



SECTION VIII. 



EIGHTH CENTURY B. C. CHRONOLOGY. 
MAP ILLUSTRATIONS. 

800 (about). Amos and Hosea, prophets of Israel flourished. 

783, Death of Jeroboam of Israel. Interregnum of eleven years. 

781. Shalmaneser III. ascends the Assyrian throne. 

776. The first Olympiad. 

772. Menahem, king of Israel. 

771. Asshur-dayan III. of Assyria. 

7G1. Pekahiah, king of Israel. 

759. Pekahiah slain by Pekah, who ascends the throne. 

757. Isaiah designated in a vision to the prophetic office. 

756. Death of Uzziah, king of Judah. Accession of Jotham. 

753. Founding of Rome by Romulus. Asshur-lush, king of 
Assyria. 

752 to 683. Athens establishes decennial archons. 

750. Sabine War with Rome. 

747. Union of the Romans and Sabines. Nabonassar, founder 
of the Babylonian kingdom. 

745. Tiglath-Pileser II. becomes king of Assyria. 

743. First great war of Sparta against Messenia. War be- 
tween Assyria and Syria. 

741. Ahaz, king of Judah. Siege of Jerusalem by Pekah of 
Israel. 

740. League between Ahaz of Judah and Tiglath-Pileser, 
against Pekah of Israel and Rezin of Syria. 

738. Pekah slain by Hoshea. Anarchy for nine years. 

734. Nadius, king of Babylon. 

732. Damascus taken by Tiglath-Pileser. Conquest of Syria. 

730. Hoshea, last king of Israel. 

61 



62 HISTORY, LITER A TURE AND ART TOPICS. 

727. Slialinaneser IV. ascends the throne of Assyria. 

726. Death of Ahaz of Judah. Accession of Hezelviah. Re- 
volt of Israel from Assyria. 

723. Siege of Samaria begun. 

727 to 722. Siege and capture of Tyre. Accession of Sargon 
of Assyria. 

721. Fall of Samaria, overthrow of the kingdom of Israel and 
captivity of the Ten Tribes. 

720. Battle of Eaphia ; first conflict of Assyria and Egypt, the 
two great powers of the world. 

715. Numa Pompillius of Rome begins his reign. 

712. Sabaco I., king of Egj-pt. 

711. Conquest of Ashdod by Sargon. Invasion of Judah by- 
Sennacherib. 

710. Babylonia subdued by Sargon. 

705. Sennacherib becomes king of Assyria. 

701. Battle of Eltekeh. 

LANDMARKS FOR THE EYE. 

jPirst — Death of Jeroboam II. and interregnum in the kingdom of Israel. 

Second — Beginning of authentic Grecian and mythical Roman history. 

Third — Rapid growth and prosperity of the Assyrian empire, beginning 
with the reign of Tiglath-Pileser II. Connect this period with the fall of Nin- 
eveh, 7th century. 

Fourth — Fall of Samaria and captivity of the Ten Tribes. 

CONTEMPORARY EVENTS OF HISTORY. 

SOO (about). Flourishing period of art in Etruria; architecture, vases, bronze 

figures, sarcophagi, cups and gems, ^olian colonies established. 

Flourishing of Hesiod, Greek epic poet. 
794. Ionian colonies established. 
783. Pheidon, tyrant of Argos, fails in an attempt to seize Korinth. Silver first 

coined at ^Egina; it bore the figure of a tortoise. 
776. Victory of Koroibus at the Olympian games, first authentic date in 

Grecian history. The first Olympiad. 
770 (about). Pul, first king of Assyria, mentioned in Scripture, II Cor., 15:19-20, 

invades Palestine. 
753. Rhegium founded by the Chalkidians. 
750 (about). Foundation of Syracuse by the Korinthians. The Sabine War 

follows the abduction of the Sabine women. 
747. Nabonassar, supposed by Newton to have been the son of Pul, commenced 

his reign February 26th, 747 B. C, and from this date is computed th& 

Era of Nabonassar. 



EIGHTH CENTURY, HEBREW HISTORY. 63 

741. Invasion of Judah by Rezin of Syria and Pekah of Israel, who fruitlessly 

besiege Jerusalem. 
729 (about). Perdicas becomes the first king of Macedon (Herodotus and 

Thucydides.) 
726-697. The era of Hezekiah called the golden age of Hebrew literature. 
721. Sybaris founded by the Achaeans. 
711. At the siege of Jerusalem, Hezekiah purchases Sennacherib's retreat by 

300 talents of silver and 30 talents of gold. 
710. Krotona founded by the Achaeans. 
708. Tarentum founded by the Spartan Phalanthus. 

TOPICS FOR THE VIIITH CENTURY. 
HEBREW HISTORY. 

AMOS, PROPHET OF ISRAEL— His place in prophetic 
history — His teaching as differing from the older prophets in re- 
spect to the character, purpose and relation of Jehovah to his 
people (a). 

The terms, true and false prophets, as applied to the new 
and old school and their difference in doctrine, as the exponents 
of the orthodoxy of their day and the reflection of the age in 
which they lived (b). 

The writings of Amos — Their literary characteristics and 
style — Illustrations of country life in his writings — Object and 
character of his prophecy (c). 

Ewald, Prophets of the Old Testament (Smith Tr.), Vol. 1:143-50. Ewald, 
Hist. Israel, Vol. 4:30, 125, 131, 133, 148, 153, 196 (note). Duncker, Hist. An- 
tiquity, Vol. 3:15-36. Unitarian Review, Vol. 26-138, seq. Palfrey, Lects. Jewish 
Scriptures and Antiqs., Vol. 2:387-412 (c). Montefiore, Origin and Growth of 
Religion (Lectures), 106-60. Pusey, The Minor Prophets. Geikie, Hours with 
the Bible (Rehoboam to Hezekiah), 114-25, 127, 130-1, 155 (a, b, c). Enc. Brit., 
Vol. 1:747-8 (a, b, c), Vol. 13:410-11, Vol. 19:816-18 (a). McClintock, Cyc. Bib. 
Eccl. Lit., Vol. 1:204, seq. Bible, Book of Amos. Gilfillan, Bards of the Bible, 
181-6. Keil, Com. Minor Prophets. 

HOSEA, PROPHET OF ISRAEL— The moral and relig- 
ious condition of the people at the beginning of his ministry (a) — 
His marriage as an illustration of the faithlessness of Israel and 
the love of Jehovah for his chosen people (b) — His prophecies as 
a commentary on the history of his time (c). 

The Book of Hosea, its subject and aim (d) — Its literary 
style (e). 

Ewald, Hist, of Israel, Vol. 4:125, 129-33, 144, 148, 153. Ewald, Prophets 
of the Old Testament, Vol. 1:210-304 (a-e). Enc. Brit., Vol. 12:295-8 (a, b, d). 



64 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

Duncker, Hist. Antiq., Vol. 3:36, seq. Gilfillan, Bards of the Bible, 186-8 (d, e). 
Pusey, The Minor Prophets. Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 2:317-19. .Mc- 
Clintock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 4:352-5 (a-e). Geikie, Hours with the Bible 
(Rehoboam to Hezekiah), 111-14 (a), 137, 141, 143-55 (c). Palfrey, Lects. Jewish 
Scripts., Vol. 2: 413-30 (e). Keil, Comm. Minor Prophets. 

DEATH OF JEROBOAM II., 783 B. C— An interregnum of 
eleven years — Menaliem, sixteenth king of Israel, ascends the 
throne 772 B. C. — 761 B. C, Pekahiah — Son and successor of 
Menahem — The only important event of this period is the first 
direct attack upon Israel by the Assyrians. — 759 B. C, Pekah, 
eighteenth king of Israel, begins his reign — His alliance with 
the Syrians of Damascus under Rezin — Their attack upon Ahaz, 
king of Judah, and result. — -730 B. C, Hoshea, nineteenth and 
last king of Israel. For history of the above see Ahaz, Shal- 
maneser II. and Sargon below. 

Summary of the history of the kingdom of Israel — Moral 
character of its rulers — Elements of weakness tending toward 
decay — Cause of its rapid decline (a). 

Israel in exile — Fate of the captives who were carried into 
captivity — Discussions in relation to the fate of the Ten Tribes 
(b) — Theories advanced in favor of the English nation being the 
lost Ten Tribes of Israel (c). 

Ewald, Hist. Israel, Vol. 4:33, 148-54, 286, seq. (a), Vol. 5:88, seq. (b). 
Oxonian, Israel's Wanderings, or the Souths, the Saxons and the Kymry. Hanan, 
British Israel Truth (c). Smith, The Book of Isaiah, Vol. 2:48-68. Christian 
Observer, Vol. 77:695, seq. Kitto, Hist. Palestine, 625-30. Smith, Hist. Bible, 
419-23. Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 2:320-4 (b). Poole, Lectures Anglo- 
Israel or the Saxon Race (c). Amer. Presbyterian Review, Vol. 10:652, seq. 

756 B. C, JOTHAM, eleventh king of Judah— His charac- 
ter — Relations with Rezin of Damascus and Pekah of Israel (a). 

741 B. C, Ahaz, twelfth king of Judah — The idolatry and 
wickedness of his reign — Syrian gods introduced into Jerusalem 
■ — The temple altered after the Syrian model — Siege of Jerusa- 
lem by Pekah of Israel and Rezin of Damascus — Ahaz asks aid 
of Assyria — Condition of the kingdom at the close of his reign (b). 

Hezekiah — his reforms — Judah under his reign — Assy- 
rian invasion under Sennacherib and the result — Character of 
Hezekiah — His last years and death. — The literary development 
of this period — Collection and preservation of the literature of 
the Northern Kingdom by Hezekiah — Its influence upon Hebrew 
literature (c). 



EIGHTH CENTURY, ASSYRIAN HISTORY. 65 

Milman, Hist. Jews, Vol. 1:414 (a), 417-20 (b), 423-4, 427-31 (c). Josephus, 
Vol. 1:598-9 (a), 599-602 (b), 602-4 (c). Geikie, Hours with the Bible (Rehoboam 
to Hezekiah), 155, seq. (a), 165-84 (b), 184-7, 189 (Manasseh to Zedekiah), 9-22 (c). 
Putnam, Authors in Anc. Times, 49-53 (c). Ewald, Hist. Israel, Vol. 4:157, seq. 
166 seq. (a), 158-61, 167-72 (b), 172-201, 205 (c). Sayce, Fresh Lights from Anc. 
Mons., 113-19 (c). Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 2:392, seq. (b), 396-419 (c). 
Smith, Hist. Bible, 412-17, 424-31. 

ISAIAH, THE PROPHET— Extent, power and influence of 
the Assyrian empire at the beginning of Isaiah's ministry (a) — His 
character— Social and political position — His call — Nature of 
his ministrj^ — His prophecies and their fulfillment — Moral and 
religious conditions of Judah at this period — Death of Isaiah (b). 

Religious and literary character of the writings of Isaiah (c) 
— The Book of Isaiah — Internal evidence indicating a different 
atithorship to the last twenty-nine chapters of the book— Their 
character and style— The GREAT UNNAMED, the Evangelical 
prophet (d). 

Geikie, Hours with the Bible (Rehoboam to Hezekiah), 155-65, 169-84, 189, 
193-5, 209, 221-8, 239 (a, b, c), (Ezekiel to Malachi), 168-71 (c), 176-210 (b, c). 
Ewald, Hist. Israel, Vol. 4:168-72, 201, seq. 290 (c), 153, 159, 170, 174, 187-9, 197, 
211 (b, c). Vol. 5:42, seq. (d). Lord, Beacon Lights Hist., Jewish Heroes, 328-9, 
339-58 (b), 332-7 (c.) Enc. Brit., Vol. 13-377-84, 413-15. Duncker, Hist. An- 
tiquity, Vol. 3:43-9, 76-94. Theological Review, Vol. 3:1, 54. Quarterly Review, 
Vol. 147:305 (d). Palfrey, Lects. Jewish Scrips, and Antiqs., Vol. 3:171-274 (d). 
Sayce, Life and Times of Isaiah. Montefiore, Hibbert Lectures (1892), 262-85 
(d). Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 2:383-91, 499, seq. 503, Vol. 3:16, 17, 30, 
37, 40, 62, 72, 75. Starchey, An Inquiry Into Historical Meaning and Purpose of 
the Prophecies of Isaiah. Littell's Living Age, Vol. 157:308-18. Smith, Bible 
Diet., Vol. 2:1149-61 (b), 1162-3 (c). Oliphant, Jerusalem the Holy City, 225-69. 
Orelli, The Prophecies of Isaiah. Cowles, Isaiah, with notes. Smith, The Book 
of Isaiah. Driver, Isaiah, His Life and Times. 

ASSYRIA. 

SHALMANESER III.— Asshur Dayan III.— Asshur Lush, 
last king of the third Assyrian dynasty — From the beginning 
of the reign of Shalmaneser to B. C. 745 the history of Assyria 
is obscure and unimportant. — NABONASSAR — Called the 
founder of the second Babylonian kingdom — With this reign 
begins the Canon of Ptolomy — Accession of Nadius — Merodach 
Baladin — His relations with Sargon. 

Rawlinson, Seven Mons., Vol. 1:424, seq. 440-1, Vol. 2:233-8. Sayce, Fresh 
Light from Anc. Mons., 109-12. Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:360, seq. Smith, Hist. 
World, Vol. 1:228. Duncker, Hist. Antiquity, 97-104, 109-19, 121-2, 125. Ridpath, 
Hist. World, Vol. 1:174, 282, 176-80, 283. Herodotus, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:373-4, 
403-6. 



66 HISTORY. LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

TIGLATH-PILESER II.— Accession and character— His 
conquests — Reforms in government — Relations with Israel, Ju- 
dah and Syria — Extent and power of his kingdom (a). 

Shalmaneser IV. — The revolt of Israel under Hoshea 
— Seige of Tyre — Seige of Samaria — Dethronement of Shalman- 
eser — His successor (b). 

Sargon — Accession and character of his reign — FALL 
OF SAMARIA and overthrow of the kingdom of Israel — Captiv- 
ity of the Ten Tribes of Israel — Battle of Raphia, the first 
battle between Assyrian and Egj^ptian forces — Taking of Ash- 
dod — Conquest of Babylon — Sargon's treatment of conquered 
countries to insure perfect subjugation — XXVth Egyptian dy- 
nasty, Sabaco I., the So of the Bible — Death of Sargon (c). 

Sargon's architectural achievements — His city and pal- 
ace (d). 

Rawlinson, Seven Mons., Vol. 1:427-32 (a), 432-4 (b), 435-43, 444-9 (c). 
Geikie, Hours with the Bible (Rehoboam to Hezekiah), 133-7 (a), 137-8 (b), 138, 
187, 207, 218-28, 234-6 (c). Duncker, Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 3:1-14, 47-9 (a), 82-5, 
97 (b), 85-105 (c). Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:361, seq. Kenrick, Anc. Egyptians, 
Vol. 2:307, seq. (Sabaco). Sayce, Fresh Light from Anc. Mons., 101-6 (a), 106-83 
(c). Ragozin, Assyria, 207, 218-39 (a, b), 247-94 (c). Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, 
Vol. 2:313-17 (a, b, c). St. Clair, Buried Cities and Bible Countries, 351-4 (c). 
Herodotus, Anc. Hist, Vol. 1:374-8 (a, b), 378-80 (c). Vol. 2:318. Maspero, Anc. 
Egypt and Assyria, 194-214 (d). 

ACCESSION OF SENNACHERIB — His character and 
military genius — Battle of Eltekeh — Invasion of Syria — Siege of 
Lachish — Capture of Babylon, Ascalon and Sidon — Victory at 
Khululi. 

Sennacherib's achievements in architecture and works of 
utility — Magnificence of his palaces — Use of prisoners of war in 
carrying out his great works. 

Rawlinson, Seven Mons., Vol. 1:445-67. Ragozin, Story of Assyria, 295- 
330. Geikie, Hours with the Bible (Rehoboam to Hezekiah), 237-61. Hosmer, 
Story of the Jews, 39-45. Milman, Hist. Jews, Vol. 1:425-30. Stanley, Hist. 
Jewish Church, Vol. 2:402, seq. Ewald, Hist. Israel, Vol. 4:178, 161 (foot note), 
179-83, 188, 214, 297. Sayce, Fresh Light from Anc. Mons., 113-21. Rollin, 
Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:362, seq. Ridpath, Hist. World, Vol. 1:179-83. Herodotus, 
Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:380-6. Duncker, Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 3:106-42. 

GREECE. 

OLYMPIADS — Meaning and signification of the word — 
How reckoned — The First Olympiad; the beginning of authen- 



EIGHTH, CENTURY ROMAN HISTORY. 67 

tic Grecian history — Chronology of Grecian history previous to 
this date — Its uncertainty and unsatisfactory character (a). 

Archons — Establishment of the office — Its powers and 
prerogatives — Subsequent changes in the archonship (b). 

MESSENIA — Dorian settlement of Sparta and Messenia — 
The Messenians — Their relations with the Spartans — The first 
Messenian war — Cause, outbreak, duration and result of the war 
— Aristodemus (c). 

Gillies, Anc. Greece, 37, seq. (c). Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:196-223 (a), 
274, seq. (c), 323-7 (b). Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:476-86 (c). Grote, Hist. 
Greece (1853), Vol. 2:34-57 (a), 302-3, 326-37, 421-40 (c), (1888) Vol. 2:442, seq. 
445, 497 (b), 250-4 (c). Pausanias, Description of Greece, Vol. 1, Book IV (c). 
Smith, Hist. World, Vol. 1:336, seq. Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:327-9 (b), 328, 
seq. (c). Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:103-6 (c-1), 526, Vol. 2:452, Vol. 4:430 (b), 
103-4 (c). Botsford, Athenian Constitution, 126, seq. Cox, Hist. Greece, 28. 32-4 
(c). Herodotus, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3; 292-6. Timayenis, Hist. Greece, Vol. 
1:74-6 (c). 

ROME. 

EOMULUS, the legendary founder of Rome — History of the 
founding of Rome as told by legend — War with the Sabines — 
Union of the Romans and Sabines (a). 

Numa Pompiliiis — The second king of Rome — His legis- 
lation — The legend of his books and their discovery — His archi- 
tectural works (b). 

Plutarch's Lives (Clough Tr.), Vol. 1 (a, b). Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 
1:590-2 (b). Leighton, Hist. Rome, 13-18, 26-32 (a, b). Larned, Hist. Ready 
Reference, Vol. 4: 2660-2. Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:8-27 (a), 28-34 (b). Abbott, 
Histary of Romulus. Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 1:140-6, 198 (a), 146-50, 
199, Vol. 2:297-9 (b), (1883) Vol. 1:1-12, 63-7 (a), 12-20 (b). Enc. Brit, Vol. 
20:840. Ridpath, Hist. World, Vol. 2:102-6. Church, Stories from Livy, 1-21 
<a, b). 

SUMMARY. 

The first of this century records, in Jewish history, the close of the long 
reign of Jeroboam, during which his kingdom rose to a degree of prosperity 
never previously enjoyed, with a corresponding degeneracy in the moral and 
religious life of its people. Uzziah reigns in Judah, under whose upright 
rule the people enjoy both religious and worldly prosperity. The prophets 
Zecheriah, Amos, Hosea and Isaiah appear in this period. The last part of 
the century marks the fall of the Northern Kingdom, the destruction of Samaria, 
and captivity of the Ten Tribes. 

Judah under Ahaz' reign lapses into the grossest idolatry, sanctioned by 
royal authority. The reign of Hezekiah and the preaching of Isaiah restore the 
old religion and develop a higher moral tone. 
6 



68 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

The interest pertaining to Assyrian history is the rapid growth by con- 
quest, increasing wealth and splendor of the empire, the marked ability of its 
rulers, beginning with Tiglath Pileser II, and closing with the commencement 
of the brilliant reign of Sennacherib. Another important feature is the be- 
ginning of authentic history of Greece and Rome, the two nations destined to 
wield a lasting influence upon the civilization and history of the world. 




SECTION IX. 



SEVENTH CENTURY B. C. CHRONOLOGY. 
MAP ILLUSTRATIONS. 

697 (698). Accession of Manasseh in Judah. 

689. Battle of Khululi; Elam and Babylon against Assyria. 

684. Conquest of Babylon by Sennacherib. 

682. Establishment of the annual archonship at Athens. 

680. Death of Sennacherib, king of Assyria. Accession of 
Esar-haddon. 

673. Tullus Hostillius, king of Rome, 

670. Conquest of Egypt by Esar-haddon. 

667. Accession of Asshur-bani-pal, king of Assyria. 

660 (about). Psammetichus becomes king of Egypt. 

650 (about). All Egypt united under Psammetichus. 

645 (685). Revolt of the Messenians against Sparta. Second 
Messenian War under Aristomenes. 

642. Accession of Anion (Judah). 

640. Ancus Martins, king of Rome. Accession of Josiah, king 
of Judah. 

633. Kyaxares of Media invades Assyria. 

632 (625). Great irruption of the Scythians into Media, Syria 
and Assyria. 

630. Alkseus and Sappho (poets) flourish. 

626 (about). Saraccus, last king of Assyria, ascends the throne. 

()25. Rawl (other writers, 606). Destruction of Nineveh and 
overthrow of the Assyrian monarchy by the combined 
forces of the Medes, under Kyaxares, and the Baby- 
lonians, under Nabopolassar. Establishment of the 
empires of Media and Babylonia. 

624. Legislation of Draco at Athens. 

69 



70 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

623 (about). Passover of Josiah. Jeremiah, the prophet, be- 
gins his ministry. 
616. Tarquinius Priscus begins his reign at Kome. 
610. War between the Medes and Lydians. Pharaoh Necho, 

king of Egypt. 
608 (610). Battle of Megiddo. Josiah slain. Jeholaehim suc- 
ceeds Josiah. 
606. Nebuchadnezzar takes Jerusalem. Daniel and others car- 
ried captive to Babylon. Commencement of the sev- 
enty years of the Babylonish captivity. Battle of Car- 
chemish; victory of Nebuchadnezzar over Necho. 
604. Death of Nabopolassar and accession of Nebuchadnezzar. 

LANDMARKS FOR THE EYE. 

First — The power of Assyria, which reaches its zenith under Sennacherib 
and Esar-haddon, followed by decline of the empire in the latter part of the 
reign of Assur-bani-pal. Final overthrow of the monarchy 625 B. C. and 
rise of the kingdoms of Babylon and Media. Connect their rise with the fall 
of both monarchies in the next century. 

Second — Union of Egypt under P&ammetichus. 

Third — Invasion of Assyria, Media and Syria by the Scythians. 

Fourth — Judean history. Note the long reign of Manassah. Contrast his 
reign with that of Hezekiah, his predecessor, and with that of Josiah, who reigns 
the latter ihalf of the century. 

Fifth — Finding the Book of the Law. The great Passover of Josiah and 
rise of the prophet Jeremiah. 

Sixth — Beginning of the seventy years captivity of Judah 706 B. C, by 
the taking of Daniel and others to Babylon. 

CONTEMPORARY EVENTS OF HISTORY. 

686. Egypt divided among twelve kings. 

683. Kreon becomes the first annual archon of Athens. 

678. Samaria colonized by Assyrians. 

676. Terpander of Lesbos flourished. He invented the seven-stringed lyre and 

signs to express musical sounds. 
674. Founding of Chalcedon. 

670. Alban invasion. Battles of the Horatii and Curatli. 
659. (about). Founding of Byzantium. 
655. Bacchiadse expelled from Greece. 
650. The Greeks encouraged to trade in Egypt by Psammetichus. The chest 

of Kypselus in Olympia, made of cedar with reliefs inlaid in gold 

and ivory. 
640. Contemporary with the reign of Josiah were Jeremiah, Habakkuk, Nahum, 
* Zephaniah, Huldah the prophetess, and Baruch amanuensis to the 

prophet Jeremiah. 



SE VENTH CENTUR V, HEBRE W HIS TOR V. 71 

625. Periander at Korinth. 

623. (624, about). In repairing the temple at Jerusalem, Hilkiah discovers the 

Book of the Law. The great passover of Josiah. 
610. Necho, king of Egypt, attempts to cut a canal from the Nile to the Red 

Sea. 
612 B. C. Insurrection of Kylon. 
606. Nebuchadnezzar takes Jerusalem. 
605. The Circus Maximus, Rome, erected. 
601. The Cloacae Maximse (great sewers) of Rome are begun. 

TOPICS FOR THE VIITH CENTURY. 

HEBREW HISTOIIY. 

697 B. C. ACCESSION OF MANASSEH, the fourteenth 
king of Judah — His character — Degeneration of Judah and 
rapid decay of the kingdom — Persecution of the prophets — • 
Death of Isaiah — Heathen worship — Manasseh taken captive to 
Babylon, 675 — Old age and death — Anion succeeds Manasseh 
and reigns two years. 

Smith, Bible Diet., Vol. 2:1771-3. Josephus, Vol. 1:616 seq. Geikie, Hours 
with the Bible (Manasseh to Zedekiah), 23-4, 26-7, 34-43, 56-60. Milman, Hist 
Jews, Vol. 1:432-4. Ewald, Hist. Israel, Vol. 4:206-20. Western Review, Vol. 
136:73 seq. Duncker, Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 3:208-10 (a, b). Rawlinson, Seven 
Mons., Vol. 1:472 seq. McClintock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 5:692-6. Smith, 
Hist. Bible, 431-3. Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 2:420-5. Bible, II. Kings, 
20:21, II. Chronicles, 33. 

640 B. C. JOSIAH, sixteenth king of Judah, begins his 
reign — Character and accession — His reforms and their results 
(a) — Condition of the monarchy and its tendency toward disso- 
lution — Judah under his reign (b)^ — Finding of the BOOK OF 
THE LAW — Controversy as to what part of the Bible was 
brought to light after its long oblivion — The question of its au- 
thorship (c) — The Passover of Josiah (d) — The battle of Megiddo 
aud death of Josiah — Its effect upon the kingdom (e). 

Geikie, Hours with the Bible (Manasseh to Zedekiah), 61-2, 88-9 (a), 101- 
13 (b), 113-28 (c), 128-38 (d), 138-45 (a, e). Josephus, Vol. 1:617-23. Milman, Hist. 
Jews, Vol. 1:434-40. Lord, Beacon Lights, Hist. Jewish Heroes, Vol. 7:365-73 (a), 
365-9 (c). Enc. Brit, Vol. 13:415-16, 753. Stanley, Hist Jewish Church, Vol. 
2:427-36. Ewald, Hist. Israel, Vol. 4:231-4, 242-50. Duncker, Hist Antiquity, 
Vol. 3:210-27. McClintock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit, Vol. 4:1033 seq. Montefiore, Hib- 
bert Lectures (1892), 175-86 (a, c-1). 

608 B. C. JEHOIAKIM ascends the throne— Character and 
reign compared with Josiah, his father — Relations of Judah with 



72 HISTORY, LITERATURE 4ND ART TOPICS. 

Egypt at his accession — Extortion of taxes and enforced labor — 
Eeligious declination and dissolution of morals — Jeremiah's 
dauntless courage during this religious, moral and political deg- 
radation — Judah's relations with and fear of Nebuchadnezzar. 

Milman, Hist. Jews, Vol. 1:440-3. Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 
2:452-61. Ewald, Hist. Israel, Vol. 4:259-62. Geikie, Hours with the Bible (Man- 
asseh to Zedekiah), 147-66, 173-92. Lord, Beacon Lights Hist., Vol. 7:375-8. Bible, 
Jeremiah, Chaps. 1:22:24:25:26:27:37:45. H. Kings, 23:24: L Chron., 3. IL Chron.,' 
36. McClintock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 4:801 seq. 

JEREMIAH THE PROPHET— Parentage and birthplace 
— Life and times — His early teachings (a) — Character and life of 
Jeremiah compared with the age (b) — His consecration to office 
affecting or revealing the nobility of his mind and character (c). 

Character of his prophecy (d) — His later written works, 
their style and character — The Book of Jeremiah (e) — The Book 
of Lamentations consisting of five elegiac poems — Their subject. 

Jeremiah's letter to his countrymen in captivity (f) — His re- 
lations with Baruch and Gedeliah (g). 

Milman, Hist. Jews, Vol. 1:439-49. Geikie, Hours with the Bible (Man- 
a.sseh to Zedekiah), 80-3, 90 (b, c), 84-8 (a), 88-113 (d), 158-9 (b), 147-219 (e) 
(Ezekiel to Malachi), 74-87 (f), 104-9 (e), 122-3 (g). Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, 
Vol. 2:440-51 (b, c), 453-60, 465-9, 477-82. Duncker, Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 3:325-7, 
334-50 (g). Palfrey, Lects. Jewish Scripts., Vol. 3:300-95 (a-g). Book of Jeremiah, 
Chap. 29: (f). Cowles, Jeremiah and Lamentations, with notes. Cheyne, Jere- 
miah; life and times. Ewald, Hist. Israel, Vol. 4:218-19, 230-3, 240-8, 290, Vol. 
5:11. Lord, Beacon Lights, Hist., Jewish Heroes, 361-5 (b), 373-84 (d), 
385-88 (e). Enc. Brit,, Vol. 13:416 seq. 626-9, Vol. 19:819 seq. McClintock, Cyc. 
Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 5:213-18 (f). Vol. 4:821-4 (a). Book' of Jeremiah, Lamenta- 
tions. Gimilan, Bards of the Bible, 154-9. Ball, The Prophecies of Jeremiah. 
Orelli, The Prophecies of Jeremiah. Driver, Introduction to Lit. Old Testament, 
428-36. 

DANIEL THE PROPHET (Belteshazzar)— His education, 
character, life in captivity and the honor conferred upon him at 
the court of Nebuchadnezzar (a) — The greatness and prosperity 
of Babylon at this period (b) — Daniel's wisdom and righteous- 
ness as proof against temptations which surrounded him at this 
the most magnificent and luxurious court of the ancient world 
(e) His interpretation of Nebuchadnezzar's dream and its in- 
fluence upon the king (d). 

The prophecies or visions of Daniel (e) — His relations with 
Meshach, Shadrach and Abednego (f). 



SEVENTH CENTURY, ASSYRIAN HISTORY. 73 

The Book of Dauiel, its language, composition and in- 
fluence — Date of composition and autliorsliip (g). 

Cowles, Ezekiel and Daniel, with notes. Bible, Book of Daniel. Josephus, 
Vol. 1:638-44, 647-54. Milman, Hist. Jews, Vol. 1:455-62. Geikie, Hours with the 
Bible (Ezekiel to Malachi), 151-3 (a, c, f), 153-7 (b, c), 157-60, 226 (a, d, f), 107-9 
(c, e), 168 (g), 211 (c). McClintock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 2:661-3 (a, c), 663-71 
(g). Eccl. Review, Vol. 79:53. Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 3:3-12, 21-33 
<a, b) 39, 62 (e), 63-8 (g). Unitarian Review, Vol. 26:292 seq. Sayce, The Higher 
Criticism, 497-537 (g). Driver, Introduction to Lit. Old Testament, 458-83 (g). 
Enc. Brit., Vol. 6:803 (a), 803-7 (g). Geikie, Hours with the Bible, 216-17 (g). 
Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:386-8, 460-2, 467-73. Theol. Review, Vol. 2:172, 478. 
Baptist Quarterly, Vol. 10:331. Ewald, Hist. Israel, Vol. 5:302-6. Gilfillan, Bards 
of the Bible, 166-71. 

ASSYRIA. 

BATTLE OF KHALULI — Sennacherib against Ehim and 
Babylon — Conquest of Babylon — (See Sennacherib above). 

Esar-Haddon ascends the throne 680 B. C. — As a ruler, con- 
queror and builder — His architectural and other works — Con- 
quest of Egypt (a). 

Asshur-Bani-Pal, the Sardanapolis of the Greeks, begins his 
reign 667 B. C. — His character, reign, extent and splendor of his 
kingdom — His wars and conquests — Passion for hunting — 
Architectural works — Love for literature — His library — Dispute 
as to the length of his reign — Decline of the empire and causes 
tending toward its dissolution (b). 

Psammetichus I. (XXVIth dynasty), king of Egypt — The 
twelve kings — Egypt united under his rule — Taking of Ash- 
dod — Greek emissaries — Opening of Egyptian ports to foreigners 
— Its influence upon European civilization — Progress of com- 
merce, art and literature during his reign (c). 

Geikie, Hours with the Bible (Manasseh to Zedekiah), 43-50 (a), 50-7 (b) 
53,140 (c). Rawlinson, Seven Mons., Vol. 1:467-77 (a), 477-91 (b). Ragozin, Story 
of Assyria, 334-46 (a), 371-416 (b). Budge, Hist. Esar Haddon. Brugsch, Egypt 
Under the Pharaohs, 420 seq. 443-4 (a). Herodotus, Anc. Hist. Vol. 1:386-90 (a, b), 
406-8, Vol. 2:193-205, 319-21. Kenrick, Anc. Egypt, Vol. 2:319-35 <c.) Masp'ero, 
Anc. Egypt and Assyria, 252 seq. 287-302 (b). Smith, Anc. Hist, of the East, 164- 
70. Herodotus Euterpe., II. Bk., 143-55 (c). Duncker, Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 3:143- 
60 (a), 161-81 (b), 295 seq (c). Sayce, Fresh Light from Anc. Mons., 121-4 (a), 124 
seq (b). Century Mag. (New Series), Vol. 25:395 seq (b). Grote, Hist. Greece 
(1888), Vol. 3:143-7 (a). Brugsch, Egypt under the Pharaoh. Vol. 2:281, 295, 322 
seq (c). Heeren, Historical Researches African Nations, 466-70 (c). Rawlinson, 
story of Egypt, 342-54. Draper Intellectual Development Europe, Vol. 1:43, 80; 
95 seq (c). 



74 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

SAKACUS, LAST KING OF ASSYRIA— Character, reign 
and death — Fall of Nineveh and destruction of the Assyrian em- 
pire (a). 

Cause of the decline and consequent downfall of the mon- 
archy — The striking features of early empires the cause of con- 
stant disorder, warfare and consequent decay (b). 

Geikie, Hours with the Bible (Manasseh to Zedekiah), 168 seq. Rawlinson, 
Seven Mons., Vol. 1:491-3, 497-500 (a, b), 501-4 (b), Vol. 2:93-5 (a). Smith, Assyria 
from the Earliest Times to Fall of Nineveh. Smith, Anc. Hist, of the East. Herod- 
otus, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:390-2 (a), 393-9 (b). Budge, Babylonian Life, 67-75 (a). 
Heeren, Historical Researches, Manual, Anc. Hist., 19-21 (b). Morris, Civiliza- 
tion, 112-64. Duncker, Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 3:247-94. Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 
1:365 seq. Byron, Sardanapalus. Smith, Hist. World, Vol. 1:223 seq (b), 225 seq 
(a). Volney's Ruins, 46-54 (b). 

SCYTHIA — Characteristics of the country — Origin and 
character of the people — Manners and customs — Their language 
and religion (a). 

The Scythian invasion of Assyria — The character of their 
ravages — The Scythian invasion as a cause of the rapid decline 
of the Assyrian power (b). 

Grote, Hist. Greece (1888), Vol. 3:59-77 (b), 61-6, 405, 478 (a), (1853 ed). Vol. 
3:233-48 (a), 253-5. Geikie, Hours with the Bible (Manasseh to Zedekiah), 68 seq. 
(Creation to Patriarchs), 208-10 (a). Ewald, Hist. Israel, Vol. 4:26-31, 253-9, 
Duncker, Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 3:228-46. Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2; 20-6 (a). 
Herodotus, Anc. Hist. (Rawlinson, tr.). Vol. 3:1-22 (a, b), 35-62, 158-73 (a). Ox- 
onian, Israel's Wanderings or the Scutihs, the Saxons and the Kymry, 45-76 (a). 
Rawlinson, Seven Mons., Vol. 1:491-7, Vol. 2:87-90 (a, b). Smith, Diet. Greek and 
Roman Geog., Vol. 2:936-45. Heeren, Asiatic Nations, Vol. 2:3-34 (a). Enc. Brit.,, 
Vol. 21:575, Vol. 18:779. Ball, The Prophecies of Jeremiah, 134-48. 

MEDIA — Geography, climate and products — Origin and an- 
tiquity of the people — Manners and customs— Religion of the 
Medes — The Magi or priesthood (a). 

King Deiokes — King Phraortes — Media under Assyrian 
rule — Kyaxares — Rapid growth of the kingdom — First invasion 
of Assyria by Kyaxares and result — Scythian invasion and con- 
quest of Media — Their rule and final expulsion (b). 

Kyaxares' relations with Nabopolassar — Siege, attack and 
fall of Nineveh — Establishment of the Median kingdom (c) — At- 
tack upon Lydia — Extension of kingdom — Death of Kyaxares (d). 

Rawlinson, Seven Mons., Vol. 2:1-66 (a), 84-92 (b), 92-8, 102-7 (b, c). Geikie, 
Hours with the Bible (Manasseh to Zedekiah), 66-70, 168-70. Ragozin, Story of 
Assyria, 421-32. Oxonian, Israel's Wanderings, 65 seq (b). Herodotus, Anc. Hist., 



SEVENTH CENTURY, LYDIA AND BABYLONIA. 75 

Vol. 1:182-92, 317-26 (a, b), 327-30 (c, d). Smith, Hist. World, Vol. 1:244-50 (a, b). 
Ragozin, Story of Media, Babylon and Persia. Duncker, Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 
5:267-307, 316-18. McClintock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 6:14:20. Rollin, Anc. 
Hist., Vol. 1:371-9. Grote, Hist. Greece (1853 ed.). Vol. 3:224 seq. 253-5. Smith, 
Anc. Hist, of the East (Student's ed.), 439-56, 508, 517-25. 

LYDIA — The traditional antiquity of Lydia — Character of 
the people — llelation between Lydia and Phrygia — The Hera- 
clidie and Mermnedse — King Gyges — His great wealth and ex- 
tent of Empire — The Ionic War — Conquest of Greek colonies — 
Death of Gyges — Succession of Ardys — Kimmerian invasion — 
War between the MermnediB and Miletus — Sadyattes — War 
with the Milesians (a). 

Alyattes — Expulsion of the Kimmerians — War with the 
Medes under Kyaxares — Battle of the Ilalys — Peace concluded 
between Media and Lydia — Last years and death of Alj^attes — 
Description of his tomb (b). 

Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:380 seq. Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:115-24, 124- 
30 (b). Duncker, Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 3:414 seq (a, b). Grote, Hist. Greece (1853), 
Vol. 3:213, 219-31, 245-57 (a, b). Herodotus, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:122-9, 132, 178-80, 
275-98. Harper's Magazine, Vol. 68:672 (Alyattes' tomb). Rawlinson, Seven Mons., 
Vol. 2:98-105, 240 (a, b), Vol. 1:479 fo). Cox, Hist. Greece, 99, 101-3. Mitford, Hist. 
Greece, Vol. 2:1 seq. Smith, Anc. Hist. East, 49'!-7, 502-17 (a, b). Duruy, Hist. 
Greece, Vol. 2:234 seq. (a). Smith, Hist. World, Vol. 1:250-8 (a). 

BABYLONIA. 

NABOPOLASSAR, founder of the second Babylonian 
empire — Kesume of the early history of Babylonia (a) — Founda- 
tion of the second empire by Nabopolassar — His alliance and di- 
vision of tlie Assyrian empire with Kyaxares (b). 

Pharaoh Necho — His attempt to construct a canal from the 
Nile to the Bed Sea — Circumnavigation of Africa — The battle of 
Megiddo and the result — Battle of Carchemish — Death of Nabo- 
polassar (c). 

Rawlinson, Seven Mons., Vol. 2:230-8 (a), 238-42 (b, c). Story of Egypt, 
354-9. Rollin, Anc. Hist, Vol. 1:177-9, 365 seq. Ewald, Hist. Israel, Vol. 4:241-2, 
251-9, 296, foot note. Duncker, Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 3:319-28. Herodotus, Anc. 
Hist., Vol. 1:402-11 (a, b, c). Vol. 2:205-8, 321-2 (c). Porter, Giant Cities of Bashan, 
etc., 258-61 (c-1). Smith, Hist. World, Vol. 1:229 seq (a, b, c). Sharpe, Hist. 
Egypt, Vol. 1:153-7 (a, c). Milman, Hist. Jews, Vol. 1:436-9 (c). Josephus, Vol. 
1:123 (c). Geikie, Hours with the Bible (Manasseh to Zedekiah), 140-3, 145-7, 171- 
4 (c). Smith, Hist., Babylonia. St. Clair, Buried Cities and Bible Countries, 159- 
61 (c). Kenrick, Anc. Egypt, Vol. 2:335-44 (c). Brugsch, Egypt under the Pha- 
raohs, Vol. 2:270-3, 277 (c). Herodotus Euterpe II, Bk. of 155-7 (c). 



76 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

NEBUCHADNEZZAR becomes king of Babylon 604 B. C. 
— His character, military ability and renown in Babylonian his- 
tory (a) — His conquests — Siege and capture of Tyre — Capture of 
Jerusalem (b). 

The splendor, wealth and magnificence of Babylon, his capi- 
tal (c) — Architectural achievements, w^alls, canals, temples, pal- 
aces and hanging gardens (d) — His use of forced labor in carry- 
ing out his great works (e). 

Colossal statues of gold and silver, their inauguration cere- 
monies and the sacredness attached to them (f) — Importance at- 
tached to dreams — Daniel's interpretation of Nebuchadnezzar's 
dream — Last days and death of Nebuchadnezzar (g). 

Rawlinson, Seven Mons., Vol. 2:241-5 (a, b), 245-7 (d-e), 247-9 (a, g), 170-7 
(c, d). Josephus, Vol. 1:623-5, 630-3, 638-46 (a, b). Milman, Hist. Jews, Vol. 1:440, 
442-5 (a, b). Geikie, Hours with the Bible (Manasseh to Zedekiah), 173-5, 192, 
196 (a, b) (Ezekiel to Malachi), 106-11, 153-7 (b, c, d), 157-64 (f, g). Enc. Brit., Vol. 
3:188, Vol. 18:309-10, Vol. 23:808. Smith, Hist. Babylonia. Smith, Hist. World, 
Vol. 1:230-35 (a-e). Herodotus, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:411-17. Smith, The Book of 
Isaiah, Vol. 2:189-204 (c). McClintock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 6:897-902. Rol- 
lin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:365-70 (a, b). Ewald, Hist. Israel, Vol. 4:256-53, 267, 269-70, 
273. Sayce, Fresh Light from Anc. Mons., 128-34. Duncker, Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 
3:328-45, 350-5 (b), 356-91 (a, c, d, g). Bible, Book of Daniel, Ezekiel, Chaps. 
26:27. 

GREECE. 

THE SECOND MESSENIAN WAR— Result, the conquest 
of Messenia by Sparta — Aristomenes — Rise of Tyrtseus (a) — 
Change in the archonship — Annual archons elected — The func- 
tions of the nine archons defined (b) — Draco — His character — 
Laws of Draco — Social condition of Athens — Effect of Draco's 
legislation (c) — Kylon — Attempted usurpation of Kylon — His 
failure and death by order of the Alkma^onids — His trial and 
condemnation by the Alkmaeonids (d). 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:240-3 (a), 330-4 (c). Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 
1:487-98 (a), 517-22 (c), 522-7 (d). Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:327 seq (c). Tima- 
yenis. Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:86-9. Cox, Hist. Greece, 34-7 (a), 73-5 (b, c, d). Rollin, 
Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:106-9 (a). Botsford, Athenian Constitution, 129 seq. Herodo- 
tus, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:296-8 (a), 18-21 (c, d). 

ROMAN HISTORY. 

TULLUS HOSTILLIUS— Character and reign— The Ho- 
ratii and Curatii — The Sabine War (a) — Ancus Marcius — His 
conquests — Architectural works (b). 



SEVENTH CENTURY, ROMAN HISTORY. 77 

Tarquinius Priscus — Rome under his reign — Religious and 
legislative reforms — His public works — Introduction of Etrus- 
can customs into his court (c). 

Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 1:150-61, 234 seq (a, b, c). Smith, Diet. Greek 
and Roman, Biog., Vol. 2:530 (a), 156-7 (b), Vol. 3:976 (c). Ridpath, Hist. World, 
Vol. 2:107 seq. Church, Stories from Livy, 47-60. Enc. Brit, Vol. 12:166, Vol. 
20:733 seq. Duruy, Hist. Rome (1883), Vol. 1:20-8 (a), 28-35 (b, c). Ihne, Hist. 
Rome, Vol. 1:35-8 (a), 23 seq (b), 51-60 (c). 

SUMMARY. 

The chief characteristics of the history of this century in Judah are, the 
reigns of Manasseh and Josiah, remarkable by contrast, the former marked by 
all that is base and wicked in human nature, debases his people to the lowest 
degradation they had ever known; the latter standing first among all the kings 
of the line of David for unswerving loyalty to truth and right, his reign is re- 
corded as one of the noblest in Jewish history. 

Assyrian history records the greater part of the brilliant reign of Senna- 
cherib, the extension and prosperity of the empire under Esar-haddon and As- 
shur-bani-pal, the flourishing of the arts, especially architecture and the en- 
couragement of literature. This period is followed by the decline and fall of the 
monarchy and the foundation of the Median and Babylonian kingdoms under 
Cyaxares and Nabopolassar. Egypt becomes free and united under Psammeti- 
chus. Greece and Rome are yet in their infancy. 



SECTION X. 



PERSIA. 

EXTENT OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE— Characteristics 
of Persia proper — Tlie Iran plateau — Tlie lowlands — The moun- 
tain chains and gorges serving as a means of defense — Rivers 
and lakes — Climate and products of Persia (a). 

The pedple; origin and physical characteristics — Relation 
of the Persians to the Medes — Mental and moral qualities of the 
Persians — Education (b) — Manners and customs (c). 

Rawlinson, Seven Mons., Vol. 2:265-92, 301 seq (a), 36 seq 315-20, 358-61 (b),. 
320-64 (c). Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:470-93, 507-14 (b, c). McClintock, Cyc. Bib. 
Eccl. Lit., Vol. 7:975 seq. Perrot and Chipiez, Hist. Art Persia, 2-8 (a), 8-11 (b, c). 
Duncker, Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 5:1-18 (a, b), Vol. 6:398-408 (b, c). Herodotus, Anc. 
Hist., Vol. 1:211-16, 547, Vol. 2:459-70. Fraser, Historical and Descriptive Account 
of Persig,. Johnson, Oriental Religions, 44-48. Enc. Brit., Vol. 18:561 seq. 
Ridpath, Hist. World, Vol. 2:305-14 (a), 314 seq (b), 327-37 (c). Smith, Diet. Greek 
and Roman Geog., Vol. 2:578 (a). Christian Observer, Vol. 18:375, 513 (b). Heeron, 
Historical Researches Asiatic Nations, Vol. 1. Smith, Hist. Bible, Vol. 1:259-61, 
266-8. Vaux, Persia, Hist, from the Monuments. Framji, Hist, of the Parsees 
(manners, customs, religioh). 

RELIGION OF THE PERSIANS— Its origin and charac- 
ter — Zoroaster — Epoch of — His system of religion — The Zend- 
Avesta — Its character and meaning — Relation of the Avestan 
to the Vedic religion — Antiquity^ of the Persian religion — Mag- 
ianism — The priesthood and their laws — The Persian gods, Or- 
mazd and Ahriman — Sacred emblems, fire, earth and water. 

Rawlinson, Seven Mens., Vol. 2:420-9; Religions of the Anc. World. Ewald, 
Hist, Israel, Vol. 5:39 seq. Duncker, Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 5:49-128, 149-238. Lord, 
Beacon Lights, Old Pagan Civilization, 53-64. Babelon, Manual Oriental Antiqs., 
146 seq. Johnson, Oriental Religions, 1-157. Sayce, Anc. Empires of the East, 
256-75. Caird, Oriental Religions. Clarke, Ten Great Religions, Vol. 1:171-208, 
Vol. 2:11 seq 41, 58, 60, 91-2, 106, 131-5, 138, 255-6, 259, 395-6. Muller, Sacred Books 
of the East, Vol. 4, Part I; Vol. 23, Part II; Vol. 31, Part III. Geiger, Civiliza- 
tion of Eastern Iranians, Introduction, Vol. I, Vol. II (Avestan, rel.). Perrot and 
Chipiez, Hist. Art in Persia, 11-18. Contemporary Review, Vol. 4:50-72 (Zend- 
Avesta). Smith, Anc. Hist. East, 413-38. Herodotus, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:207-11, 
339-43. Heeren, Historical Researches, Asiatic Nations, Vol. 1:207-75. Atlantic 

*Section X is introductory study for the Vlth century work and may be 
treated as supplemental reading. 

78 



PERSIAN, ART AND ANCIENT CITIES. 79 

Monthly, Vol. 24:150-68 (Zoroaster and Zend-Avesta). Framji, Hist, of the Par- 
sees. Bunsen, Egypt's Place in Hist., Vol. 3. Ragozin, Media, Babylon and 
Persia, with Study of the Zend- A vista. 

PERSIAN ART — Architecture — Its general characterist- 
ics — Material and construction (a) — Columnar aspect of Persian 
edifices — Origin of this columnar architecture — Doors and gate- 
ways (b) — Platforms, staircases and decorations (c) — Palaces 
and tombs (d). 

Perrot and Chipiez, Hist. Art in Persia, 47-51, 69-86 (a), 86-120 (b-1), 126-31 
■(b-2), 131 seq (c-1), 136-61 (c-2), 196-239 (d-2), 256-62 (d-1). Lublte, Hist. Art, Vol. 
1:68-74 (a-d). Rosengarten, Architectural Styles, 48-53. Rawlinson, Seven Mons., 
Vol. 2:381-8 (a, c, d), 388-92 (d-1), 393-402 (b, c-2), 404-8 (b, d), 408-12 (a, b). Reber, 
Hist. Art, 102-7 (a), 108-21 (d). Ferguson, Hist. Arch., Vol. 1:188 seq (a). 

SPECIMENS OF PERSIAN ARCHITECTURE— The Tomb 
of Cyrus at Pasargadge (a) — The ruins of Persepolis, the plat- 
forms and royal buildings (b) — The Hall of a Hundred Columns 
and the great Hall of Audience (c). 

Fergusson, Hist. Arch., Vol. 1:189-200 (b). Lubke, Hist. Art, Vol. 1:67-74. 
Smith, Classic. Arch., 53-61. Perrot and Chipiez, Hist. Art in Persia, 200 seq 335 
seq. (a), 268-77 (b-2), 277-97 (b-1), 297-324 (c-2), .324-32 (c-1). Clement, Hist. Arch., 
34-44. Rawlinson, Seven Mons., Vol. 2:382-93 (b), 395-402 (c), 404-5 (a). Reber, 
Hist. Anc. Art, 101-3, 109-18 (b, c), 119 seq (a). Encyclopedias. 

SCULPTURE— Materials used— Favorite subjects— Style 
and execution — General characteristics of Persian sculpture (a). 
Gem engraving — Intaglios — Persian coin (b). 

Perrot and Chipiez, Hist. Art in Persia, 376-449 (a), 487-501 (a), 449-67 (b).* 
Rawlinson, Seven Mons., 412-16 (a), 416-18 (b). Lubke, Hist. Art, Vol. 1:74-7 (a). 
Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 123-9 (a). Winckelmann, Hist. Anc. Art, Vol. 1:213-17. 

CHIEF CITIES OF ANCIENT PERSIA. 

SHUSHAN OR SUSA— Its antiquity and location— Gener- 
al description and history — The great palace — Character of its 
architecture — The seraglio of the palace (a). 

Pasargadse, venerated by the Persians for its associations — 
Its ruins — Tomb of Cyrus and other historical memorials (b). 

Persepolis, second capital of the Persian kingdom — Beauty 
and grandeur of its palaces — Its great staircases — Pillared Hall 
— The rock-tomb of Darius (c). 

Lower Ecbatana, the ancient capital of Media — Northern 
Ecbatana, said to have been founded by Solomon — Its seven 
walls^The royal palace, treasury and Fire temple (d). 



80 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

Fergasson, Hist. Arch., Vol. 1:189-200 (c), 200-1 (a), 156-8, 201-3 (b). Raw- 
linson. Seven Mons., Vol. 2:270-402, 405 (b), 270, 381-402 (c). Vol. 1:105, Vol. 2:344, 
404 (a), 9-14, 462 (d). Smith, Wonderful Cities, Part II, 189 (c), 198-202 (d). Rich, 
Babylon and Persepolis. Kitto, Journal Sacred Lit., Vol. 18:138 seq (c). Herodo- 
tus, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:184 8 (d). Encyclopedias. Meyers, Remains of Lost Em- 
pires, 319-40 (c). Grote, Hist. Greece (1888), Vol. 10:115-18, 177, 179 (a, c). Babelon, 
Manual Oriental Antiqs., 150 seq (d). Smith, Anc. Hist, of the East (Student's 
ed.), 451-3 (d). Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 1049 (a), 555 (b), 
578 (c), 798-802 (d). Buckley, Great Cities Anc. World, 63-83. Duncker, Hist. An- 
tiquity, Vol. 5:308-16 (d). 




SECTION XI. 

SIXTH CENTURY B. C. CHRONOLOGY. 
MAP ILLUSTRATIONS. 

597. Jehoiachim, king three months. • Accession of Zedekiah, 
last king of Judah. 

595. First Sacred War. Psammetichus II. begins to reign in 
Egypt. 

594. Legislation of Solon (about). Ezekiel called. 

593. Accession of Astyages (Media). 

590. Pharaoh Hophra (Apries) begins his reign. 

586. Destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar and end of 
the kingdom of Judah. Babylonian captivity. 

585. Fall of Tyre after a siege of thirteen years by Nebuchad- 
nezzar. 

578. Servius Tullius, king of Rome. 

570. Amasis, king of Egypt. Apries dethroned 

568. Conquest of Egypt by Nebuchadnezzar. 

561. Evil Merodach succeeds Nebuchadnezzar. 

560. Pisistratus becomes tyrant of Athens. 

559. Fall of the Median kingdom and establishment of the 
Persian empire by Cyrus. 

555. Accession of Nabonidus, king of Babylon. 

546. Conquest of Lydia and capture of king Kroesus by Cyrus, 
king of Persia. 

538. Fall of Babylon and destruction of the Babylonian mon- 
archy. 

536. Full establishment of the Persian empire, embracing 
Assyria, Media and Persia proper. Edict of Cyrus en- 
abling the Jews to return to Jerusalem. 

529. Kambyses, king of Persia, successor to Cyrus the Great. 

81 



82 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

527. Hippias and Hipparchus, rulers of Athens, jointly succeed 

their father, Pisistratus. 
o25. Conquest of Egypt by Kambyses. 
524. Tarquinius Superbus, last king of Rome. 
521. Darius I. (Hystaspes) ascends the Persian throne after the 

assassination of Smerdis the Magian. 
520. Decree of Darius for rebuilding the Temple at Jerusalem. 
519. Kleomenes, king of Sparta. 
516. Dedication of the second Temple. 
510. The Pisistratidse expelled and democracy established at 

Athens. 
509 or 510. Expulsion of the Tarquins and establishment of 

the Republic. Institution of the consulship. Junius 

Brutus and Tarquinius Collatinus, first consuls. First 

laws of Valerius, who succeeded Collatinus as consul. 
501. Revolt of the Ionian cities from Persia. (Grote, 502; 

Hertzberg, 500). 

LANDMARKS FOR THE EYE. 

First. Overthrow of the kingdom of Judah, destruction of Jerusalem and 
captivity of the Jews. Connect with its rise tenth century and with the fall of 
Samaria, eighth century. Compare its length of duration with other Oriental 
nations. 

Second. Legislation of Solon. 

Third. Conquest of Media by Cyrus and rise of Persia. Connect with rise 
of the Median monarchy, seventh century. 

Fourth. Fall of Babylon. Connect it with its rise and the zenith of its 
power under Nebuchadnezzar. 

Fifth. Full establishment of the Persian empire under Cyrus. Compare 
its power with strength of kingdom at the close of the fifth century. 

Sixth. Persian conquest of Egypt. 

Seventh. Return of the Jews and rebuilding the Temple at Jerusalem. 

Eighth. Overthrow of the Pisistratidse at Athens and the Tarquins at 
Rome. 

Ninth. The Ionian revolt. 

CONTEMPORARY EVENTS OF HISTORY. 

597 or 598. Nebuchadnezzar takes Jerusalem and carries away the principal in- 
habitants. 

590. Flourishing of the Seven Wise Men of Greece— Solon, Periander, Pittacus, 
Chilon, Thales, Kleobulus and Bias. 

588. The Pythian games began to be celebrated every five years. 



SIXTH CENTURY, HEBREW HISTORY. 83 

587. The golden image of Nebuchadnezzar set up. 

582. Isthmean games in honor of Poseidon introduced. 

578. Money coined at Rome by Servius Tullius. 

573. Nemean games instituted in honor of Zeus. 

568. Depsenus and Scyllis open a school of statuary at Athens. 

566 or 565. First census of Rome taken, 84,700 inhabitants. 

562. Dials invented by Animaxander, of Miletus. 

560. ^sop's Fables. 

540-510. Era of Pythagoras. 

539 or 600. Marseilles founded by the Phoenicians. 

538. Daniel interprets the handwriting on the wall. Belshazzar, king of 

Babylon, slain. 
536. Return of the Jews to Jerusalem under Zerubbabel. The seventy years of 

the captivity had now expired, dating from 606 B. C, when Daniel and 

many others were carried captive to Babylon. 
535. Thespis performs the first tragedy. 
532. Polycrates, tyrant of Samos, put to death, B. C. 522. 
527. First public library founded at Athens. 
525. The temple of Isis (Egypt) completed. 
521. Haggai and Zechariah prophecy. 
520. Sibylline books brought from Cumae. 
509. Commercial treaty between Carthage and Rome. 
508. First treaty between Rome and Carthage. 
501. Aristagoras, Hecateus, Artaphernes, Megabyzus and Hippias prominent in 

the Persian movement against Greece. 

TOPICS FOR THE VITH CENTURY. 

HEBREW HISTORY. 

597 B. C. ACCESSION OF JEHOIACHIM II.— His rei^n— 
Reappearance of Jeremiah — Siege of Jerusalem by Nebuchad- 
nezzar — Jehoiachim surrenders himself to save his people — Fate 
of the king — Second deportation of Jews to Babylon (a). 

Zedekiah, the twentieth and last king of Judah — Ac- 
cession and first years of his reign — His visit to Babylon, cause 
and result — Growing discontent of the nations under Assyrian 
rule — Teachings of false prophets and Egyptian influence upon 
Zedekiah — His revolt from Nebuchadnezzar (b). 

Investment, siege and fall of Jerusalem — Fate of king Zede- 
.kiah and his sons — Death of Gedeliah — Flight of Jeremiah with 
the daughters of Zedekiah to Egypt— Extinction of the Jewish 
state (c)— The Jewish colony in Egypt— Disappearance of Jere- 
miah and Zedekiah's daughters (d). 

Geikie, Hours with the Bible (Manasseh to Zedekiah), 192-201 (a), 201--5, 
211 (Ezekiel to Malachi), 9-20 (b), 31-74, 100-11 (c), 111-21 (d). Milman, Hist. Jews, 
Vol. 1:444-9 (a). Smith, Hist. Bible, 445 seq (a), 447-56 (b, c, d). Edward, Pha- 

7 



84 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

raohs, Fellahs and Explorers 58-64, 67 (Daphnae). Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, 
Vol. 2:461 seq. (a), 464-81 (b, c, d). Ewald, Hist. Israel, Vol. 4:262 seq. (a), 264-71 (b) 
271-6, 286 (c, d). McClintock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 2:109, Vol. 10:1078 seq. 
Bible, H. Kings, Chaps. 24:25:. II. Chron., 36; Jeremiah, 39:41: 43: 52; Daniel, 1. 

THE BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY— Its duration— Condi- 
tion and life of the exiles during their captivity— Effect of the 
captivity upon their moral and religious character — Literary 
growth of the period — Last da^'S of the captivity; edict of Cyrus 
and restoration of the Jews — Their return under Zerubbabel, 
beginning a new era in Jewish history. 

The new^ colony on the Jordan — Adoption of the name 
Jew or Judean in place of Israel — Building and dedication 
of the second Temple- — Opposition of the Samaritans and cause 
thereof — Decree of Darius for the completion of the Temple — 
New importance of Jerusalem from this period — Form of gov- 
ernment after their return and national development. 

Geikie, Hours with the Bible (Manasseh to Zedekiah), 122-35, 151-64, 210- 
18, 229-30 (Ezekiel to Malachi), 237-51. Ewald, Hist. Israel, Vol. 5:1-74, 78-88, 97, 
116, 165-74. Smith, Hist. World, Vol. 1:186-7. Hengstenberg, Hist. Kingdom of 
God, under the Old Testament, Vol. 2:252-92, 308-38. Kitto, Hist. Palestine, 638- 
46. Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 2:482 seq. Vol. 3:14-45, 70-98. Duncker, 
Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 3:394-7. Montefiore, Hibbert Lectures (1892), Lect. V. (Re- 
ligion during exile), 286-354 (Restoration of Jews). Bible, Boo'k of Ezra, 1:2:3:- 
4:5:6. Barrows, Sacred Geog. and Antiqs., 492-7. 

EZEKIEL, PROPHET OF THE CAPTIVITY— His method 
of teaching — The change from public preaching to sacred writing 
that came in with the altered condition of the people (a) — The 
character of his teachings compared with his predecessors (b) — 
Character and education of Ezekiel as shown in his writings (c). 

Discontent among the exiles, caused by the expectation of 
the fall of Babylon and their return to Jerusalem as foretold by 
the prophets (d) — Ezekiel's position among the exiles — His won- 
derful visions, their teaching and effect upon him and the peo- 
ple (e). 

His writings judged from a literary and religious stand- 
point (f). 

Geikie, Hours with the Bible (Manasseh to Zedekiah), 217-19 (a, b, c), 219- 
25 (d, e), 225-9 (a-e), 231-41 (e), (Ezekiel to Malachi), 168-71 (b). Cowles, Ezekiel 
and Daniel, with notes, McClintock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 3:429-33. Palfrey, 
Lects. Jewish Scriptures, Vol. 3:396-464 (f). Montefiore^ Hibbert Lectures (1892), 
222-62. Oliphant, Jerusalem the Holy City, 327-53. Stanley, Hist. Jewish 
Church, Vol. 2:482-9 (a, b), 491-3 (e). Ewald, Hist. Israel, Vol. 4:196 (notes), 229, 



SIXTH CENTURY, LVD I A. 85 

245, 248, 255 seq 263-9, 278-81, Vol. 5:12-15 (a-f). Gilfillan, Bards of the Bible, 
159-66. Book of Ezekiel. Unitarian Review, Vol. 26:206-19. Christian Observer, 
Vol. 45:721, 783 (e). 

BABYLON, EGYPT AND LYDIA. 

FALL OF TYKE, after a siege of thirteen years. See 
Nebuchadnezzar. Evil Merodach; condition of Jews under his 
reign (a). 

NABONIDUS, his reign; siege and capture of Babylon by 
Cyrus (b) — Prophecies relating to the siege and fall of Babylon 
(c) — Description of the event and cause of its downfall (d) — Feast 
of Belshazzar (e). 

Geikie, Hours with the Bible (Ezekiel to Malachi), 164-5 (a), 211-12, 219-25. 
Enc. Brit., Vol. 3:187 (a), Vol. 6:753 (e). Rawlinson, Seven Mons., Vol. 2:249-51 
(a), 251-9 (b, d, e). Sayce, Fresh Light from Anc. Mons., 134-8. Blackwood's 
Magazine, Vol. 12:25 seq (e). Monthly Review, Vol. 99:126 seq. Herodotus, Anc. 
Hist., Vol. 1:417-26. Budge, Babylonian Life, 76-89 (b). McClintock, Cyc. Bib. 
Eccl. Lit., Vol. 1:605, 740. Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:370 seq 425^37 (a, b, c). 
Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 3:42-63 (b, d). Bible, Book of Daniel: Isaiah, 
13:14:21; Ezekiel, 26:28; Jeremiah, 50. Duncker, Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 3:392 seq. 
Smith, Hist. World, Vol. 1:235-9 (b, c, e). 

PSAMMIS or Psammetichus II., king of Egypt— Apries 
or Pharaoh Hophra — Accession of Amasis — The prosperity of 
liis reign — Adornment of Sais — Reduction of Cyprus — Rela- 
tions with Polycrates and Cra\sus — Psammetichus III. — Battle 
of Pelusium and destruction of the Egyptian monarchy by Kam- 
byses — Egypt under Persian rule, 

Roilin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:179-85. Rawlinson, 'Seven Mons., Vol. 2:448-50. 
Grote, Hist. Greece (1853), Vol. 3:333-8. Wilkinson, Anc. Egyptians, Vol. 2:228. 
Kenrick, Anc. Egypt, Vol. 2:344-427. Smith, Anc. Hist, of the East, 173-80. 
Brugsch, Egypt under the Pharaohs, Vol. 2:323 seq. Rawlinson, Story Anc. Egypt, 
360-80. Herodotus, Euterpe II., Bk. of 157-74. Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:21 seq. 
Duncker, Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 3:398-418. Herodotus, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:208-18, 
221-33, 322-6, 331-44, 364-7. Sharpe, Hist. Egypt, Vol. 1:157-80. 

LYDIA — Extent, power and splendor of the kingdom at the 
middle of the sixth century B. C. — Kroesus, king of Lydia — His 
accession and policy — His character and reputed wealth — So- 
lon's visit to his court — Kroesus' munificent offerings to the 
gods. 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:130-4. Abbott, History of Cyrus. Duruy, Hist 
Greece, Vol. 2:242-65. Herodotus, Anc. Classics for Eng. Reader's (Swayne, tr.) 
"Croesus." Duncker, Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 6:1-46. RoUin, Anc. Hist., VoL 

1:328-8. 



86 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

PERSIA. 

CYRUS THE GREAT— Early life, education and charac- 
ter — Relations with Astyages, king of Media — Conquest of Me- 
dia by Cyrus — Position of Egypt, Lydia and Babylon and the re- 
lations between them in regard to Persia — War between Cyrus 
and Kroesus — Fall of Sardis, the Lydian capital, and overthrow 
of the kingdom — Effect of the fall of Sardis upon the Greeks — 
Subsequent relations of Cyrus and Kroesus (a). 

Conquest of Asia Minor — Fall of Babylon — Full establish- 
ment of the Persian empire— Its extent and power (b). 

Cyrus' relations with the Jews — Queen Tomyris — Death of 
Cyrus — Effect of the conquests of Cyrus upon the Persians — 
Causes of deterioration and weakness tending to decay in the 
Median and Babylonian kingdoms (c). 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:135-42 (a), 143-53 (b-1). Kingsley, Historical 
Lects. and Essays, Series II, 265-86. Abbott, Hist. Cyrus. Sayce, Fresh Light 
from Anc. Mons., 138-52. Geikie, Hours with the Bible (Ezekiel to Malachi), 
217-28 (b, c-1). Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:265-71 (b), Grote, Hist. Greece (1853 
ed.). Vol. 4:183-218. Heeren, Asiatic Nations, Vol. 1:207-75 (b). Herodotus, 
"Cyrus," Anc. Classic Series (Swayne, tr.) Smith, Hist. World, Vol. 1:268-73 (a), 
273-9 (b), 279-83 (c). Rawlinsou, Seven Mons., Vol. 2:107-17, 251-67, 432-40, 443. 
Duncker, Hist. Antiquity, Vol. 5:334-93 (a, b), Vol. 6:47-99, 100-30 (a, b, c). Rol- 
lin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:387-457. Contemporary Review, Vol. 37:86. Herodotus, 
Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:132-47, 157-78, 182, 192, 225-43, 252-55, 238-72, 299-303, '330-6. 
Xenophon, Cyropsedia (Watson and Dale, trs.). Bible, II. Chron., 36:22-3; Ezra, 
1 (c-1); Isaiah, 44:28, 45:1-6. 

ACCESSION OF KAMBYSES— Preparation and invasion 
of Egypt — Battle of Pelusium and destruction of the Egyptian 
monarchy — War with the Ethiopians — Character of Kambyses 
— His last years, death and succession of Smerdis the Magian — 
Overthrow and death of Smerdis (a). 

Darius Histaspes — Character — Accession — Reforms and 
provincial policy of Darius — Demokedes' relations with Dar- 
ius — Revolt and reduction of Babylon — Conquest of Asia Minor; 
Scythian expedition — Conquest of Thrace — Conquest of India (b). 

Constitution, extent and prosperity of the empire at this 
period — Splendor of the Persian court — Palaces, roads and coin- 
age — Darius as a ruler and the character of his reign (c). 

The Ionian Revolt — Causes leading to the revolt — 
Aristagoras, tyrant of Miletus — Refusal of Sparta to assist 
the lonians — Aid given by Athens and Eretria — Burning of Sar- 



SIXTH CENTURY,. GRECIAN HISTORY. 87 

dis— Battle of Lade— Fall of Miletus— Fate of Ionia— Ar- 
taphernes governor of Sardis — Histiiieiis — His position at the 
Persian court (d). 

The Behistun Rock — Its inscriptions— The significance of 
this monument in the history of Asia and Europe (e). 

Rollin, Anc. Hist, Vol. 1:457-69 (a). Vol. 2:1-34 (b), 34-40 (d), 57-8 (c). Cur- 
tius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:155-74 (a), 175-214 (b, d). Grote, Hist. Greece (1888), 
Vol. 3:434-8 (a), 437-91 (b), 492-521 (d). (1853 ed.), Vol. 4:219-24 (a), 225-52, 261-80 
(b), 280-310 (d). Diiruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:395-404. Herodotus, Anc. Hist., Vol. 
2:531-64, 378-92 (a), 393-405, 419-43, 453-8 (b), 490-514 (e), Vol. 3:1, 30-1, 34, 62-96 
(b), 191-201, 206-14, 249-66, 341-51 (d). Timayenis, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:127-31 (b), 
131-8 (d). Smith, Anc. Hist, of the East, 552-66 (a), 566-80 (b-e). Rawlinson, 
Seven Mons., Vol. 2:447-58 (a), 458-80 (b, c), 480-4 (d). Duncker, Hist. Antiquity, 
Vol. 6:131-200 (a), 201-314 (b), 315-97 (b, c). Cox, Greeks and Persians, 61-5 (a), 
67 seq (b), 99-112 (d). Cox, Hist. Greece, 118-23 (a), 123-45 (b, d). Abbott, His- 
tory of Darius. Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:39-47, 51-9. Kenrick, Anc. Egypt, 
Vol. 2:373-97 (a). Smith, Hist. World, Vol. 1:283-90 (a), 290-4 (b), 294-8 (c, d). 

GREECE. 

FIRST SACRED WAR— Cause of the war— Athens and 
Sikj-on unite in defense of Delphi— Fall of Krissa and Kirrha, 
B. C. 582 (a). 

SOLON, the founder of the Athenian democracv — His life 
and character — Solon as a legislator — Financial and social con- 
dition of Athens at the beginning of his career — Nature and 
character of his constitution — Its effect upon the prosperity of 
Athens — Publication of his laws — Solon's travels and literary 
ability (b). 

Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:316 (a), 530-82 (b). Grote, Hist. Greece, (1853), 
Vol. 3:88-159 (b), (1888), Vol. 3:285-9 (a), Vol. 2:464, 468-84, 492-4, 500-19 (b). Rol- 
lin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:548-58 (b). Lord, Beacon Lights Hist., Pagan Civilization, 
:255-9. Timayenis, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:46-8 (a), 89-97 (e). Mann, Anc. and Med. 
Republics, 49-69 (b). Cox, Hist. Greece, 75-82 (b). Herodotus, Anc. Hist, Vol. 
3:321-38 (b). Curtius, Hist Greece, Vol. 1:281 (a), 339-68 (b). Plutarch's Lives 
(Clough), Vol. 1. Gillies, Anc. Greece, 52 seq (a), 1^7 seq (b). Mitford, Hist. 
Greece, Vol. 1:328-50, 356-9. Mure, Language and Lit Anc. Greece, Vol. 3:343-7 
(b). Heeren, Manual Anc. Hist., Ill seq. 

HISTORY OF THE RISE OF GREEK TYRANTS— Char- 
acter of their rule — Contrast between them and the early 
kings (a). 

PISISTRATUS, his usurpation and reign — His influence 
upon and cultivation of literature and art — His works 
of utility, aqueducts, roads, public buildings and temples (b) — 



88 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

Expulsion and restoration of Pisistratus (c) — Growth of Atlien- 
ian democracy (d). 

Cox, Hist. Greece, 39-46, 82-4 (a-d). Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:267-8, 
372-93 (b), 420-2 (c). Abbott, Pericles, 6-10 (b, c). Cox, Greeks and Persians, 
84-6 (b-d). Herodotus, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:149-53. Timayenis, Hist. Greece, Vol. 
1:98-102. Herodotus, Tyrants of Anc. Greece (Anc. Classics in Eng., Swayne, tr.). 
Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:228, 358-70 (a, b, c). Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman 
Biog., Vol. 3:169-74. Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:1-17 (a-d). Grote, Hist. Greece 
(1888), Vol. 2:381-404 (a), Vol. 3:324-32 (b, c). Vol. 4:102-11 (1853 ed.). Vol. 3:1- 
32 (a). 

HIPPIAS AND IIIPPARCHUS— Their accession— Death 
of Hipparchus and expulsion of Hipi^ias — Harmodius and Aris- 
tigeiton — ITippias' intrigues with the Persians against Athens — 
Condition of Athens during the reign of the Pisistratedse (a). 

Kleisthenes, his power and influence — His political revo- 
lution and establishment of the Athenian democracy — The 
constitution of Kleisthenes — Effect of the Kleisthenian revolu- 
tion (b). 

Interference of Sparta under Kleomones — Failure of the 
Spartan scheme to restore the tyranny — Condition and charac- 
ter of the Athenian state at the close of the sixth century — Fall 
of Kleisthenes — His last years and death (c). 

Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:559-63 (a). Cox, Hist. Greece, 84-8 (a), 87-96 (b, 
c). Abbott, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:296-8, 366-77. Abbott, Pericles, 1-16 (a, b). Enc. 
Brit., Vol. 11:97-8 (a). Vol. 5:824 (c). Cox, Greeks and Persians, 86-104, 117-18 
(a, b, c). Grote, Hist. Greece (1888), Vol. 2:408-13, Vol. 3:346-8 (b), 332-43 (a), 381- 
98 (c), 228 (1853 ed.). Vol. 4:26 (a), 126-81. Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:279-88, 
379, 388, 391, 395-6, Vol. 2:224, 253. Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:370-9 (a). Vol. 
2:47 seq 69-71 (a, c). Botsford, Athenian Constitution, 193-211 (b). Duruy, Hist. 
Greece, Vol. 2:17-36, 41 (b), 36-44 (c). Herodotus, Vol. 3:218-34 (b, c), 368, 375-90 
j(c). Timayenis, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:102-10 (a, b, c). 

ROMAN HISTORY. 

SEKVIUS TULLIUS— The character of his reign; TUL- 
LIA, his daughter, -and death of Servius — The conquest of Etru- 
ria; legislative reforms of Tullius (a). 

Tarquin Tlie Proud, his accession — Character — His pub- 
lic buildings and other works — The power of Rome at this 
epoch (b). 

Ridpath, Hist. World, Vol. 2:110-12 (a), 112-18 (b). Enc. Brit., Vol. 20: 
676, 735 (a, b). Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 1:161-80, 250-4 (a, b). Leighton, 
Hist. Rome, 22-4, 45-7. Heeren, Manual Anc. Hist., 261-2 (a, b). Church, Stories 
from Livy, 61-90 (a). Gilman, Rome, 47-57 (a, b), 58-60 (b). Smith, Diet. Greek 



SIXTH CENTURY, GREEK LITERATURE. 89 

and Roman Biog., Vol. 3:1184-90 (a, b), 977 (b). Duruy, Hist. Rome (1883), Vol. 
1:35-40 (a, b), 40-58, 117-28, 128-34 (b). Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:61-70 (a), 71-80, 
85 seq (b). 

EXPULSION OF THE TARQUINS AND ESTABLISH- 
MENT OF THE REPUBLIC— Election of consuls— The symbol 
and term of the office; its duties and powers (a). 

Changes in the constitution during the consulship of Junius 
Brutus and Publius Valerius, the first consuls (b) — The aristo- 
cratic character of the revolution — Powers of the senate (c). 

The legends of Horatio Codes, of Martins and Lars Porsena 
and of Castor and Pollux or the Dioscuri (d). 

Mommsen, Hist. Rome. Vol. 1:321-5 (a), 325-44 (b, c). Duruy, Hist. Rome 
(1884), Vol. 1:172-80, 272-9 (a, b, c), 53, 177, 625 (d), (1883), Vol. 1:152-9 (a, c). 
Plutarch's Lives (Clough, tr.). Vol. 1 (b). Leighton, Hist. Rome, 50-7 (c), 47-5 
(d-3). Oilman, Rome, 60-8 (a). Church, Stories from Livy, 91-107 (Lars Porsena). 
Larned, Vol. 4:2662-3. Beesly, Stories from Hist. Rome, 24 seq (d). Dennis, 
Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria, Vol. 2:345-9 (Porsena). Ridpath, Hist. World, 
Vol. 2:117-18 (d). Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Biog., Vol. 3:502, Vol. 1:309 
(d). Murray, Mythology, 227, 270, 272-3, 285 (d-3). Smith, Diet. Greek and 
Roman Antiqs., Vol. 1:352-7. Grote, Hist. Greece (1853), Vol. 1:142, 169-73 (d-3). 
Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:85-90, 92-4 (a-1, d), 127-34 (a). 

GREEK LITERATURE. 

INFLUENCE OP COUNTRY, climate, national character 
and religion upon language and literature (a). 

Reasons for poetical literature preceding that of prose — In 
poetical art reasons for the epic and lyric taking priority (b-1-2). 

Poetry as an influence in civilization — Its importance 
among the Greeks and relation to Greek life — Influence on the 
state — As an element in the education and formation of the 
character of youth (c). 

Epic poetry; definition of the term epic — Origin of epic 
poetry — Its relation to history — How preserved (d) — Originality, 
influence and artistic qualities of Greek literature (e). 

Mure, Language and Lit. Anc. Greece, Vol. l::89-92, 127-34 (a), 145-8, 168- 
72 (b), 183-7, 196 (d). Mahaffy, Hist. Greek Lit., Vol. 1 (Introduction), (b), 15 
seq (d). Schlegel, Philosophy of Hist., 237 (c). Heeren, Anc." Greece (Hist. Re- 
searches), 68-76, 208-10, 217-27 (c-d). Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:271 seq. Jebb, 
Growth and Influence of Classic Greek Poetry, 1-31 (a), 32-5 (b, d), 222-9 (c). 
Perry, Hist. Greek Lit. (Introduction), 6 seq (a, e). Muller, Hist. Lit. Anc. Greece, 
Vol. 1:40 seq (d). Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:290 (c). Jebb, Primer Greek Lit, 20 
seq (d), 6-9 (e). Felton, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:80 seq 88-90, Vol. 2:272-7 (a), Vol. 
1:79 seq (d). Clarke, Ten Great Religions, Vol. 2:278 seq. 



90 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

THE HOMERIC PEIUOD— Homer— His birthplace and 
time (a) — Character of Homer as illustrated in his works (b) — 
Literary style — Estimate of his genius ^nd influence on poster- 
ity (c) — Theories in regard to and evidence of earlier poets than 
Homer — Relation to previous poets — His place in historical lit- 
erature — Historical value of his works (d). 

Muller, Lit. Anc. Greece, 56-65 (a). Mahaffy, Hist. Greek Lit., VoL 
1:3, 8-21, 71-2 (d), 23-7, 31-3. Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:30-1, 34, 
66-7, 75-7, 126-62 (d), 206, 209-15 (a, d). Felton, Hist. Greece, Vol. 
1:90-6. Abbott, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:138-40, 144-61 (d-2). Grote, Hist. 
Greece (1853), Vol. 2:65-73, 107, 118 (d), 127-33 (a). Benjamin, Troy, 
114-28. Jebb, Growth and Influence of Classical Greek Poetry, 14-41 (d), 53-65 
(c). De Quincey, Historical Essays (1856 ed.), Vol. 1:220-331. Lang, Homer and 
the Epic. Symonds, Studies Greek Poets, Vol. 1:7-11. Mure, Language and Lit. 
Anc. Greece, Vol. 2:192-228 (a), 228-47 (b, c, d). Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman 
Biog., Vol. 2:500-12. Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:150, 267, Vol. 2:90 seq (a). 
Perry, Hist. Greek Lit., 12-17 (d), 18 seq (c). Contemporary Review, Vol. 12:481- 
99, Vol. 24:1-23, 175-200 (d). Vol. 35:108 seq. Littell's Living Age, Vol. 122:361, 
742 (d). Blackwood's Mag., Vol. 50:413-27. Gladstone, Homeric Synchronism, An 
inquiry into time and place of Homer. 

THE ILIAD — Outline and principal characters — Achilles, 
the main poetical feature of the poem— Personal appearance and 
character as delineated in the poem (a). 

Dramatic, descriptive and metrical elements of the Iliad — 
Homer's delineation of character — Characters of Agamemnon 
and Achilles compared — Homer's use of similes and allitei'a- 
tion (b). 

The position assigned to women contrasted with the women 
of historic Greece — Character of the Homeric heroines — Com- 
pare the characters of Penelope, Helen and Queen Arete (c). 

Perry, Hist. Greek Lit, 30-45, 82-95 (a). Mure, Language and Lit. Anc. 
Greece, Vol. 1:305-63 (a), 274-9 (a-2). Vol. 2:1-118 (b). Muller, Lit. Anc. Greece, 
Vol. 1:65 seq (a). North Amer. Review, Vol. 91:301-26 (c). Jebb, Growth and 
Influence of Class. Greek Poetry, 35-8, 42-8 (a, b), 61-3 (b-2), 72-7 (c). Leaf, A 
Companion to the Iliad. Blackwood's Mag., Vol. 50:618. Westminster Reviev,-, 
Vol. 46:327 (a). Cont. Review, Vol, 39:630 (c). Tennyson, Poems, "Dream 
of Fair Women" and "CEnone," Mahaffy, Greek Lit. (similes), Vol. 1:71 
seq 78. "Social Life of the Greeks," 30, 32-4, 52-6, 142-9 (c). Felton, 
Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:98-102 (b-1), 96 seq (a). Grote, Hist. Greece (1853), Vol. 1:153- 
6, 161-3, 188-90, 284-307 (a). Macmillan's Mag., Vol. 24:344 (a-2). Yaggy, Mu- 
seum of Antiquities, 704-34 (a). Homer, The Iliad. Fortnightly Review, Vol. 
33:190-207. Symond's Studies Greek Poets, Vol. 1:76-107 (a, b), 108-43 (c). 
Wordsworth, Laodamia. 

THE ODYSSEY; plan of, and characters in the poem con- 



SIXTH CENTURY, GREEK LITERATURE. 91 

trasted with those of the Iliad (a)— Story of the principal char- 
acters of the Odyssey — Character, age and personal appearance 
of Ulysses— Meaning of the name— Descriptions of social life in 
the Odyssey— Popularity of the Iliad compared with the Odys- 
sey (b). 

Mure, Language and Lit. Anc. Greece, Vol. 1:328, 375, 388-91 (a), 392-6, 414- 
37 (b). Perry, Hist. Greelt Lit., 82-117 seq. (a, b). Fraser, Mag., Vol. 88:575. 
Yaggy, Museum of Antiqs., 734-51 (b). Harrison, Story of Greece, 69-82 (b). 
Jebb, Growth and Influence of Classical Greek Foetry, 48-53, 64-77 (a). Mahaffy, 
Hist. Greek Lit., Vol. 1:65, 79 seq. 82-3. Jebb, Primer Greek Lit., 23-5 (a, b).' 
Felton, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:106-20 (a, b). Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:263-8. 
Fortnightly Review, Vol. 15:747-70. Montgomery, Tales of Anc. Troy, Adven- 
tures of Ulysses. 

THE HOMERIC QUESTION— The questions under discus- 
sion in regard to the origin of the Iliad and the Odyssey simply 
stated are — First: The two poems are the work of one author. 
Second: Each poem is the production of a single, but not the 
same author. Third: The works are a compilation of independ- 
ent poems on the Trojan war, written by various poets. Fourth: 
That the poems have been amplified by incorporating other writ- 
ing with the original work — Plistory of the Homeric controversy 
and difference of opinion in regard to the unity of the Iliad and 
Odyssey (a). 

Origin, character and historical data of the poems — Inter- 
nal evidence in the poems bearing on the question — Preserva- 
tion of the poems — Bards and rhapsodists (b). 

Concordance of the text and unity of action in the poems (c) 
— Compilation of the poems by Pisistratus — The Alexandrian 
edition and division of the poems into books (d). 

Gladstone, Homer and the Homeric Age. Geddes, The Problem of the 
Homeric Poems. Perry, Hist. Greek Lit., 17-29 (d). Mure, Language and Lit. 
Anc. Greece, Vol. 1:203-40 (b), 188-219 (d), 241-304 (Iliad) (c), 364- 
403 (Odyssey), (c). Vol. 2:119-91 (a). Felton, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:82-8 
(a). Fortnightly Review, Vol. 23:575-89, Vol. 9:419-36. Mahaffy, Hist. Greek 
Lit., Vol. 1:22, 27-31, 33 seq. 140 seq. (d), 46-84 (a, b, c). Appendix, 519-21. 
Gardner, New Ohaps. in Greek Hist., Vol. 1:118-52. Muller, Hist. Lit. Anc. 
Greeks, Vol. 1:65-85, Vol. 2:477 seq. (d). Grote, Hist. Greece (1853), Vol. 2:133-5 
(b), 135-209 (a, b, d). Jebb, Introduction to Iliad and Odyssey. Contemporary 
Review, Vol. 12:50-78, 481-99, Vol. 34:442, Vol. 26:234-68, Vol. 38:281-9, 518 seq. 
Edinburgh Review, Vol. 133:358 (b). Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:393 seq. (d). 
Blackwood's Mag., Vol. 50:747-59. Benjamin, Troy, 128-59. 

THE HOMERIC HYMNS— Their claims to emanate from 
Homer (a). 



92 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

Epic Cycle and C^yclic Poets — Origin and definition of the 
term c^'Clic poets — Its application to the Homeric poets (b). 

Muller, Hist. Lit. Anc. Greece, Vol. 1:86 seq. (b), 97-103 (a). Mahaffy, Hist. 
Greeli Lit., Vol. 1:85 seq. (b), 66, 129-43 (a). Jebb, Primer Greek Lit., 37 seq. (b), 
46-8 (a). Mure, Language and Lit. Anc. Greece, Vol. 2:315-21 (a), 248-60 (b). 
Grote, Hist. Greece (1853), Vol. 1:34-6, 39, 45 (a), Vol. 2:122-7 (b), (1888), Vol. 
1:31, 35 seq. 41, 55 (a), 59-63 (b). Enc. Brit., Vol. 11:137-8. Felton, Hist. Greece, 
Vol. 1:126-32. Perry, Greek Lit. (1890), 123-35. 

IIESIOD — Date, character and style of his writings (a) — 
"Works and Days" — Its composition — Originality of style and 
sentiment (b). 

"The Theogony" — Its literiiry merit (c) — Style of Hesiod 
compared with Homer — Contrast between the Hesiodic and Ho- 
meric poems in the portrayal of life (d). 

Grote, Hist. Greece (1853), Vol. 1:11 seq. 64-73, Vol. 2:119-121 (c), 28 (a), 
(1888), Vol. 1:11-12, 19-72 (c). Abbott, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:322-32 (a-d). Curtius, 
Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:60, 95-7 (a). Jebb, Primer, Greek Lit., 26-9, 40 seq. (d). Jebb, 
Growth and Influence of Classical Greek Poetry, 79-88 (b), 88-90 (c), 91-3 (d-1). 
Fortnightly Review, Vol. 23:648-63. Davies, Hesiod and Theognis (tr.). Banks, 
Hesiod (tr.). Symonds, Studies Greek Poets, Vol. 1:145-67. Mahaffy, Hist. Greek 
Lit., Vol. 1:96-114 (a, b, c), "Social Life in Greece," 65-74 (d). Perry, Hist. Greek 
Lit., 140-9 (a, b,-c), 137-40 (d). Mure, Language and Lit. Anc. Greece, Vol. 2:378- 
82 (a), 383-404 (b), 404-22 (c). Muller, Hist. Lit. Anc. Greece, Vol. 1:104-10 (a), 
110-16 (b), 116-27 (c), 105 seq. (d). 

THE DECLINE OF EPIC, rise and cultivation of LYRIC 
POETRY — rConditions of society the primarj^ cause of the change 
in the form of poetry — Relations of lyric poetry to music (a). 

Alka?us — His life and political character — Their effect upon 
and connection with his writings (b). 

Sappho — Life, moral character and genius — Iler place in 
poetic literature — Extracts from her writings (c). 

Mure, Language and Lit. Anc. Greece, Vol. 3:1-62, Vol. 4:3 seq. (a), Vol. 
3:256 seq. (b), 272 seq. (c). Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:97-100 (a, b. c). Grote, 
Hist. Greece (1888), Vol. 1:61-72, Vol. 3:298-309 (a), 25 seq. (c), Vol. 4:73-94 (a, b, 
c). Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:567-9 (b, z). Westminster Review, Vol. 42:54. Nie- 
buhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:395-7. Jebb, Growth and Influence of Classical Poetry, 
94-5 (a-2), 109-13 (a, b, c). Sj^monds, Studies Greek Poets, Vol. 1:15 seq. 18 seq. 
(a), 292-4 (c), 294-300 (b). Perry, Hist. Greek Lit., 150-8 (a), 174 seq. (b, c). Mul- 
ler, Hist. Lit. Anc. Greece, Vol. 1:140, 197-217, 253 (a), 221-38 (b, c). Felton, Hist. 
Greece, 138 seq. (a), 167-80 (b, c). Mahaffy, Hist. Greek Lit. Vol. 1 (Introduc- 
tion), 179-84. Mahaffy, Greek Life, 77 seq. (a). Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 28:83-93 
(c). Wharton, Sappho Memoir Text; Selections. 

RISE OF ELEGIAC POETRY— Its origin— Tyrta-us first 
noted elegiac poet — His relations with the Spartans— Position of 



SIXTH CENTURY, GREEK ART. 93 

Tyrtreus in the Messenian War — His literary genius and poetical 
works (a) — Rise of prose literature — Its origin and early his- 
tory (b). 

Hekatffius of Miletus, geographer, first Greek prose writer 
of celebrity — Relation of geography to history (c). 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:239-40, Vol. 2:99 (a), Vol. 5:193 seq. (b). Mure, 
Language and Lit., Anc. Greece, Vol. 3:184 seq. (a), Vol. 4:48-130 (b), 68 seq. (c). 
Perry, Hist. Greek Lit., 165-8 (a). Muller, Hist. Lit. Anc. Greece, Vol. 1:148 seq. 
(a), 342-8 (b, c). Mahaffy, Greek Lit., Vol. 1:155-6, 162 (a). Vol. 2 (Introduc- 
tion), 1-8, 10-15 (b). Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:488-92 (a). Heeren, Anc. Greece, 
210-11 (c). Jebb, Growth and Influence of Classical Greek Poetry, 95-103 (a). 
Grote, Hist. Greece (1888), Vol. 2:344 seq. (a). Vol. 4:97 seq. 

THE SEVEN WISE MEN OF GREECE— Their influence 
upon the thought of the age— Their relation to philosophy and 
jjrose literature (a). 

Rise of Greek Philosophy — Its relation to the state — In- 
fluence as an element in civilization — Thales, called the father of 
Ionic i^hilosophy — Egyptian influence upon his philosophy — 
Character of his mind and influence of his thought. (He left no 
writings). — Astronomical and geometrical labors of Thales (b). 

Anaximander — His principles in regard to the origin of all 
things (c). 

Pythagoras — His character and influence — Originality of 
his mind — The principle of number, order and harmony in his 
system of philosophy — His works in Geometry — The followers of 
Pythagoras (d). 

Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:211-19 (a, b), 225-33 (d). Curtius, Hist. Greece, 
Vol. 2:58-60, 64, 107, 167, 466 (c). Ranke, Universal Hist. (Greece), Chap. 8. Enc. 
Brit., Vol. 23:217, Vol. 2:2, Vol. 20:137. Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Biog., 
Vol. 3:1016 (a), 616 (c). Vol. 1:165 (b). Heeren, Anc. Greece (Historical Re- 
searches), 193 seq. (a, d). Grote, Hist. Greece (1888), Vol. 3:316-20, Vol. 4:380-7, 
390-9 (1853), Vol. 1:367-70. Clarke, Ten Great Religions, Vol. 2:135, 144, 172, 337. 
Zeller, Pre-Socratic Philosophy. Draper, Intellectual Development Europe, Vol. 
1. Zeller, Outline Hist. Greek Philosophy. McCIintock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 
8:826-30 (c). Lord, Beacon Lights Hist., Pagan Civilization, 183 seq. 447-8 (a), 194- 
7, 448, 450 (b, c). Muller, Hist. Lit. Anc. Greece, Vol. 1:319 seq. 338-41. Perry, 
Hist. Greek Lit., 316-22 (a, b), 338 seq. (e, c). North Amer. Review, Vol. 18:235. 
Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:569-76, Vol. 2:180-1 (d). Vol. 3:290. Cox, Hist. Greece, 
51-6 (b, d). Westminister Review (New Series), Vol. 57:17-51, Vol. 21:445-61. 

ART OF ANCIENT GREECE. 

PREHISTORIC PERIOD— The Cyclopian or Pelasgic 
architecture; its general characteristics — Walls — Materials used ; 



94 HISTORY LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

its durability — Manner of construction — Walls of Tiryns and 
Mykenai — Gates, construction and usual form (a). 

Gates of Tiryns — The Lion Gate at Mykenre — The treas- 
uries or dome-shaped buildings of Tiryns and Mykense — The 
treasury or tomb of Atreus (b). 

Guhl, Lives of the Greeks and Romans, 59-64 (a), 76 seq. (b). Fergusson, 
Hist. Arch., Vol. 1:234-40. Murray, Handbook of Greek Archseol., 446-9 (a, b). 
Lubke, Hist. Art, Vol. 1:124-9. Reber, Hist. Anc. Art. 179-85 (b), 187-93 (a). 
Perrot and Cbipiez, Hist. Art Primitive Greece. Schliemann, Mycenae. Smith 
and Slater, Classic. Arch., 85 seq. Quarterly Review (Amer. ed.), Vol. 150:246-50. 
Rosengarten, Architectural Style, 57-60. Edwards, Pharaohs, Fellahs and Ex- 
plorers, 167. 

GREEK SCULPTURE, 

PEEHISTORIC PERIOD— Characteristics of the country, 
climate, customs, mental and physical qualities as elements fa- 
vorable to the originality and early development of Greek art — 
The plastic character of the Greek mind — Sculpture, its natural 
expression — Relation of Greek sculpture to nature — Oriental in- 
fluence upon early Grecian art — Color in Greek sculpture (a). 

Sculpture in wood— Daedalus and his works — His identity 
as a real or mythical personage (b). 

Sculpture in stone and metal — The Lion Gate at Mykense 
— The Niobe of Mount Sipylus (c) — The shield of Achilles as de- 
scribed by Homer — Sword-blades from Mykense (d). 

Brown, The Fine Arts (a). Lubke, Hist. Sculp., Vol. 1:61-6 (a), 74-5 (b), 
70-4 (c, d). Hist. Art, Vol. 1:121-4, 167-75 (a), 175-6 (b), 176-7 (c. d). Mitchell, 
Hist. Anc. Sculp., Vol. 1:137-40 (a), 140-1 (b), 141-5) 153-5 (c), 152-61 (d). Murray, 
Hist. Greek Sculp., Vol. 1:68-9 (b), 38-42, 64-8 (c), 44-59 (d). Reber, Hist. Anc. 
Art, 263-75 (b, c, d). Iliad (Pope, tr.; Alden, pub., 1883), Bk. 18:389-93 (d-1). 
Quarterly Review, Vol. 145-85 seq. (d-1). Enc. Brit., Vol. 11:80 seq. 89-93. Wyatt, 
Fine Arts Lects., 123-5 (b). Sayce, Fresh Light from Anc. Mons.., 90 (c-3). Per- 
rot and Chipiez, Hist. Art Primitive Greece, Vol. 2:173 seq. 318-39. Westropp. 
Handbook of Archseol., 155-7 (b). Grote, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:211-39 (a). 
Waldstein, Essays on the Art of Pheidias, 16-23 (a). Winckelmann, Anc. Art, 
Vol. 1:156-66, 285-98 (a), 136-9 (b). Perry, Greek and Roman Sculp., 4-14 (a), 15- 
21 (b), 21-6, 28-30 (c), 36-9 (d). Gladstone, Contemporary Review, Vol. 23:327 
seq. (d-1). Fortnightly Review, Vol. 33:190-207. Murray, Handbook Greek 
Archaeol., 174-85, 188 seq. (a-d). Symonds, Studies Greek Poets, Vol. 2:361-89. 

TRANSITION PERIOD from the Mykenean through Orien- 
tal to pure Greek style — Chest of Kypselus — Its history — De- 
scription of the reliefs — Subjects whence derived — Archaic in- 
scriptions — Korinthian work (a) — -The throne of Apollo at Amy- 
else — Description of the reliefs (b). 



SIXTH CENTURY, GREEK ART. 95 

Lubke, Hist. Art, Vol. 1:177-8 (a, b). Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 276-8 (a, b). 
Murray, Handbook of Greek Archaeology, 185-8 (a). Murray, Handbook of Greek 
Art, 186 seq. Quarterly Review, Vol. 145:75 seq. Abbott, Hist. Greece Vol. 
1:386-8. , 

ARCHAIC PERIOD— Advance in technical skill and new 
mechanical acquirements — Casting in bronze — Sculpture in 
marble and chryselephantine work — Modeling in clay — The 
sculptors, Butades of Sikyon, Glaucos and Melas of Chios, Rhoi- 
kus and Theodorus of Samos (a). 

Character and importance of the Kretan School founded by 
Dipoinos and Skyllis about 580 B. C. (b). 

Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 278-82 (a, b). Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., 171 (a), 
201-4 (b). Lubke, Hist. Sculp., Vol. 1:76-9 (a), 79-80 (bj; Hist. Art, Vol. 1:178. 
Perry, Greek and Roman Sculp., 47-50 (a), 50-3 (b). Murray, Hist. Greek Sculp., 
Vol. 1:71-85 (a)., 88-92 (b). Muller, Anc. Art, 45 seq. (a, b). Flaxman, Lects. on 
Sculp., 83, 86 (b), 180-3 (a). Westropp, Handbook of Archaeol., 157-9 (b). 

GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND CHARACTERISTICS 
OF THE EXTANT SCULPTURE OF THIS PERIOD— The re- 
liefs from the Doric temple of Assos (a) — The Harpy Monument 
and its reliefs (b). 

The metopes from the oldest temple at Selinus, Sicily (c) — 
The statues of Apollo from Tenea and Orchomenos (d). The co- 
lossal seated figures, from the sacred way to the temple of Apollo 
near Miletus, now in the British Museum — Their Egyptian char- 
acter (e). 

Lubke, Hist. Sculp., Vol. 1:81-4 (a, c), 93-7 (b), 85-7 (d), 91-3 (e); Hist. Art, 
Vol. 1:178-80 (a, c), 180-3 (b, d, e). Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., 179-80, 214 (e), 
182-8 (a, b), 219-20 (c), 193-4, 204-5, 212 (d). Vaux, Anc. Hist, from the Mons., 
Greek Cities and Islands of Asia Minor, 48-55 (e). Eaton, Handbook Greek and 
Roman Sculp., 6-9 (a), 9-13 (c), 25-31 (b), 3-6 (d). Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 283-4 (c), 
285-9 (a-e). Murray, Hist. Sculp., Vol. 1:128-9 (a), 116-21 (b), 99-105 (c), 105-8 (d), 
114-16 (e). Perry, Greek and Roman Sculp., 61-7 (a). 111 seq. (b), 55-7 (d), 75-7 
(e). Murray, Handbook Greek Archaeology, 193-5 (a), 199-205 (b, c), 246 seq. (d). 
Paris Manual Anc. Sculp., 126-33 (d). 

. SUMMARY. 

The sixth century is remarkable in history for its intellectual activity 
and development as shown in the great advancement of thought and forms of 
government. The early part of the century records the overthrow of the king- 
dom of Judah, destruction of Jerusalem and captivity of the Jews under 
Nebuchadnezzar. Babylon under this monarch reaches the height of her splen- 
dor and prosperity. 

The conquest of the Median kingdom by Cyrus is followed by the fall 
of Babylon and the rise of the Persian monarchy, embracing Assyria, Media and 
Persia proper. Egypt is reduced to a Persian province by Kambyses. 



96 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

Greece makes great advancement in civilization by the establishment of the 
Solonian laws and encouragement of literature and art. This century marks 
the rise of Greek philosophy and the beginning of the most brilliant period 
of Greek poetry, Hellas, Sicily and the islands of Asia Minor all contributing to 
the national literature. 

Rome under the rule of her kings grows in wealth and power. The 
latter part of the century Greece and Rome are disturbed by violent political 
movements resulting in the expulsion of the Pisistratidee from Athens and the 
Tarquins from Rome. The century closes with the Ionian revolt. From this 
time forward Greece and Italy occupy the pages of ancient history. 




SECTION XII. 

FIFTH CENTURY B. C. CHRONOLOGY. 

MAP ILLUSTRATIONS. 

497 (about). Eoman defeat of the Latins at Lake Kegillus. 

49G. Battle of Lade. Fall of Miletus. 

494. First secession of the Plebeians from Rome (RawL, 492). 

Institution of the office of Tribunes of the People. 
493. The Latin League. Latins and Romans against the JZlqui 

and Yolsci (RawL, 491). 
492. First invasion of Greece by the Persians under Mardonius. 
490. Second invasion of Greece by the Persians. Battle of 

Marathon, defeat of the Persians. Rise of Miltiades, 

Aristides and Themistokles. 
488 (about). Coriolanus banished. 
487. Revolt of Egypt from Persia. 
486. Death of Darius Hystaspes. Accession of Xerxes I. First 

Agrarian Law by Spurius Cassius. 
485. Reconquest of Egypt by Xerxes. 
481. Hellenic Congress at the Isthmus. 
480. Invasion of Greece by Xerxes. Defense of Thermopylae 

and death of Leonidas. Xaval battle off Artemisium. 

Battle of Salamis. 
479. Battle of Platsea, Persians under Mardonius defeated by 

the Greeks under Pausanias. Battle of Mykale, Greek 

naval victory. 
477. League of Delos, the hegemony of Greece passes from 

Sparta to Athens. 
471. Passage of the Publilian Laws in Rome (RawL, 470). 
466. Battle on the Eurymedon, victory of Kimou over the 

Persians. Kimon begins his public career. 

97 



98 HISTORY, LITERATURE AXD ART TOPICS. 

465. Death of Xerxes. Accession of Artaxerxes I. (Longi- 
manus). 

464. Kevoliition of the Messenian helots against the Spartans. 
The third Messenian War. 

461. Perikles begins his public career. 

459. Cincinnatus, Roman Dictator. 

458 (about). Return of the Jews from Bab^douia to Jerusalem 
under Ezra, who restores the Mosaic religion, collects 
and publishes the sacred books of the Old Testament. 

457 (about). Esther becomes the Persian queen. 

456. Completion of the long wall connecting Athens with the 
Pirseus. Death of .Eschylus, Greek dramatist. 

453. Feast of Purim instituted by the Jews in commemoration 
of their deliverance from Haman. 

451. Appointment of the Decimvirate at Rome. The Laws of 
the Twelve Tables instituted. 

449. Death of Kimon. The Valerio-Horatian Laws adopted. 

445. Nehemiah, governor of Judea, rebuilds the walls of Jeru- 
salem. The Canuleian Law of inter-marriage. Estab- 
lishment of the Thirty Years' Peace between Sparta 
and Athens. 

444. Perikles assumes sole command of affairs in Athens. 

442. Institution at Rome of military tribunes with consular 
powers. 

436. War between Korkyra and Korinth regarding Epi- 
damnus. 

433. Malachi, the last of the prophets. 

432. Revolt of Potidse from Athens. Death of Pheidias. 

431. Outbreak of the Peloponnesian war. Bragidas, Kleon 
and Nikias, generals in the war. 

430. Death of Myron, Greek sculptor. Plague at Athens. 

429. Perikles dies of the plague. 

427. Aristophanes, Greek dramatic writer, flourished. 

425. Death of Artaxerxes I., Xerxes II. and Sogdianus. 



FIFTH CENTURY CHRONOLOGY. 99 

424. Accession of Darius II. (Notbiis) in Persia, 

423. Thucydides banished. 

421. Peace of Nikias between Athens and Sparta. 

420. Death of Herodotus, the historian. 

416. Sokrates flourished. 

415. The Sicilian expedition undertaken. Alkibiades, one of 

the generals of the expedition. 
413. Complete defeat of the Athenians at Syracuse. 
406. The Spartan fleet defeated at Arginusse. Death of Soph- 

okles and Euripides, Greek dramatic writers. 
405. The Spartans destroy the naval power of Athens at 

^l^gospotami. Lysander in command. 
405. Artaxerxes II. (Mnemon) succeeds Darius II. in Persia. 

Egypt revolts from Persia. 
404. Surrender of Athens to Lysander. End of the Pelopon- 

nesian war. Establishment of the Thirty Tyrants in 

Athens. 
401. Expedition of Cyrus the Younger against Artaxerxes II. 

Battle of Kunaxa. Rise of Xenophon. Ketreat of the 

Ten Thousand. 

LANDMARKS FOR THE EYE. 

First. Secession of tiie Plebeians to the Sacred Mount. 

Second. The number of Roman legal enactments during the century. 

Third. The Persian wars, and rise of the great generals and statesmen 
of Greece. 

Fourth. Growth, prosperity and power of Athens. 

Fifth. Flourishing period of the Jews under Ezra and Nehemiah. The 
episode of Esther and flourishing of Malachi, the last of the prophets of the 
Old Testament. 

Sixth. Outbreak of the Peloponnesian war. Death of Perikles. Rise of 
Alkibiades. The Sicilian expedition and its defeat. 

Seventh. Close of the Peloponnesian war, and overthrow of the Athenian 
empire. 

Eighth. Retreat of the Ten Thousand. 

Ninth. Flourishing and death of great thinkers, writers and sculptors. 

CONTEMPORARY EVENTS OF HISTORY. 

499. Burning of Sardis by the lonians (Rawl., 500). 
494. Licinius and Brutus first tribunes. 



100 HISTORY, LITER A TURE AND ART TOPICS. 

Datis. Artaphernes and Hippias, prominent in the Persian invasion of Greece. 

Venturia and Volumnia, moiher and wife of Coriolanus. 
483. Ostracism of Aristides. 
480. The Carthagenians attempt to conquer the Greek cities of Sicily; Their 

army is destroyed by Gelon, tyrant of Syracuse, at Himera. 
471 (about). Fall of Themistokles. 
468. Democracy establis'hed in the cities of Sicily. 
464. Great earthquake in Sparta. 
461. Kimon banished Ephialtes, his cpponent. The Bible history of Judith 

and Holofernes (about). 
460. Voyage of the Carthaginians to Britain for tin. Transfer of the confed- 
erate treasury from Delos to Athens. 
458. The Orestea of uEschylus presented on the Athenian stage. 
458. Mordecai, Haman, Vashti and Zeresh, historical characters of this era. 
459-456. Athens was engaged in war with Egypt, Phoenicia and several 

Peloponnesian states, and reached the greatest extent of her power. 
456. Kimon recalled from banishment. Anaxogoras, philosopher; Anacreon, 

Simonides and Pindar, poets, contemporary with .Eschyius. 
451. Lucius Siccius Dentatus, Roman general; Appius Claudius, Virginius and 

Virginia, characters of Roman history. 
444. Thucidides, son of Melesias, successor of Kimon, banished. 
441. The battering ram invented. 
432. Meton begins his lunar cycle. 
425. Kleon, Athenian commander, takes Sphakteria. 
424. Amphipolis taken by Brasidas, Spartan general. Defeat of the Athenians 

at Delium. 
415. Alkibiades Nlkias and Lamachus appointed commanders of the Sicilian 

expedition. 
411. Reign of the Four Hundred at Athens (four months). Aristarchus, Peri- 

ander, Phrynichus and Antiphon, leaders at Athens during the reign 

of the Four Hundred. 
405. Agrigentum destroyed by the Carthaginians. Ctesias, Greek historian, 

contemporary with Xonophon. 

TOPICS FOR THE VTH CENTURY. 

GREECE. 

FIEST INVASION OF GREECE BY THE PERSIANS 
under Mardonius — Object aud result of the expedition (a) — Po- 
litical condition of Greece at this period — Darius sends heraldy 
to the cities of Greece to demand earth and water; how received 
— Alliance between Athens and Sparta; the first movement of 
Greece toward a political union (b). 

Second invasion of Greece under Datis aud Artaphernes — 
Sack of Naxos — Siege and destruction of Eretria — War prepara- 
tions at Athens — Miltiades and Aristides chosen among the ten 
generals — The council of war — Miltiades receives supreme com- 
mand. 



FIFIH CENTURY, GRECIAN HISTORY. 101 

BATTLE OF MARATHON— Result of the battle— Its effect 
upon the Greeks aud its siguihcance in the history of civilization 

(c). 

Miltiades, the hero of Marathon — His character and gen- 
eralship — Expedition against, and siege of Pares; defeat of 
the Athenians — Indictment, conviction, sentence and death of 
Miltia^es — Criticisms upon his treatment by the Athenians (d). 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:214-24 (a), 224-3 (b), 234-7, 244-58 (c, d). Cox, 
Hist. Greece, 145-7 (a), 147-9 (b), 149-60 (c, d); "Greeks and Persians," 118-21, 
123-39 (c, d). Rollin, Anc. Hist, Vol. 2:41-54 (a-d). Creasy, Fifteen Decisive 
Battles of tbe World. Timayenis, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:138-41, 143 (a, b), 141-61 
(c, d). Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:64-73 (a), 73 seq. (c, d). Grote, Hist. Greece 
(1888), Vol. 4:1-4 (a), 5-22, 33-9 (b, c), 24-5, 30-42, 50-64 (d), (1853 ed.). Vol. 4:311 
seq. (a-d), 271, 274, 334-5 (d). Archer, Decisive Events, 15-26 (c). Duruy, Hist. 
Greece, Vol. 2:404-20 (a-d), 421-4 (d). 

DEATH OF DARIUS— Accession of XERXES— Subjuga- 
tion of Egypt from a revolt under Darius — The benefit to Greece 
of Xerxes' Egyptian campaign (a). 

Preparations by Xerxes for the invasion of Greece — March 
of his army — Bridging and crossing the Hellespont. — Ceremonies 
attending it — Muster, enumeration, review and number of the 
Persian army (b). 

The political condition and military power of Greece at 
the time of the invasion by Xerxes — Preparations of Greece to 
resist the Persians — Congress at the Isthmus of Koriutli and 
formation of a National League — The Isthmian Confederation 
under the hegemony of Sparta (c). 

Defense of the Pass of Thermopylae by the Spartans under 
Leonidas — Death of Leonidas and his followers (d) — Sea fight 
off Artemisium — Retreat of the Greeks and evacuation of Atti- 
ca — Occupation of Athens by the Persians and destruction of 
the Acropolis — Its effect upon the Greeks (e). 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:269-75 (a), 275-83 (b), 283-303 (c), 304-21 (d, e). 
Rawlinson, Seven Mons., Vol. 2:485-93 (a, b), 494-6 (d, e). Gillies, Anc. Greece, 
98-111. Cox, Hist. Greece, 160-97 (a-e); "Greeks and Persians," 140-53 (b), 161- 
78 (d, e). Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 2:1161-3 (d). Mitford, Hist. 
Greece, Vol. 2:90-9 (a), 107-16 (c), 116-47 (d, e). Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:431- 
43 (a, b), 445-50 (c), 450-60 (d, e). Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:54-72 (a, b), 72-6 (c), 
76-85' (d,' e). Grote, Hist. Greece (1888), Vol. 4:102-40 (b), 169-201 (d, e), (1853), 
Vol. 5:1-41 (a, b), 57-64 (c), 70-93 (d), 97-117 (e). Abbott, Hist. Xerxes. Benja- 
min, Story of' Persia, 110. Herodotus, Vol. 4:1-6 (a), 6-73 (b), 100-5 (b, c, d), 225 
seq.'(c), 229-36, 248-58 (e). Timayenis, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:162-8 (a, b), 169-77, 
225-6 (c), 176-89 (d, e). 



102 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

THE GKEEK FLEET AT SALAMIS— Comparison of the 
Greek fleet in point of numbers with tlie Persian fleet — Tiie two 
councils of war — Policy of Tliemistokles— His secret message to 
Xerxes — Return of Aristides, iiis visit to Themistokles — Battle 
of Salamis; brilliant victory for the Greeks (a). 

Retreat of the Persians — Return of Xerxes to Persia, Mar- 
donius remaining in Thessaly — Second occupation and ravaging 
of Attica — Burning of Athens by the Persians (b). 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:317-35 (a, b). Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 
2:147-80. Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:85-92. Rawlinson, Seven Moos., Vol. 2:497 
seq. (a). Grote, Hist. Greece (1888), Vol. 4:215-53 (1853 ed.), Vol. 5:118-37 (a), 137- 
44, 147-58 (e). Herodotus, Anc. Hist., Vol. 4:254, 258-82 (a), 284 seq. 311-19 
(b). Cox, Hist. Greece, 197-209; "Greeks and Persians," 178-89, 191-7. Gillies, 
Anc. Greece, 111-21. Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:460-77. Timayenis, Hist. 
Greece, Vol. 1:190-201 (a),. 201-4, 207-11 (a, b). 

THE BATTLE OF PLAT.EA; the most decisive victory 
of the war — Retreat of the Persians — Resolutions on the battle- 
field of Platsea — Burial of the dead — Renewal of the Isthmian 
confederation (a). 

Battle of Mykale — Revolt of the lonians in the Persian 
camp— Spartan opposition to admitting the lonians into the 
confederacy— Return of the Athenians to Athens (b). 

Condition of Athens after the Battle of Platiea — Rebuild- 
ing the city and fortifying Peirgeus — Attempt of the Pelopon- 
nesians to obstruct the work — Stratagem of Themistokles to 
enable the Athenians to complete the fortifications — Enlarge- 
ment of the walls of Athens — Plans of Themistokles for the 
naval aggrandizement of Athens (c). 

PAUSAXIAS — Capture of Byzantium — Division in the 
confederate fleet caused by the conduct of Pausanias — His trea- 
sonable correspondence with Xerxes — Recall to Sparta — Trans- 
fer of the headship from Sparta to Athens — Formation of the 
League of Delos under the leadership of Aristides — Athens the 
fedeval capital — Division of Grecian politics between Sparta and 
Athens from this date — Object and aim of the confederacy and 
its necessity — Oath and obligations of allies (d). 

Conduct of Pausanias after his removal from command of 
the fleet — His arrest, prosecution and death (e). 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:336-44 (a), 354 seq. (b), 358 ceq. (c), 372, 375-81 (d), 
391-3 (e). Grote, Hist. Greece (1853), Vol. 5:159-90 (a), 191-200 (b), 243-52 (c), 253- 
67, 290, 296-8, Vol. 8-281 (d), 267-73 (e), (1888), Vol. 4:256-94 (a, b), 332-42 (c), 



FIFTH CENTUR \ ', GRECIA X JUS TOR I '. 103 

355-7, 379, 386-94 (d). Cox, Greeks and Persians, 197 seq. Herodotus, Anc. 
Hist., Vol. 4:319-86, 391-3. Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:478-500 (a, b), 501-9 (c), 
515-18, 580 (d), 524-5 (e). Cox, Hist. Greece, 211-26 (a), 227-32 (b), 232-38, 247 (c, 
d, e). Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:92-102 (a), 103-4 (b), 106 seq. (c), 111-14 (d, e). 
Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:187, 189-202 (a), 205-11 (b), 254-64 (c), 272-7, 288-92. 
Timayenis, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:212-22 (a), 222-4 (b), 230-2 (c), 232-5 (d), 226-7 
(e-2). 

AKISTIDES AND TITEMISTOKLES, the real founders of 
the Athenian commonwealth — Their social and political posi- 
tions (a) — Rivalry between them — Ostracism of Aristides — 
Changes in the constitution bv Aristides (b). 

Athens under the administration of Themistokles (c) — 
Later history and death of Themistokles (d) — Last years and 
death of Aristides (e). Their characters and statesmanship com- 
jjared — Their place and influence in the history of Athens (f). 

Plutarch's Lives (Clough, tr.). Vol. 1 (Themistokles), Vol. 2 (Aristides). 
Cox, Hist. Greece, 150-2, 173 (b), 232-4 (c), 238-45 (d); "Greeks and Persians," 
122-3 (f), 153-61 (b, c). Grote, Hist. Greece (1888), Vol. 4:25-30, 353 (f), 148-54 (b, 
c), 155-61 (c), 362, 368-76 (d), 377-8 (e), (1853 ed.), 273-89 (c, d, e). Rollin, Anc. 
Hist., Vol. 2:43-5, 48-51, 54, 74-6, 82, 85-99, 106-11, 114-21, 125-9, 134-5 (a-f). 
Heeren, Anc. Greece, 176-8. Timayenis, Hist. Greece, 145-6, 237-41 (d, e, f). Cur- 
tius. Hist. Greece, Vol. 2,234-44, 25S-67, 372 (a, b, f), 267-8, 298-306 (c), 316, 321-4, 
330, 344, 358-64 (c, f), 386-96, 399-402 (d), 409-10 (e). Abbott, Pericles, 23-9, 50-3 
64. Encyclopedias. Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:103, 111, 133, 137, 145, 147-8, 
168-9, 172-7, 255-71, 278-80, 293-300. University Review, Vol. 11-680, seq. Duruy, 
Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:424-8 (a, b, f), 501-3, 517-18 (f), 504-9 (c), 518-29 (c, d, e). 

KIM'ON — Birth, education and character — His statesman- 
ship and military ability — Administration and policy (a). 

Victory on the Euryniedon and termination of the Persian 
wars — Revolt and subjugation of Tliasos — The Helots; their 
social rank and treatment by the Spartans — Revolt of the Helots 
— Third Messenian War — Athens sends aid to Sparta— Un- 
gracious dismissal of the Athenian soldiers by the Spartans — 
Action of Athens in regard to their dismissal (b). 

Kimon and the Themistokleau party — Rise of Perikles — 
Fall, exile, recall, last campaign and death of Kimon (c). 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:372, 381-6, 397, 402, 404-10, 417-18 (a, b), 411-16, 
422-6, 443-7 (a, c), Vol. 1:214, Vol. 3:176, Vol. 4:216 (b). Abbott, Pericles, 71-5, 
103-4, 108-19 (a, b, c). Cox, Hist. Greece, 246-52. Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman 
Antiqs., Vol. 1:939-41 (b). Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:276, 280-7, 301-16, 337-43. 
Plutarch's Lives (Clough Tr.), Vol. 3. Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:530-48, 552-4 
(a, b, c). Grote, Hist. Greece (1853), Vol. 5-278, 280-1, 304-20 (a, b), 325, 328-30, 
333, 335, 341-2 (b, c), 361-6 (a, b, c), (1888) Vol. 4:395-400 (a), 405-22, 438-55. Rollin, 
Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:83, 129-35, 144-51 (a, b, c). Timayenis, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:242-S 
(a), 251-4, 258-61 (b, c). De Coulanges, The Anc. City, 462, seq. 



104 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF THE PERSIAN WARS 
UPON GREECE (a) — Strength aud political condition of Greece 
at the beginning and close of the wars compared — Chief causes 
of the success of the Greeks — Result of the wars and effect upon 
the internal and external relations of Greece (b). 

Military prowess, political character, influence and intel- 
lectual vigor of Athens'arid Sparta, the leading states of Greece, 
compared — Their condition and relative positions at the com- 
mencement and close of the wars (c). 

Increasing power and marvelous development of Athens 
from this period — Rivalry between Athens and Sparta for the 
leadership, resulting in the Peloponnesian War (d). 

Heeren, Anc. Greece, 93-103 (a-d); Manual Anc. Hist., 145-51. Morris, 
Civilization, 49, seq. Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:217-20, 283-97 (a, b), 298-303, 
344, 350-2 (b, c), 230-2, 291, 333-5, 341-5, 367-8, 375, 539 (c). Grote, Hist. Greece 
(1853), Vol. 2:271, Vol. 4:318, seq. (a), Vol. 5:241-63, 273, 320, seq. 343-52 (a, c, d). 
Cox, Athenian Empire, 37-52. Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:270-2 (c-1), Grant, 
Greece, in the Age of Pericles, 97-115 (d). Draper, Intellectual Development 
Europe, Vol. 1:130-3. Sankey, Theban and Spartan Supremacies, 80-94 (c). Duruy, 
Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:406-10, 496, 500-15, 520-3 (a, b), 447, 501-3, 517, seq. (c), 534, 
seq. 548-59 (d). Timayenis, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:139-41, 148-50, 176-8, 226-8, 
242 (b), 247-50 (c, d). Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:100-16 (a, b). Rollin, Anc. 
Hist., Vol. 2:462-78 (c). 

DEATH OF XERXES— Accession of ARTAXERXES I.— 
Revolt of Egypt and Syria — Peace with Greece— His character 
and reign — The supposed identification of Artaxerxes with the 
Ahasuerus of Scripture, his relations with the Jews. 

McClintock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 1:117, 440. Plutarch's Lives (Clough 
Tr.), Vol. 5. Rawlinson, Seven Mons., Vol. 2:502-6. Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 
2:214-17. Gillies, Anc. Greece, 139-41. Benjamin, The Story of Persia, 126, seq. 
Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Biog., Vol. 1:371. Rollin, Anc. Hist, Vol. 2:121-8, 
136-41, 149-50. 

PERIKLES — Birth, education, character and influence — 
Character and political views as opposed to Kimon — Democratic 
policy of Perikles — Political influence of the Areopagus de- 
stroyed — Growth of democracy — Building the Long Wails (a). 

Removal of the federal treasury from Delos — Conflict in 
the Peloponnesus — Completion of the Long Walls — The Spar- 
tans in Bo^otia — Athenian defeat at Tanagra — Siege and con- 
quest of yEgina — Five years' peace with Sparta concluded 450 
B. C. — Revolt of Eub(pa — The thirty years' peace concluded — 
Embassy of Kallias to the Persian court — Peace of Kailias, or 



FIFTH CEXTUR V, G RFC I A N HIS TOR V. 105 

the Kimoniau Treaty — Thiicydides — His opposition to Perikles 
and ostracism (b), 

Perikles at the height of his power and the supreme ruler 
of Athens — Extended influence, growth and prosperity of Ath- 
ens at this period — Founding of Amphipolis — Adornment of 
Athens by Perikles during the years of peace — Its artistic and 
intellectual growth (c). 

Perikles as a statesman — As an orator — His public life 
and character — Aspasia and her influence (d). Declining power 
of Perikles — His political position and enemies — Prosecution 
of Pheidias — Attack on Aspasia and Anaxagoras — Prosecution 
and condemnation of Perikles — His re-election as strategus — His 
last days and death (e) — The value and result to Athens of 
Perikles' life and works (f). 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:412-16, 424-30, 481-501 (a), 430-59, 513, seq. 
<b), 460-4, 546-641 (c), 501-7, 510-13, 516-42 (c, d), Vol. 3:42-52, 57-61, 85-6,' 70-5, 
80-5 (d, e). Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:141-6, 149-60, 165-70, 195-200. Duruy, Hist, 
Greece, Vol. 2:545-8 (a), 548-59 (b), 560-70 (a, d), 634-64 (c, e). Vol. 3:214-16, 229-32, 
234, 243-5. Enc. Brit., Vol. 18:529-34, Vol. 11:101. Gillies, Anc. Greece, 132-3, 
151-65. Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:1-11 (c), 105-8 (a), 282-4 (d), 296-302 (e), 
318-19 (f). Cox, Hist. Greece, 250-60, 270-3, 275-85. Rawlinson, Seven Mons., 
Vol. 2:503-5 (Peace of Kallias). Lloyd, Age of Pericles. Niebuhr, Anc. Hist, 
Vol. 2:20-9 (Peace of Kallias), 29-41 (c). Timayenis, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:242-7 
(a), 256-9, 261, seq., 270-1 (b), 267, seq. 271-6 (c, d), 282-4, 297-302, 316-19 (d, e, f). 
Plutarch's Lives, Vol. 1 (Clough Tr.). Abbott, "Pericles." Perry, Hist. Greek 
Lit, 551-7 (d-2). Felton, Hist Greece, Vol. 2:133-45. Harper's Mag., Vol. 85 
(d-2). Grote, Hist. Greece (1853), Vol. 5:318, 324-7, 331, 342-4, 355-80 (a, b), Vol. 
6:1-32 fa, b, d), 98-112, 129-33, 141-53, 164-71, 171-9 (a, d, e, f), 421-509, 516-17. 
Quarterly Review, Vol. 152:497, seq. Grant, Greece in the Time of Pericles. 

THE ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY OK CONSTITUTION— 
The city as a political unit in the Greek mind — Its development 
(a) — The union of the cities of Attika and the admission of exiles 
from other states to citizenship as a factor in the intellectual 
growth and political history of Athens (b) — The political sys- 
tem of the Attic aristocracy (c). 

The Reforms and Legislation of Solon— Establishment of 
the Senate, the Public Assembly and the Archons (d). 

The Reforms of Kleisthenes— The enfranchisement of the 
people, division into Tribes and subdivision into Demoi (par- 
ishes). 

Reforms of Aristides — Legal distinction between the rich 
and the poor swept away (f). 



106 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

Growth, character and full significance of the constitution 
under Perikles (g) — Power and functions of the Areopagus un- 
der the several reforms (h). 

Freeman, Historical Essays, series II. Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:320-4 
(b), 329-34 (c), 346-63, 425 (d), 279-80, 401-11, 425 (e), Vol. 2:365, seq. (f), 413-14, 
428-30, 490 (g), 416, 420-2, 424-8 (h). Lloyd, Age of Pericles, Vol. 1:207-19. 
Grote, Hist. Greece (1888), Vol. 2:493, 513, Vol. 3:394, Vol. 4:464 (Democracy), 
(1853) Vol. 2:257-61 (a), 424 (c), 460, 552 (d), 435, 439, Vol. 4:131, seq., 365 (e), 149, 
seq. (h). Vol. 3:364-79, Vol. 4:28, 452. seq. (f, g). Vol. 5:274-6, 354 (f), 355-81 (g, h). 
Niebuhr, Anc. Hist, Vol. 2:41-50 (g). De Coulanges, The Anc. City. Grant, 
Greece, Time of Pericles, 144-78. Fowler, The City State of the Greeks and 
Romans (a), 85-112 (c), 150-83 (g). Schomann, Athenian Constitutional Hist. 
Cox, Hist. Greece, 10-12 (a), 87, seq. 254-6 (e, f, g), 69, seq. (b). Morris, Civiliza- 
tion, 154-63, 170-4, 178. Botsford, Athenian Constitution, 92-6 (a, b), 129-56 (c), 
157-83 (d), 192-211 (e), 212-33 (f, g, h). Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:21 (a), 305-7 
(b), 333-50 (d). Vol. 5:8-30. Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., Vol. 1:283, seq. (b). 
Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:530, seq. 540-8 (d), 538-40 (h). Vol. 2:519-20 (f), 545-8 
(h), 615-34 (g, h). Quarterly Review, Vol. 145:116 (g). Blackwood's Mag., Vol. 
42:44-60. Mann, Anc. and Med. Republics, 49-99. 

THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR— Causes leading to the 
war — War between Korinth and Korkyra — Situation and policy 
of Korinth — Relations between Korinth and Korkyra — Revolt 
of Epidamnus — Alliance between Athens and Korkyra — Revolt 
of Potidiiea from the Attic Confederacy — Confederate meeting 
at Sparta and the result. 

Position and influence of Sparta — Her confederate states 
— Power and advantages of the Peloponnesians — The resources 
and naval strength of Athens — Position of Perikles in regard 
to the war (a). 

Outbreak of the war begun by Thebes at Plata?a — First 
campaign of the Peloponnesians — Preparations at Athens — 
Siege of Athens — Funeral orations of Perikles — The plague at 
Athens — Prosecution and condemnation of Perikles — Recalled 
and re-elected strategus — Fall of Potida^a — Naval battle in the 
Gulf of Korinth— Death of Perikles (b). 

Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:197-216 (a), 217-45 (b). Curtius, Hist. Greece, 
Vol. 3:1-52 (a), 53-80 (b). Cox, Hist. Greece, 60-2, 261-73 (a), 273-85 (b). Thucydides, 
Hist. Peloponnesian War (Dale Tr.) (Jowitt Tr.) Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 
3:16-31, 36-63, 72-7, 85-6 (a), 64-70, 77, seq. 89-105 (b). Cox, Athenian Empire, 
42-62. Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:24-7, 50, seq. 56-69 (a), 69-78 (b). Grote, Hist. 
Greece (1853), Vol. 6:51-171 (a, b), (1888) Vol. 4:532, seq. Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 
2:160-70 (a), 187-200 (b). Fraser Mag., Vol. 12:127 (Greece at the time of the 
Peloponnesian War). Abbott, Pericles, 172, seq. Timayenis, Hist. Greece, Vol. 
1:276-82, 284-96, 302-3, 304-6 (a), 303-4, 307-19 (b). Grant, Greece, Time of Pericles, 
143, seq. (a). 



FIFTH CENTURY, GRECIAX HISTORY. 107 

EFFECT OF PEEIKLES' DEATH IN ATHENS— Rise of 
Demagogues (a) — Kleon,liis character and political position — Ilis 
influence, how obtained — His opposition to Perikles (b). 

Nikias, Athenian general — Character, influence and op- 
position to Kleon — His statesmanship — Wealth of Nikias, his 
rise to power attributed to its influence — Military ability of 
Nikias (c). 

Platipa besieged by the Spartans — Surrender of the city — 
Fate of the Platai^ans — Kevolt, siege and capture of Mitylene by 
the Athenians under Paches — Kleon's decree and its reversal — 
Massacre at Korkyra (d). 

Demosthenes, Athenian general — His .Etolian campaign 
and defeat, B. C. 42(]— Battle of Olpa-— Battle in the har- 
bor of Pylus — Spartan embassy of peace at Athens — liejection 
of the Spartan proposals — Surrender of the Spartans at Si>hak- 
teria, B. C. 425— Athenian expedition against Korkyra, Korinth, 
Cythera — Intrigue of Sparta with Persia — Athenians in Bceotia 
— Defeat of the Athenians at Deliuni (e). 

Brasidas, Spartan general — Character and generalship — 
His war policy — Capture of Amphipolis — Spartan proposal of 
peace and the conclusion of a truce, B, C. 423 — Hostilities in 
Thrace cause a renewal of the war — Kleon appointed to the 
command in Thrace — Battle of Amphipolis — Importance of the 
loss to Athens— Death of Kleon and Brasidas— PEACE OF 
NIKIAS, which closes the first period of the Peloponnesian 
War (f). 

Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:246-59 (d), 261-8 (e), 238, 268-77 (c, e-1, f-1), 
278-83 (f), 234, 244, 260, 265-8 (b). Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:86-95 (a), 95, 
119-29; 159-66, 201-5 (b), 98-101, 152-3, 163, 169-70, 198, 296 (c), 106-45 (d), 145-74 
(e), 175-208 (f). Cox, Hist. Greece, 285-310 (d), 312-33 (e), 333-46, 598-9 (f). Rollin, 
An'c. Hist., Vol. 2:200-12 (d), 212-15, 220-6 (b, e, f). Cox, Athenian Empire, 62, 
68-75 (d), 76-93 (e), 94-106 (f). Timayenis, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:319-27, 331-4 
(d, e), 327-31 (a), 335-44 (f). Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:78-86 (d), 89-101 (b, c, e). 
Thucydides, Hist, of the Peloponnesian War (Dale Tr.) (Jowett, Tr.). Grote, 
Hist. Greece (1853), Vol. 6:181-91, 260-6 (d-1), 202, seq. (c), 221-39 (d-2), 242-57 
(a, b, d-2), 266-84 (d-3), 285-92 (b, c), 296-381 (b, e), 369-70, 375-7, 397-494 (b, c f). 
Vol. 7:1-11, 30, 104, seq. 148-52, 155-60, 191, 217-29, 243-352. Mitford, Hist. Greece, 
Vol'. 3:109-114, 132-49, 152-75 (d), 179-228, 239-47 (e), 150-4, 177-9, 209-18, 220-2 
(a, b. c), 233, 235-9. 247-87 (f). 

CONDITIONS OF THE PEACE OF NIKIAS— Dissatis- 
faction of the allies in regard to the treaty — Non-performance of 
Sparta of the conditions of the jjeace — Bemonstrances of the 



108 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

Athenians against Sparta for this conduct — Separate alliances 
in the Peloponnesian states — Prominence of Argos. 

Rise of Alkibiades — Alliance between Athens, Argos, Elis 
and Mantinea — War policy of Alkibiades — Battle of Mantinea — 
Siege and capture of Melos — Fate of the Melians (a). 

THE SICILIAN EXPEDITION— Political condition of 
Sicily; extent and power of Syracuse at this period — Athenian 
commissioners sent to Egesta — Decree of war by the Athenians 
— Debates on the expedition — Opposition of Nikias — Nomina- 
tion of Alkibiades, Nikias and Lamachus, generals of the expe- 
dition — Mutilation of the Herm?e (b). 

Strength and character of the Athenian armament — Plan 
of action of the commanders discussed — Plan of Alkibiades pre- 
ferred — Sailing of the expedition, July, B. C. 415 — Its arrival in 
Syracuse and effect upon the Syracusans (c). 

Alkibiades recalled to Athens — Nikias in command — Siege 
of Syracuse delayed and the result — The defenses of Syracuse — 
Gylippus, Spartan commander, sent to the aid of the Syracusans 
— First and second naval battles and result — Arrival of Demos- 
thenes — Last battle in the harbor of Syracuse — Retreat of the 
Athenians — Surrender of Demosthenes' army — Surrender of Ni- 
kias — Fate of the generals and soldiers — Military ability of De- 
mosthenes and Nikias compared (d). 

Effect of the defeat at Syracuse upon Athens — Conduct of 
the Grecian states towards her as the result of the expedition — 
Attitude and position of Persia — Power of Athens at the setting 
out of the expedition — Its defeat the prime factor in the down- 
fall of Athens (e). 

Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:290-302 (a), 302-19 (b, c), 319-47 (d, e), 348-51 
(e). Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:285-320 (a), 260-5, 279-84, 321-5, 336-64, 380-4 
(b), 367, seq. 384-409 (d), 409-15 (e). Cox, Hist. Greece, 346-60 (a), 361-73 (b, c), 
373-409 (d), 409-10 (e). Grote, Hist. Greece (1853), Vol. 7:1-30, 50-3, 61-104, 108-18 
(a), 118-62, 166-78 (b), 163-6, 179-93 (c), 195-217, 243-352 (d), 359-67, Vol. 8:285-87 
(e). Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:110-19 (a), 119-28, 134-53 (b, c), 154-66. Mit- 
ford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:288, seq., 305, 320-49 (a). Vol. 4:1-36 (b), 37-91, 99-134 
(b, c, d), 135-44, 147 (e). Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:226, seq., 232-44 (a, b, c), 244-7, 
249-75 (d). Timayenis, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:349-52 (a), 352-5, 357-9, 364-7, 369, 
seq. Cox, Athenian Empire, 105-17 (a), 118-62 (b, c, d). 

DEATH OF ARTAXERXES L— Accession of DARIUS II. 
(Nothus) — Strength and power of Persia at this period — Revolt 
of Egypt and Lydia — Treaty of alliance between Persia and 



FIFTH CENTURY, GRECLIN HISTORY. 109 

Sparta — Character of the court of Darius — His personal charac- 
ter and reign compared with Artaxerxes. 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:420, Vol. 4:180. Benjamin, Story of Persia, 
128, seq. Rawlinson, Seven Mons., Vol. 2:506-11, 942. Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 
2:217-21. Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:218-20. Gillies, Anc. Greece, 221, seq. 232, 261. 
Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 4:144-6, 156, 168-9, 183, seq. 

THE DEKELEAN WAR— Congress of the Peloponnesian 
Confederacy at Korinth — -Agis invades Attika — Occupation 
and fortifying Dekelea 413 B. C. — Unancial condition and situa- 
tion of Athens — Institution of the Probuli — Revolt of Chios — 
First Treaty of Alliance between Sparta and Persia — Revolu- 
tion at Samos — Naval battle at Miletus (a). 

Alkibiades deserts the Spartan camp and joins the Persians 
— His motives for this change — Oligarchic conspiracy at Athens 
against the constitution — Political clubs at Athens and their 
influence — Pisander at Athens — The coup d'etat — Athens and 
the Council of the Four Hundred — Attitude and action of the 
army toward the new government (b). 

Thrasabulus and Alkibiades — Alkibiades recalled by the 
army and made commander-in-chief — Revolt of Eubosa — Defeat 
of Athenians at Oropus — Deposition of the Four Hundred and 
restoration of democracy — Trial and execution of Antiphon — 
The two battles of Abydos — Battle of Kyzikus and result — 
Relations between Persia and Greece (c). 

Grote, Hist. Greece (1853 ed.), Vol. 7:288-90, 353-8, 362-88 (a), Vol. 8:1-47 
(b), 47-135, 144-9 (c). Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:414-42 (a), 445-70 (b), 471-514 
(c). Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:348-79. Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:165-6 (a), 
167-77 (b), 177-89 (c). Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 4:144-62 (a), 170-201 (b), 203-5, 
209-36, 251-7 (c). Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:277-89. Cox, Athenian Empire, 
163-72 (a), 174-90 (b), 190-209; "Hist. Greece," 410-21 (a), 421-37 (b), 437-55 (c). 
Whibley, Political Parties in Athens During Peloponnesian War. 

ALKIBIADES — Birth, education, personal appearance, 
moral character and intellectual ability — As a statesman and 
politician — His influence socially and politically (a) — His al- 
leged sacrilege (b) — Political ambition and polic}' — His oppon- 
ents (c). 

Alkibiades appointed one of the generals of the Sicilian 
Expedition — His recall to Athens, flight and condemnation as 
a traitor — Arrival at Sparta — His intrigues and the result to 
Athens (d). 



no HISTORY, LITERA TURE AND ART TOPICS. 

Alkibiades' relations with Tissaphernes and the Four Hun- 
dred (e) — Kecalled by the Athenian army — His services to Ath- 
ens after recall — Eeturn to Athens — riaced at the head of the 
state — Dismissed from office^ — His exile and death (f). 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:297-9, 302-8, 315, 320, 327-32, 345, seq. (a), 
299-302, 320, 333-6, 343, seq. (c), 349-54 (b), 342, 360-4, 380-4 (d), 445-51, 475, seq. 
(e), 472-4, 491-2, 508-12, 524-8 (f). Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:305-16 (a, c). 
Vol. 4:34, seq. (b), 49 seq. 62-6, 152, seq. 170, seq. (d), 176-96, 203-22, 232-5, 242-57 
(a, f), 266-8, Vol. 5:65-7 (f). Gillies, Anc. Greece, 195-7, 203-8, 222-32, 234, 246. 
Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:226-32 (a, c), 232-40, 244-7, 279-89, 302, 312-13. Timay- 
enis. Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:344-9 (a), 355-7, 364-7 (d, e, f). Quarterly Review, Vol. 
158:351. Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:284-9 (a), 312-19, 330 (b, c, d). Cox, Hist. 
Greece, 349-53 (a), 364-8, 371-4, 379-81, 424-9, 437, 449-50, 453-8, 497-9 (a-f). Plu- 
tarch's Lives, Vol. 2. Grote, Hist. Greece (1888), Vol. 5:462-4 (a), 516, seq., Vol. 
6:15-49, 68-76, 118-20, 198-206 (d), 1-15 (b), 232, seq. 367-83, 528-33 (e, f), (1853 ed.) 
Vol. 7:30-48, 53, seq. 151 (a, c), 148 seq. 171-8, 195 seq. 207-17, 235-43, 367, seq. 
(b, d). Vol. 8:1-60, 120-2, 131-5, 145-39, 312-16 (a, e, f). Blackwood's Mag., Vol. 
39:384, 619, Vol. 40:33, 309, 470, Vol. 41:51, Vol. 62:102. 

ACCESSION OF AKTAXERXES II. (Mnemon) to the Per- 
sian throne^ — Relations with Athens, Sparta and Egypt — Char- 
acter — Reign — Weakness and decay of the empire. 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 4:27, 180, 188, 286-9. Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 
2:309, seq. 321-31, 333, 364, 378, 386, seq. Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:221, seq. 
359-68. Rawlinson, Seven Mens., Vol. 2:511-29. Benjamin, Story of Persia, 130. 
Plutarch's Lives (Stewart Tr.), Vol. 4. 

LYSANDER — Birth, character, influence, military ability 
and power — Lysander and Alkibiades compared — Lysander as 
a commander-in-chief — As a political leader (a). 

Lysander appointed to the command of the Spartan fleet — 
Siege of Mytilene — Konon appointed to the command — Kallik- 
ratidas succeeds Lysander — Battle of Arginusa?, the greatest 
naval battle of the war — Result of the battle— Accusation, con- 
demnation and execution of the generals, B. C. 405 (b)*. 

Lysander reappointed to the command of the Spartan fleet 
—Battle of ^Egospotami and result— SIEGE OF ATHENS— 
Negotiations for surrender — The city surrenders to Lysander — 
His policy— Establishment of the Thirty— Dismantling of the 
Long Walls— Rule of the Thirty— Their overthrow by Thrasa- 
bulus — Restoration of the constitution (c). 

The social and political condition of Greece at the close of 
the Peloponnesiau war— Moral effect of, the war and its influence 
upon the subsequent history of Greece (d)— Athens after the 
restoration (e). 



FIFTH CENTUR V, G RFC I A N HIS TOR Y. \\\ 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:515-23 (a), 517, 524-9, 533-45 (b), 552, 561-80, 
Vol. 4:9-87 (c), Vol. 3:582-3 (d). Cox, Hist. Greece, 454, 457-74 (a, b),' 476-84,' 
487-97 (c, d); "Athenian Empire," 206-7, 209-19 (a, b), 220-8 (c). Duruy, Hist 
Greece, Vol. 3:379-408 (a, b, c), 483, seq. (d). Sankey, Spartan and Theban Su- 
premacies, 1-50 (a, c). Gillies, Anc. Greece, 232-49. Thucydides, Hist, of the 
Peloponnesian War (Dale Tr.) (Jowett Tr.). Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:190-3 
(b), 193-214 (c, d), 52-4 (d). Perry, Hist. Greek Lit. (Extracts from Xenophon), 
594-7. Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 4:258-91 (a, b), 301-23 (a, c). Vol. 5:31-64 (c). 
Timayenis, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:370-9 (a, b), 380-96 (c, d). Plutarch's Lives, Vol. 
3. Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:289-99 (b), 300-7, 313-20 (a, c). Grote, Hist. Greece 
(1853 ed.). Vol. 8:138-44, 161, 212-15, Vol. 9:299-301 (a). Vol. 8:138-44, 149-210 (b), 
215-80, Vol. 9:181-96 (a, c), Vol. 8:290-313 (e), (1888), Vol. 6:359-84, 431-529, Vol.' 
7:349-72, 397-409, 425-7, 460-7. 

CHAKACTEK OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIEE— Its devel- 
opment from the foundation of the Confederac}^ of Delos, out of 
which it arose — Its rapid growth, power and splendor the re.sult 
of the united work of the four greatest Athenian statesmen, 
Aristides, Themistokles, Kimon and Perikles — The empire at 
its maximum B. C. 4G0; commanding both the empire of the sea 
and land — Extent and power left her by the peace concluded 
445 B. C. — Her standing at the beginning of the Peloponnesian 
w^ar (a). 

Organization of the empire under Perikles — Rights of the 
allied states — Colonies, how founded — liights as Athenian citi- 
zens — Maratime power of tlie empire — Financial standing — 
Sources of revenue — Splendor and magnificence of the city — 
Social and intellectual condition of the people (b). 

Decline of the Athenian empire — Causes leading to its de- 
cline and fall (c). 

Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:501, seq. 530-48 (a), 570-664 (b), 592-8 (c). Grote, 
Hist. Greece (1853), Vol. 5:243-53, 273-8, 290-352 (a), Vol. 6:3-9, 15, 21-5, 32-46 
(b, c), 298-303, 306-7, 343, seq. (c), Vol. 8:280-90 (a, c). Heeren, Anc. Greece, 235-40 
(c). Grant, Greece Time of Pericles, 196-100 (allied states). Cox, Hist. Greece, 
246-57, 284-5, 484; "Athenian Empire." Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:92-5, Vol. 
3:290, seq. (c). Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 6:21, seq. 89, 93, 169 (c). Timayenis 
Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:247-50, 254-6, 261-9, 274 (a, b), 276, seq. 402 (c). Mann, Anc. 
and Med. Republics, 104-21 (c). 

CYRUS, THE YOUNGER, satrap of Asia Minor— His 
enmity to Athens and agency in her downfall — Relations with 
Lysander and Tissaphernes — Accession of Artaxerxes (Mntmon) 
— Plans of Cyrus to dethrone Artaxerxes — Cyrus' Greek mer- 
cenaries — Battle of Kunaxa — Defeat and death of Cyrus — His 
character — Ability as a general (a). 



112 HISTORY, LITERA TURE AND ART TOPICS. 

Dangerous position of the Greeks after the battle of Kun- 
axa — Treachery of Tissaphernes and murder of the Greek lead- 
ers — Xenophon takes command. 

RETREAT OF THE TEN THOUSAND— March through 
Mesopotamia and Media — Passage of Mount Tarsus — Arrival 
and transactions at Trapezus (Trebizond) — At Sinope — Heraklse 
— Porte Kalpe — First sight of the Euxine Sea — Transactions at 
Byzantium — The army under Seuthes joins the Spartans, 
at war with Persia, in consequence of the Spartans aiding Cyrus 
— Banishment of Xenophon (b). 

The character of Xenophon — His position on entering the 
ranks of Cyrus — Ability as a leader and general as exemplified 
in his relations with the retreat of the Ten Thousand — Import- 
ance of this expedition in revealing the weakness of Persia (c). 

Cox, Hist. Greece, 454, 499-503 (a), 504-19, 629 (b, c). Rawlinson, Seven 
Mons., Vol. 2:509, 511-23 (a, b, c). Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:515-17, 523, Vol. 
4:180-99, 226, 250-1, 322, Vol. 5:156-9. Grote, Hist. Greece (1888), Vol. 7:173-219 
(a), 220, seq. 288-348 (b, c), (1853) Vol. 8:135-44, 162, 210-14, Vol. 9:1-55 (a), 52-174 
(b, c). Rollin, Anc. Hist, Vol. 2:289-94, 308-12, 321-33, 339-48. Gillies, Anc. 
Greece, 232, 239, 261-8 (a), 268-75 (b, c). Sankey, Spartan and Tbeban Suprema- 
cies, 65-82. Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 4:258-62, Vol. 5:130-62 (a), 163-266 (b, c). 
Vol. 6:333, seq. (c). Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:466-83. Timayenis, Hist. Greece, 
397-402 (a, b, c). Grant, Xenopbon. Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:221-7 (a), 
227-30 (b). 

GREEK LITERATURE. 

INTELLECTUAL AND SOCIAL CONDITION OF 
GREECE at the close of the sixth and beginning of the fifth 
century as conducive to the growth of literature — Effect of the 
Persian war upon the character of poetry (a). 

Simonides of Keos — Life, education, popularity and influ- 
ence — Style and characteristics of his writings (b). 

Pindar — Life of — His originality, versatility and genius 
— General features and characteristics of his style — Place in 
Greek literature and influence upon subsequent writers — Pin- 
dar's odes — How divided — Their characteristics and general con- 
struction (c). 

Grote, Hist. Greece (1853), Vol. 1:366-70 (a), (1888) Vol. 4:201, 317 (b). Ma- 
haffy, Hist. Greek Lit., Vol. 1:186-7, 206-7 (a), 207-10 (b), 211-23 (c). Curtius, 
Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:274, 288, 302, 572, Vol. 3:253 (b), Vol. 2:60, 288-9, 296, 349, 
Vol. 4:350-2 (c). Muller, Hist. Lit. Anc. Greece, Vol. 1:275-81 (b), 287-302 (c). 
Perry, Hist. Greek Lit., 189, seq. (b), 196-216 (c). Symonds, Studies Greek Poets, 



FIFTH CENTURY, GREEK LITERATURE. 113 

Vol. 1:310-21 (b), 322-52 (c). Jebb, Greek Lit. Primer, 64-9 (c). Wilkinson, Greek 
Course in Eng., 237, seq. (b), 226-34 (c). Felton, Hisi. Greece, Vol. 1:157, seq. 
(b), 188-96 (c). Enc. Brit., Vol. 11:139, Vol. 22:84 (b). Vol. 11:139, Vol. 19:98 (c). 
Jebb, Growth and Influence of Greek Poetry, 120-2 (b), 126-56 (c). Turner, 
Pindar Odes Tr. into Eng. Prose. 

THE GKEEK DRAMA— Lyric poetry after reaching its 
perfection in the writings of Siiuonides and Pindar rapidly de- 
clines, dramatic poetry taking its place — Canse for this change 
in literary style (a). 

Origin and rise of tragedy — Relation between epic and 
dramatic poetry — Development of the Greek drama — Structure 
of the theatre and arrangement of the stage — Subjects of Attic 
tragedy — Simplicity of the plot — Actors; their costumes — The 
chorus — Absence of the sentiment of love in Greek drama — 
Ethical sentiments — Position of women (b). 

Influence of the drama in the intellectual development of 
Athens — Compare the three styles of Greek poetry, epic, lyric, 
and dramatic, each reflecting the age in which it flourished, w ith 
the advancement of Greek civilization (e). 

Muller, Hist. Lit. Anc. Greece, Vol. 1:378-91 (b-1, c), 392-419 (b). Donald- 
son. Theatres of the Greeks (b). Perry, Hist. Greek Lit., 217-38 (a, b, c). Rollin, 
Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:73-92. Jebb, Growth of Classical Greek Poetry, 123-5, 161-8 
(a), 157-61 (b). Fortnightly Review, Vol. 42:573, seq. (c-1). North Amer. Review, 
Vol. 39:330-2, 335, 337. Haigh, The Attic Theatre (b). Grote, Hist. Greece (1853), 
Vol. 8:317-22, 334-8 (b, c). Westropp, Handbook of Archaeol., 84-8 (b). Ma- 
haffy. Hist. Greek Lit., Vol. 1:230-47 (b). Felton, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:196-206 (b). 
Blackwood's Mag., Vol. 1:39, 147, 352, 593, Vol. 47:145-53. Symonds, Studies 
Greek Poets, Vol. 1:22, seq. 

Jj^SCHYLUS — Life of — Character and genius as a tragic 
writer — His character drawing — The lyrical element in his writ- 
ings — His use of the chorus — Absence of human love in his 
dramas — General characteristics of ^Eschylus' style — Moral 
character of his dramas. 

Analysis of the Prometheus — Influence of the "Prometheus'^ 
upon later writers — Writers who have written upon the same 
subject. The Oresteia — Its rank as a poetical work — As a 
tragedy — Its moral character — The doctrine of expiation as 
shown in the Oresteia — The characters of Klytemnestra, Kas- 
sandra and Electra as portrayed in the dramas. 

Symonds, Studies Greek Poets, Vol. 1:353-414. Muller, Hist. Lit. Anc. 
Greece, Vol. 1:420-36, 443-5. Donaldson, Theatre of the Greeks, 106, seq. Duruy, 
Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:6-20. Grote, Hist. Greece (1853), Vol. 1:379-85. Curtius, 



114 HISTORY, LITER A TURE AND ART TOPICS. 

Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:574-84, Vol. 3:414-517. Jebb, Growth of Classical Greek 
Poetry, 161, seq. 169-80. Burgess, ^schylus Tragedies (Tr.). Mahaffy, Hist. 
Greek Lit., Vol. 1:248, seq. 258-72, 274-5; "Social Life in Greece," 149-55, 182, 
seq. Copleston, .^schylus Life and Works. Abbott, Pericles, 309-14. Perry, 
Hist. Greek Lit., 239-52, 261-74, 297-300. Felton, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:206-13. 
Contemporary Review, Vol. 3:351, Vol. 49:82, seq. Blackwood's Mag., Vol. 7:679, 
Vol. 69:641. North Amer. Review, Vol. 39:332. Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 62:207, 
333, seq. (Prometheus). Plumtre, ^schylus Tragedies, with Biographical Essay. 
Campbell. Guide to Greek Tragedy. 

SOPHOKLES the Attic Bee— Whence the title— Life, 
character, fame and popuhirity — His rehition to JEschylus — 
Comparison of their works — Human life depicted in the dramas 
of Sophokles, instead of portraying gods and heroes — Relation 
of Sophokles to the age of Perikles as illustrated bv the character 
of his art — Changes in the drama — His style; its characteristics 
and influence on the history of the drama — His place in Greek 
literature — Analysis of the dramas of '^King Oedipus," the "Elec- 
tra" and the "Antigone." 

Mahaffy, Hist. Greek Lit., Vol. 1:279-92, 297-302, 315-18. Abbott, Pericles, 
315 seq. Campbell, Life, with survey of works. Perry, Hist. Greek Lit., 301-51, 
469-72. Donaldson, Theatre of the Greeks, 128 seq. 425 seq. Westminster Re- 
view, Vol. 68-341-94. Jebb, Growth of Classical Greek Poetry, 180-90. North 
Amer. Review, Vol. 39:333 seq. Symonds, Studies Greek Poets, Vol. 1:415-66. 
Grote, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:247, 342-5, 349 (1853), 385-6. Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 
3:21-43. Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:584-8. Muller, Hist. Lit. Anc. Greece, 
Vol. 1:445-59, 469 seq. Fortnightly Review, Vol. 24-324-38, Vol. 41:794-81L Col- 
lins. Sophocles outlined and explained. 

EUKIPIDES — His life, popularity and success as a poet — 
Alterations in the drama — His delineation of character and por- 
trayal of human life and emotions — Treatment of female charac- 
ters — Compare his male characters with those of Sophokles and 
^Eschylus. Influence of the age upon the writings of Euripides — 
Contrast his genius and influence upon later poets with Sophokles 
— Analysis of the Alkestis and the Medea (a). 

Analogy between the dramas of .Eschylus, Sophokles and 
Euripides from an ethical, literary and artistic standpoint, and 
the different periods of plastic art as represented by the Archaic 
period, the school of Pheidias, and the period of Skopas and 
Praxiteles, both arts reflecting the changes in the social, political 
and religious condition of the people (b). 

Symonds, Studies Greek Poets, Vol. 2:1-58. Perry, Hist. Greek Lit., 
352-60, 370-85, 398-403, 433 (a). Muller, Hist. Lit. Anc. Greece, Vol. 1:471-85, 
486, 491 (a). Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 4:94-109 (a). Grote, Hist. Greece 



FIFTH CENTURY, GREEK LITER A TURE. 115 

(1888), Vol. 1:346-9, Vol. 7:6, seq. (a), (1853) Vol. 1:387-90 (a), 322-6 (b). Contem- 
porary Review, Vol. 45:541 (a). Enc. Brit., Vol. 8:673-80, Vol. 11:140 (a). Wald- 
stein. Essays Art of Pheidias, 54-8, 66-8 (b). Jebb, Growth of Classical Greek 
Poetry, 191-99. 205-13. Mahaffy, Life with Survey of Worlis. Donne, "Euripi- 
des" Anc. Classic Series. Mahaffy, Hist. Greek Lit., Vol. 1:321-32, '361-7 (a); 
"Social Life of the Greeks," 186-206, 230 (a). Abbott, Pericles, 318, seq. (a).' 
Donaldson, Theatre of Greeks, 148, seq. 418, seq. (a). Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 
3:43-57. Westminster Review, Vol. 41:11-27 (b). Quarterly Review, Vol. 158:357, 
■seq. (b). Murray, Handbook Greek Archaeol., 224, seq. (b). 

GREEK COMEDY— Origin and character of Attic com- 
edy — Its object and influence — The moral and political aspects of 
Attic comedy. 

ARISTOPHANES— Life— Style and distinctive character- 
istics as a dramatic writer — The lyrical element in his writings 
— Political character of his comedies — His attitude toward So- 
krates and the Sophists as shown in the drama of the "Clouds" 
— Its literary merits — The "Wasps" — Its rank among his works. 

Analysis of "The Birds"— "The Knights." 

Mahaffy, Hist. Greek Lit., Vol. 1:397, seq. 421-3, 432, seq. 436-40, 444-53, 
463-8. Muller, Hist. Lit. Anc. Greece, Vol. 2:19-42. Symo'nds, Studies Greek Poets, 
Vol. 2:152-95. Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:121, 132, 149, 159, 366. Duruy, Hist. 
Greece, Vol. 3:58-65, 267, 297, 313, 427. Grote, Hist. Greece (1888), Vol. 7:10-15, 
88, Vol. 5:392, seq. 398 (1853) Vol. 8:325-34. Felton, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:227-40. 
Enc. Brit., Vol. 2:507-10. Collins, Aristophanes (outlined and explained). North 
Amer. Review, Vol. 14:273-96. Perry, Hist. Greek Lit., 466-73, 476, seq. 450, 
495-9. Frere, Aristophanes Comedies. Hickie, Aristophanes Comedies. Eraser 
Mag., Vol. 15:285, Vol. 18:127, 317, Vol. 40:147 (The Birds). Quarterly Review, 
Vol. 21:271 (The Clouds). Vol. 158:334-73. Blackwood's Mag., Vol. 18:351, Vol. 
4:421. Westminster Review, Vol. 39:291. Jebb, Growth of Greek Poetry, 199-205. 
Abbott, Pericles, 327-33. 

THE SOPHISTS AND RHETORICIANS— Elements of the 
doctrine of the Sophists — Their important services in forming a 
literary prose style (a). 

Relation of sophistry to education, literature and philoso- 
phy — Accusations against the Sophists (b) — The principles and 
educational system of Protagoras (c). 

Rhetorical teaching— The rhetoric of Gorgias — His form of 
expression (d). 

Muller, Hist. Lit. Anc. Greece, Vol. 2:93-102 (a, c. d), 34 (b). Curtius, Hist. 
Greece, Vol. 2:475, 480, 559. Cox, Hist. Greece, 526-30 (b, c). Perry, Hist. Greek 
Lit, 601-4 (a, b, c), 605, seq. (d), 668, seq. (c). Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:422-34. 
Enc. Brit., Vol. 23:825 (c). Vol. 10:784 (d), Vol. 22-263-70 (a, b, c, d), Vol. 20:509 
(d). Draper, Intellectual Development Europe, Vol. 1:135, seq. Bonn, Greek 
Philosophers, Vol. 1:53-107. Mure, Language and Lit, Anc. Greece, Vol. 4:97, 
9 



116 HISTORY, LITER A TURE AND ART TOPICS. 

seq. Grote, Hist. Greece (1888), Vol. 5-524, seq. 529, Vol. 7:51 (d), 32-58 (a). 
48, 59-63 (c), 52-8 (b), (1853), Vol. 5:403, seq. (b). Vol. 8:350-99. Mahaffy, Hist. 
Greek Lit., Vol. 2:56-60, 64 (b), 58, 60-1 (c, d), 77-80 (d). 

ORATORY AS AN ELEMENT IN ATTIC PROSE— Po- 
litical oratory at Athens — Necessity of oratory in Athenian 
public life — Its use and abuse (a) — Form and style of the 
speeches of Perikles — Power of his oratory (b). 

Forensic oratory — Antiphon — Life and character — Style 
and character of his oratory — His speeches before the court (c). 

Muller, Hist. Lit. Anc. Greece, Vol. 2:85-92 (a, b), 103-15 (c). Grote, Hist. 
Greece (1888), Vol. 4:516, Vol. 5:65, seq. (b). Vol. 6:248, 259, 311, seq., (1853) Vol. 
5:401, seq.. Vol. 8:338-4 (a). Jebb, Greek Lit., 115-17 (a, c). Felton, Hist. Greece, 
Vol. 2:120-5 (a-2), 125-32 (b), 162-7 (c). Heeren, Anc. Greece, 173-91. Duruy, 
Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:419-22. Quarterly Review, Vol. 152-526. Mure, Language 
and Lit. Anc. Greece, Vol. 4:102, seq. (c). Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:564-7 
(a), 568, seq. (c), 511 (b). Perry, Hist. Greek Lit, 598-604 (a), 608, seq. (c). Ma- 
haffy, Hist. "Greek Lit., Vol. 2:72-6 (a), 75-7 (b, c), 81-97 (c). Mitford, Hist. 
Greece, Vol. 5:72-108 (a-2). De Coulanges, The Anc. City, 443-8. 

SOKRATES — Life, character and personal appearance — 
Character and influence of his teaching — Its religious nature — 
His system of cross-examination (a). 

Sokrates' doctrine and place in Greek philosophy — Friend- 
ship for and influence upon Plato and Xenophon (b). 

Accusation of Sokrates — His trial, defense and address 
after sentence of death — Last hours and death (c). 

Grote, Hist. Greece (1888), Vol. 1:335-37, Vol. 7:81-6 (b-2), 87-96 (a), 97-138 
(b-1), 144-64 (c), (1853) Vol. 8:399-496 (a, b, c). Schleirmacher, Socrates (Thir- 
wall Tr.). Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:299, 300-2, 543, 573, Vol. 4:127-36, Vol. 
5:149-56 (a), Vol. 4:142-64 (c). Perry, Hist. Greek Lit., 675-80 (a), 680-2, 694-700 
(c). Enc. Brit., Vol. 22:231-4 (a, b, c), 236-8 (b-1), 234-6 (c). Clarke, Ten Great 
Religions, Vol. 2:300-5, 337 (a). McClintock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 9:847-54. 
Muller, Hist. Lit. Anc. Greece, Vol. 2:161-71. Mahaffy, Hist. Greek Lit., Vol. 
2:65-71 (a, b, c). Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 3:173-205 (a, b, c). Plato's 
Dialogues (Jowett Tr.). Cox, Hist. Greece, 520-5, 533-6 (a), 536-47 (b, c). Rollin, 
Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:393-430. Zeller, Socrates and the Socratic School. Duruy, 
Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:434-44, 453-65. Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 5:117-29. 

HERODOTUS— Life and (character- EfPect of travel upon 
his mind and writings — Personal observation the chief source of 
his history — His merits as a historian — Monumental records of 
the authenticity of his history — Composition and beauty of his 
style — Skill in character drawing — Treatment of Myths — Ex- 
tracts from his works. 



FIFTH CENTURY, GREEK ART. 117 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:346-54. Grote, Hist. Greece (1888), Vol. 
1:209-10, 281, 350-60, Vol. 2:263, 515, 519 (note), Vol. 3:61, seq. 113, 127, 394, 402, 
442, 474, Vol. 4:99, 106, 111, 134, 184, 188, (1853) Vol. 1:391-402. Mahaffy, Hist. 
Greek Lit., Vol. 2:16-39. Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:167-9. Herodotus, Anc. 
Hist., Vol. 1:1-114. Perry, Hist. Greek Lit., 513-32. Blackwood's Mag., Vol. 
51:1-21. Herodotus (Swayne Tr.), Introduction. Freeman, Historical Essays, 
Vol. 2. De Quincey, Hist. Essays. Muller, Hist. Lit. Anc. Greece, 352-63. Enc. 
Brit., Vol. 11:141, 756-9. Wheeler, Life and Travels of Herodotus. 

THUCYDIDES— Life and times— His iiietliod of treating 
history and fame as a historian (a) — Style and works compared 
with Herodotns (b) — The intellectual character of his history — 
Extracts from his works (c). 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:569-71, 457-9 (a, b). Freeman, Historical 
Essays, Vol. 2. Muller, Hist. Lit. Anc. Greece, Vol. 2:116-36. Grote, Hist. 
Greece, Vol. 1:330, 351, 361, seq. 452, Vol. 2:47, Vol. 4:423, Vol. 5:94, 97, 328, 
368, 390-4, Vol. 6:315, seq. Perry, Hist. Greek Lit., 533-70 (a, b, c). .Mahaffy, 
Hist. Greek Lit, Vol. 2:98-122 (a, b, c). "Social Life in Greece," 173. Enc. Brit., 
Vol. 11:141-2 (a). Vol. 23:322-6 (a, b, c). Thucydides, Hist. Peloponnesian War 
(Dale Tr.) (Jowett Tr.). Mure, Language and Lit. Anc. Greece, Vol. 5: Chaps. 
8, 9, 10. Lord, Beacon Lights Hist. Pagan Civilization, 337, seq. (a). Gillies, 
Anc. Greece, 256. Heeren, Anc. Greece, 214-17. 

MEDICAL LITERATURE— Origin and growth among the 
Greeks — Hercules and .^Esculapius, mythical characters (a). 

Hippocrates — Life — Style and literary merit of his writ- 
ings (b). 

Dyer, The Gods in Greece, 219-56 (a). Grote, Hist. Greece (1853), Vol. 
1:178-83 (a), 371 (b). Gardner, New Chaps, in Greek Hist., 357-8C. Muller, Hist. 
Lit. Anc. Greece, Vol. 2:397-413. Lord, Beacon Lights Hist. Pagan Civilization, 
467-74. Draper, Intel. Devel. Europe, Vol. 1:393-400. 

GREEK ART. 

ARCHITECTURE— Definition and aim— Its historical im- 
portance and ethnographic value — Its relation to sculpture and 
painting (a). 

Elements of architectural beauty and grandeur; mass, sta- 
bility, durability, materials, construction, form, proportion, 
carved ornament, decorative color, sculpture and painting (b). 

The great principles of architectural design — Fitness for 
the use required — Arrangement of all the parts to produce the 
most artistic and stately effect, consistent with the purposes of 
the building — Application of ornament in harmony with the 
construction and appropriate to the purposes of the building (c). 



118 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

Ruskin, Lects. on Arch. Fergusson, Hist. Arch., Vol. 1:3-16, 52-5, 83-4, 
89 seq. (a), 16-39 (b). Gwilt, Encyc. Arch., 837-44 (b, c). Brown, The Fine Arts, 
24-9, 117-22, 160-5, 179, seq. 201, seq. (a, b, c). Guhl and Koner, Life of the 
Greeks and Romans, 1 seq. (a-2). Wyatt, Fine Art (Lectures), 5, 10, 18-19, 66-75 
(a, b, c). 

CONSTKUCTIVE ORNAMENTS in classical architecture 
— Column — Pilaster with its parts (base, dado, cornice) — Shaft 
(plain, fluted, reeded, cabled) — Capital and its parts (neck, bell, 
abacus) — Entablature and parts (architrave, frieze, cornice) (a). 

Decorative ornaments — Mouldings (bead, band, fillet, quirk, 
torus, ovolo, echinus, ogee, cyina, cavetto, egg, dart, bead, tongue, 
tooth, leaf and flower) (b). 

Ruskin, Stones of Venice, Vol. 1:76-131, 331-60 (a), 293-305, 457-9 (b). 
Rosengarten, Arch. Styles, 63, 73-87 (a), 89-92 (b). Gwilt, Enc. Arch., 847-9. 
Smith and Slater, Classic Arch., 126-9, 134-7. Encyclopedias. Glossaries of 
Architectural Terms. 

THE GREEK TEMPLE— Its significance and special pur- 
pose — Preparatory stages of temple-building — General plan and 
distinctive features of Greek temples — Fittings of temples — 
The Cella; its special purpose — Altars — The oblation table — 
Temple inclosures — Portals — Mode of lighting Greek temples. 
Contrast the use of the column in Greek temples with employ- 
ment of it b}' the Eg3'ptians and Assyrians (a). 

The three orders of Greek architecture — Distinguishing 
features of each as shown in the column and the entablature (b). 

Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 192-202 (a). Rosengarten, Architectural Styles, 
64-8 (b), 93 (a). Volkmann, Text Book to Illustrations of Historical Art, 21-2 
(a). Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:95-116 (a, b). Murray, Handbook Greek 
Archseol., 444, seq. 450-2, 468-70 (a), 457-67 (b). Westropp, Handbook of 
Archoeol., 31-8, 47-51, 53, 57-63. Violet Le Due, Discourses on Arch., Vol. 1, 
Lect. II, 48-56 (a). Brown, The Fine Arts, 33-5. Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., 228- 
32 (a). Perry, Greek and Roman Sculp., 43-6 (a). Guhl, Greeks and Romans, 1-7 
(a), 7-11 (b). Fergusson, Hist. Arch., Vol. 1:259-68 (a), 248-58 (b, c). Lord, 
Beacon Lights Hist. Old Pagan Civilization, 388-91, 398 (a). 

DORIC ORDER OF ARCHITECTURE, its simplicity, har- 
mony and grandeur, its system of proportion; the thickness of 
the columns, their diminution and closeness, elements of firm- 
ness, solidity and grandeur (a). 

The horizontal main lines of the architrave predominating 
over the vertical lines of the columns and triglyphs distinctive 
characteristics (b). Characteristics of the Doric column and 
members of the capital (the echinus and abacus) as showing 



FJFTH CENTURY, GREEK ART. 119 

powerful yet graceful support (c). The prominent features of 
the Doric frieze (d). Polochromy in Doric temple architecture (e). 

Muller, Anc. Art., 24, seq. (a, b, c). Fergusson, Hist. Arch., Vol. 1:248, seq. 
(a, c). Lord, Beacon Lights Hist. Pagan Civilization, 383. Ridpath, Hist. 
World, Vol. 1:477. Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 195-215 (a-e). Wyatt, Fine Art (Lec- 
ture^, 38, seq. Perrot and Chipiez, Hist. Art Primitive Greece, Vol. 2:146-72. 
Lubke, Hist. Art, Vol. 1:135-7 (a, c, d). Smith and Slater, Classic Arch., 94-5 
(c), 96-7 (d). Rosengarten, Arch. Styles, 73-6 (a, c, d), 86 (c), 89 (b), 93-4 (e). 
Volkmann, Textbook to Illustration of Historical Art, 22-4, 27-8. 

EARLY SPECIMENS OF DORIC TEMPLES, G50-550 B. C. 
— Temple of Minerva at Korinth — Temple of Neptune at Pses- 
tuni, of Zeus at Olvmpia, at Agrigentum and at Selinus (a). 

Later period — Temple of Apollo at Bassa^, of Theseus at 
Athens, the Parthenon at Athens, the finest specimens of Doric 
architecture (b). 

Stuart, Antiqs. of Athens, 47-56, 94-110 (b). Blackwood's Mag., Vol. 5:509, 
Vol. 6:137 (b). Muller, Anc. Art, 43-5, 69 (a), 77, seq. (b). Fergusson, Hist. Arch., 
Vol. 1:242-5, 259, 261-2 (a), 243, 260, 263-4 (b). Murray, Hist. Greek Sculp., Vol. 
1:235-52 (b). Lloyd, Age of Pericles, Vol. 2:164-85. Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 215-23, 
283-4 (a), 223-9 (b). Baton, Handbook Greek and Roman Sculp., 9-13, 94-8 (a) 
(Temple of Zeus). Edinburgh Review, Vol. 38:126. Lubke, Hist. Art, Vol. 
1:146-50 (a), 152-5 (b). Guhl, Greeks a^nd Romans, 23-9 (b), 33-7, 41 (a). Cur- 
tius. Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:607-9, 613-25, 627-30, 632-41 (b). Enc. Brit., Vol. 3:4-7, 
Vol. 2:62-3, Vol. 18:209-10 (b). 

IONIC ORDER OF ARCHITECTURE— Characteristic 
features contrasted with the Doric (a) — Difference in details of 
the Doric and Ionic as shown in the column, capital and entabla- 
ture (b). 

Distinctive features of the Ionic capital and its defects (c) 
— Characteristics of the Doric order that indicate Egyptian 
origin and features of the Ionic that point to an Eastern or 
Asiatic origin (d). 

Guhl, Greeks and Romans, 9-10. Fergusson, Hist. Arch., Vol. 1:147-8, 232, 
242, 245-6 (d), 253-6 (a, b, c). Muller, Anc. Art, 26-7, 42 (a, b, d). Murray, Hand- 
book Greek ArchgeoL, 462-3 (b). Clement, Hist. Arch., 59. Smith and Slater, 
Classic Arch., 102-7 (a, b, d), 123-5 (d). Rosengarten, Arch. Styles, 76-81 (a-d), 
87-8 (b). Edwards, Pharaohs, Fellahs and Explorers, 173-85 (d). Volkmann, 
Textbook to Hist. Art, 24-6. Lubke, Hist. Art, Vol. 1:139-42 (a-d). Reber, Hist. 
Anc. Art, 229-31 (a, b), 231-4 (c), 233, seq. (d). 

EXAMPLES OF IONIC TEMPLES, Temple of Hera at 
Samos, of Artemis (Diana) at Ephesus, temple of the Wingless 
Victory (Nike Apteros) and of the Erechtheium at Athens (a) — 
Origin and use of Caryatides and Atalantes (b). 



120 HISTORY LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

Muller, Anc. Art, 42, 68. Lubke, mst. Art, Vol. 1:150, seq. 157-60 (a), 
212-13 (b). Clement, Hist. Arch., 54, seq. 60-1, 64-7. Guhl, Greeks and Romans, 
18, seq. 38-9, 45-7. Penny Monthly, Vol. 11:167, seq. Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 
237-46 (a, b). Eaton, Handbook Greek and Roman Sculp., 135-8 (a-2). Smith 
and Slater, Classic Arch., 107-10. Fergusson, Hist. Arch., Vol. 1:245, 265-9, 258-9. 
Rosengarten, Arch. Styles, 62, 67-8, 100 seq. Westminster Review, Vol. 79:310. 
Stuart, Antiqs. of Athens (Erechtheium), 57-72. 

KORINTHIAN ORDER OF ARCHITECTURE— Its origin 
and characteristic features; the choragic monument of Lysic- 
rates, the temple of Jupiter Olympus' and the Tower of the Winds 
at Athens (a). 

Stuart, Antiqs. of Athens, 26-33 (Tower of the Winds), 34-41 (Choragic 
Mon.), 103, seq. (Temple of Jupiter). Fergusson, Hist. Arch., Vol. 1:246-7, 256-8, 
270-1. Lubke, Hist. Art, Vol. 1:144-5, 163. Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 246-50, 253. 
Rosengarten, Architectural Styles, 81, seq. 89-92, 97 (b). Smith and Slater, 
Classic Arch., 112-16, 125. Aberdeen, Grecian Arch., 89-93. Guhl, Greeks and 
Romans, 105, seq. 113. 

GREEK SCULPTURE. 

500-400 B. C. 

SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL CONDITION OF 
GREECE AND ASIA MINOR at the beginning of the fifth cen- 
tury — Position of Athens at the close of the Persian Wars — 
Effect of the wars upon the political spirit and art of Greece as 
shown in the rapid development of poetry, philosophy and art 
from this period (a). • 

Athletic Games and their influence upon art — The temple 
as an element in the progress of sculpture — Subordination and 
harmonious effect of sculpture in Greek temple architecture (b). 

Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., Vol. 1:223, seq. (a, b). Muller, Anc. Art, 40-2, 
48, 62, seq. (a, b). Guhl, Greeks and Romans, 106-10, 203, 213-31. Grote, Hist. 
Greece (1853), Vol. 1:366-70. Mahaffy, Hist. Greek Lit., 186-7. Flaxman, Lectures 
on Sculp., 219-22 (a). Lord, Beacon Lights Hist. Old Pagan Civilization, 402-4 
(a, b). Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:74-80 (b). Harrison, Studies in Greek Art, 
175-93. Perry, Greek and Roman Sculp., 170-3. Lloyd, Age of Pericles, Vol. 
1:1, seq. Waldstein, Essays, Art of Pheidias, 58-9, 63, seq. 394, seq. (a, b). Violet 
Le Due, Discourses on Arch., Vol. 1:61, seq. 

THE SCHOOLS OF ARGOS AND SIKYON— Ageladas 

of Argos— His bronze statues of gods and Olympian victors— His 

school and famous pupils (a). Kanachos of Sikyou— His statue 

%Q,f Apollo at lililetus (b). The Early Attic School— Character, 

national customs and political condition of the people, influences 



FIFTH CENTURY, GREEK ART. 121 

contributing to its development — Materials employed by its 
sculptors (c). The sculptors Kritios and Nesiotes — Their group of 
Harmodios and Aristogeiton (subject first sculptured by An- 
tenor), commemorative of the expulsion of Greek tj rants — Pop- 
ularity and extant works of this subject (d). 

Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., Vol. 1:249-50 (a), 251-2 (b), 283-4 (c), 285-7 (d). 
Murray, Hist. Greek Sculp., Vol. 1:131-7 (a), 138-43 (b), 170-8 (d). Rollin, 
Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:559-62 (d). Eaton, Handbook Greek and Roman Sculp., 19-22 
(d). Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 298-9 (a, b), 297-8 (d). Lubke, Hist. Sculp., Vol. 
1:98-9 (a, b), 101-2 (d); Hist. Art, Vol. 1:185 (d). Murray, Handbook of Archseol., 
254-9 (d). Paris Manual Anc. Sculp., 173-8 (d). 

THE SCHOOL OF .EGINA— Characteristics and princi- 
pal works of the sculptors Kallon and Onatas (a). 

The famous groups of statues from the temple of Minerva 
at ^Egina in the Glyptothek Munich — Analysis of the groups of 
the east and west pediments (b) — Characteristics and advance- 
ment shown in these sculptures compared with the Apollo of 
Tenea — Probable date of their execution (c). 

Lubke, Hist. Sculp., Vol. 1:101-6 (a, b); "Higt. Art," Vol. 1:186-8 (b, c). Mur- 
ray, Handbook of Greek Archaeol., 260-2 (b); Hist. Greek Sculp., Vol. 1:133-43 
(a). Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 293-6 (a, b, c). Baton, Handbook Greek and Roman 
Sculp., 34-48 (b). Volkmann, Textbook to Illustrations of Historical Art, 34 seq. 
Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., 237-9 (a), 239-48 (b). Westropp, Handbook of 
Archseol., 159 seq. Paris Manual Anc. Sculp., 165-73 (b). 

THE TRANSITION PERIOD— Characteristics of this 
period (a) — Kalamis of Athens, his versatility and productive- 
ness — His statues of gods, female figures and horses — Materials 
employed and general characteristics of his work — Extant works 
traced to originals by Kalamis — Hermes Kriophoros and the 
Apollo, found in the Keramikus, Athens (b). 

Pythagoras of Rhegium, sculptor of heroes and Olympic 
victors — His style compared with the .lilginetan school 
— His statues of Philoktetes and of the Athlete Euthymos — -The 
Choiseul Goufifier statue in the British Museum — The statue of 
Europa — Materials used and chief merits of Pythagoras' sculp- 
ture (c). 

Lubke, Hist. Sculp., Vol. 1:114-16 (b, c); "Hist. Art," Vol. 1:189-90 (a, b, c). 
Murray, Hist. Greek Sculp., Vol. 1:179-92 (b), 200-12 (c). Mitchell, Hist. Anc. 
Sculp., 289-91 (a, b), 277-9, 663-5 (c). Eaton, Handbook Greek and Roman Sculp., 
50-2 (c). Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 299-301 (a, b), 301 (c). Waldstein, Essays on the 
Art of Pheidias, 332-72 (c). Perry, Greek and Roman Sculp., 163-9 (a, b), 152-4 
(c). Paris Manual Anc. Sculp., 179-86 (a, b). 



122 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

MYRON, famous as a sculptor of animals and athletes — 
His versatility; expression of movement and truthfulness in form 
of his sculpture — The Ivunner Ladas— His Discobolos and Mar- 
syas — The Athlete dropping oil — His famous cow — His works 
compared with those of Kalamis and Pythagoras (a). 

The sculpture of the metopes and friezes of the temple of 
Theseus at Athens; affinit}'- between these sculptures and the 
works of Myron — Compare these sculptures with the .Eginetan 
marbles (b). 

Lubke, Hist. Sculp., Vol. 1:116-20 (a), 144-6, 322 (b); Hist. Art, Vol. 1:190-1 
(a), 202-3 (b). Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 301-3, 320 (a). Murray, Hist. Greek Sculp., 
Vol. 1:213-35 (a), 235-52 (b). Perry, Greek and Roman Sculp., 154-62 (a), 215-22 
(b). Muller, Anc. Art, 83 (a). Paris Manual Anc. Sculp., 186-96. Mitchell, Hist. 
Anc. Sculp., 291-6 (a), 365-8 (b). Winckelmann, Anc. Art, Vol. 2:207-9 (a). 
Stuart, Antiquities of Athens, 94-102 (b). Enc. Brit., Vol. 17:120, Vol. 2:354 (a). 
Murray, Handbook Greek Archaeol., 274-8. 

PHEIDIAN PERIOD OF GREEK SCULPTURE— Outline 

of the history of Greek thought and action of this period (a). 

Influence of the Persian Wars, Greek drama, Athletic 
games, and the development of architecture upon sculpture (b). 

Waldstein, Essays on the Art of Pheidias, 58-64 (a), 394-420 (b) (Games 
and Arch.). Guhl, Greeks and Romans, 106-10, 213-31 (b) (Games and Arch.). 
Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., 223-5 (a). Felton, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:71-131. 197- 
213, Vol. 2:111-19 (b). Perry, Greek and Roman Sculp., 170-3 (a). Curtius, Hist. 
Greece, Vol. 2:78 seq. 

PHEIDIAS, the greatest of Greek sculptors — General ac- 
count of his life — Characteristics of his style— The simplicity, 
grandeur, sublimity and repose of Pheidias' art compared with 
the dramatic art of ^Eschylus (a). 

Early works — Group in bronze of the heroes of Marathon — 
The colossal bronze figure of Athene (Promachos) that stood on 
the Acropolis at Athens — Statues of Aphrodite (b). 

Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 304-5 (a, b). Murray, Hist. Greek Sculp., Vol. 
2:18-116 (a). Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., 299-301, 316 seq. (a, b). Lubke, Hist. 
Sculp. Vol. 1:23-7 (a, b); "Hist. Art," Vol. 1:192-3, 198-9 (a, b). Century Mag., 
Vol. 23 (old series). Vol. 1 (new series), 542-59. Paris Manual Anc. Sculp., 197- 
200 (b-2). Waldstein. Essays Art of Pheidias, 54-8, 66-8 (a). Duruy, Hist. Greece, 
Vol. 3:125-9, 132-40. Wyatt, Fine Art, 129-30. Westropp, Handbook of ArchEeoL, 
165 seq. (b-2). Quarterly Review, Vol. 154:386. Littell's Living Age, Vol. 
143:795-803. 

THE STATUE OF THE OLYMPIAN ZEUS— Pheidias' 
conception of the power and sublimity of the god compared with 



FIFTH CENTURY, GREEK ART. 123 

earlier artists — Description of the reliefs and groups upon the 
throne, footstool and pedestal of the statue — The Otricole head 
of Zeus. 

Lubke, Hist. Sculp., Vol. 1:129-33; "Hist. Art," Vol. 1:195-9. Reber, Hist. 
Anc. Art, 307-9. Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., 301-6, 530-1. Waldstein, Essays Art 
of Pheidias, 70-4, 282. Murray, Hist. Greek Sculp., Vol. 2:123-31. Duruy, Hist. 
Greece, Vol. 3-126-8, 139-40. Eaton, Handbook Greek and Roman Sculp., 190-2. 
Perry, Greek and Roman Sculp., 42, 191-7. Lloyd, Age of Pericles, Vol. 2:255-68. 
MuUer, Anc. Art, 75-6, 84-5. Flaxman, Lectures on Sculp., 88-92, 96, 134, 187, 191, 
223-5. Contemporary Review, Vol. 35:51-65. Century Mag., Vol. 23:548-50. West- 
ropp. Handbook of Archa90l., 163-4. Paris, Manual Anc. Sculp., 220-4. 

THE WOKKS OF PHEIDIAS IN GOLD AND IVORY— 

The statue of Athene Parthenos — Details of the helmet, shield, 
sandals and pedestal — Statuette copies of the Athene by Lenor- 
mant, Varvakeion and others, partial or entire. 

Waldstein, Essays Art of Pheidias, 68-9, 269-88. Lubke, Hist. Sculp., Vol. 
1:127-9; "Hist. Art," Vol. 1:193-5. Perry, Greek and Roman Sculp., 182-9. Reber, 
Hist. Anc. Art, 305-7. Muller, Anc. Art, 74-5, 84. Lloyd, Age of Pericles, Vol. 
2:243-54. Murray, Hist. Greek Sculp., Vol. 2:116-22. Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., 
308-16. Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:628 seq. Abbott, Pericles, 299 seq. Century 
Mag., Vol. 23:544-8. 

THE PARTHENON— Description— Character of its archi- 
tecture and sculptured reliefs (a). 

Subjects, composition and character of the sculpture of the 
pediments (b). The metopes, subjects and style of the reliefs 
— Their artistic merits — The myths of the Centaurs and Lapithse 
— Their symbolic and historic meaning (c). 

The Panatheniac frieze — Subjects and style of its reliefs — 
History of the Panatheniac festival, especially the grand pro- 
cession (d) — Principles of sculpture in relief established by the 
Greeks (e). 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:606-9, 618-25, 630-2 (a-d). Mitchell, Hist. Anc. 
Sculp., Vol. 1:327-9 (a), 349-64 (b), 330-3 (c), 333-49 (d). Perry, Greek and Roman 
Sculp., 242-50 (a-2), 257-72 (b), 251-6 (c), 273-300 (d). Stuart, Antiqs. Athens, 47- 
56. Guhl, Greeks and Romans, 25-30. Waldstein, Essays Art of Pheidias, 74-81 
(b, c, d), 107 (a, b), 87-104 (c), 191-266 (d). Enc. Brit., Vol. 3:4-7, Vol. 2:62-3, 
Vol. 18:209-10. Nineteenth Century, Vol. 17:658-75 (b). Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 
57:698. Eaton, Handbook Greek and Roman Sculp., 98 (a), 99-110 (b), 111-13 (c), 
114-28 (d). Reber, Anc. Ant, 225-6 (a-2), 310-13 (b), 313-15 (d), 315-16 (c). Cen- 
tury Mag., Vol. 23:553-4 (a), 556-9 (b), 174-82 (d). Fergusson, Hist. Arch., Vol. 
1:243, 260, 263-4 (a-2). Lubke, Hist. Art, Vol. 1:154-5 (a), 203-7 (b), 207-8 (c), 208-11 
(d); "Hist Sculp.," Vol. 1:147-52 (b), 152-4 (c), 154-8 (d). Lloyd, Age of Pericles, 
Vol. 2:164-85. Blackwood's Mag. (Edinburgh), Vol. 114:686-713. Harper's Mag., 
Vol. 64:667 seq. Murray, Handbook Greek Archseol., 206-8 (e), 208-15 (d, e), 215- 
17, (c, a), 264-74 (b). Paris Manual Anc. Sculp., 201-20 (a-d). 



124 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

ALKAMENES, the most celebrated pupil of Plieidias — 
Materials used, favorite subjects, versatility and artistic style of 
Alkameues — Its close affinity to that of Pheidias — His statues 
of Aphrodite, Dionysus, Hephsestos and Ares (a). 

Description of the great Temple of Zeus at Olympia 
(b) — Character and subjects of the metope reliefs (c). The west 
pediment groups as illustrations of the style of Alkamenes— Dif- 
ferent views in regard to these sculptures — Their place in art 
(d) — The east pediment sculptures and the sculptor Paronios — 
The Nike of Paronios (e). 

Reber, Anc. Art, 317-20. Lubke, Hist. Sculp., Vol. 1:135-8 (a); "Hist. Art," 
199-200 (a, b). Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., 319-21 (a), 253-61 (b, c), 266-73 (d), 
261-6, 402-5 (e). Murray, Hist. Greek Sculp., Vol. 2:139-46 (a), 145-56 (c, d). Cen- 
tury Mag., Vol. 23:551-2. Eaton, Handbook Greek and Roman Sculp., 94-8 (c). 
Paris Manual Anc. Sculp., 225-34 (c, d). Perry, Greek and Roman Sculp., 203-5 
(a), 236-8 (d), 205-7, 231-4, 239-41 (e). Edinburgh Review, Vol. 149:235-8 (a), 211-9 
(b), 222-4, 239-40 (c), 234-5 (d), 230-3 (e). Quarterly Review, Vol. 150:469-97 (b). 
Nineteenth Century, Vol. 8:1015-17 (c), 1012-15 (e-2). 

AGORAKRITOS, KOLOTES AND THRASYMEDES OF 
PAROS — ^Relations with Pheidias — Their works in marble, gold 
and ivory — Works of Agorakritos and Pheidias compared — His 
statues of Athene and the colossal figure of Nemesis at Rham- 
nous — The Athene of Kolotes at Elis and the sacred table in the 
Temple of Zeus at Olympia. 

Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 316-17. Lubke, Hist. Sculp., Vol. 1:138-9; "Hist. Art," 
Vol. 1:200-1. Perry, Greek and Roman Sculp., 207-9. Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., 
319-21. Edinburgh Review, Vol. 149:235-8. Murray, Hist. Greek Sculp., Vol. 
2:139-46. 

THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT BASS.l^ and the Phi- 
galian Marbles — History of their discovery— Boldness, anima- 
tion and truthfulness of execution — Contrast with the art of 
Pheidias — Subject of the frieze — The myth of the Amazons, its 
popularitj'^ as a subject for sculpture. 

Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 321-2, 329. Lubke, Hist. Sculp., Vol. 1:171-5; "Hist. 
Art," Vol. 1:217-19. Perry, Greek and Roman Sculp., 306-13. Murray, Handbook 
Greek Archeeol., 217-21. Hist. Greek Sculp., Vol. 2:169-78. Mitchell, Hist. Anc. 
Sculp., 397-402. Murray, Manual of Myth., 223, 256, 268. 

THE SCULPTURES OF THE ERECHTHEIUM— The 
Caryatides — Style and character of the sculpture of the Erech- 
theium compared with the Parthenon — The temple of Nike 



jTIFTH century, greek art. 125 

Apteros — Subjects and characteristics of these sculptures — 
Affinity in composition and execution to the frieze reliefs of the 
Temple of Bassse at Phigaleia. 

Stuart, A'ntiqs. of Athens, 57-72. Perry, Greek and Roman Sculp., 314-32. 
Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 242-5, 329. Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., 368-77. Murray, 
Handbook Greek Archteol., 220 seq. Quarterly Review, Vol. 154:385-6. Lubke, 
Hist. Sculp., Vol. 1:146-7, 158-60; Hist. Art., Vol. 1:212-13. Murray, Hist. Greek 
Sculp., Vol. 2:179-202. Lippincott's Mag., Vol. 11:150-8. Eaton, Handbook Greek 
and Roman Sculp., 135-8. 

POLYKLEITOS OF ARGOS— His favorite subjects— 
Affinity of his worli; with Myron and Pheidias — Materials used — 
Characteristics of his style — The statue of Juno at Argos — 
Heads of Juno in the Villa Ludovisi, Rome, and at Naples — The 
celebrated Amazon — Diadumenos — Dorj^phoros, noted as a 
canon for the human form and lineaments among Athenian 
sculptors — Athlete with the strigil, and other works. 

Lubke, Hist. Art, Vol. 1:213-17; Hist. Sculp., Vol. 1:161-8. Muller, Anc. 
Art, 91-3. Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 322-6. Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:186-8. Enc. 
Brit., Vol. 2:357, Vol. 19:416. Paris Manual Anc. Sculp., 255-64. Mitchell, Hist. 
Anc. Sculp., 384-94. Perry, Greek and Roman Sculp., 345-58. Murray, Hist. Greek 
Sculp., Vol. 1:257-85. 

GREEK PAINTING— Definition of the term— Its relation 
in ancient art to architecture and position in regard to sculpture 
— Character and influence of Greek painting — Want of direct 
evidence of the excellence of Greek painting — Its historical de- 
velopment through the artists Kleanthes, Telephanes, Ekphan- 
tos, Eumaros (a). 

Polygnotus of Thasos — Character of his subjects — Skillful 
use of color — Delicacy of treatment and expression of his figures 
— His great works at Delphi (b). Apollodorus of Athens — His 
great command of color, light and shade (c). Xeuxis — Style and 
character of his works (d). Parrhasios — The great advancement 
in painting shown in his works by the refinement of expression 
in the face, drawing and execution — Timanthes — His celebrated 
painting of Iphigenia (e). 

Lubke, Hist. Art, Vol. 1:243-50 (a-e). Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:596-600, 
Vol. 5:210-12. Muller, Anc. Art, 38-40, 59 (a), 97-101 (b-e). Smith, Diet. Greek 
and Roman Biog., Vol. 3:462 (b). Vol. 1:235 (c), Vol. 3:128 (e). Duruy, Hist. 
Greece, Vol. 3:141 seq. 189-93. Murray, Handbook Greek Archasol., 348-73, 391, 
405 (a, b), 373-4 (c), 374-9 (d), 378-81 (e). Blanc's Grammar of Painting, 1-6 (a). 
Woltmann and Woermann, Hist. Painting, Vol. 1:35-9. Lord, Beacon Lights 



126 



HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 



Hist., Old Pagan Civilization, 418-20 (b), 422-5 (c, d, e). Enc. Brit., Vol. 19-417 
Vol. 2:358 (b), 186 (c), 363 (c, d, e), Vol. 18:321. D'Anver, Hist. Painting, 18 seq' 
Contemporary Review, Vol. 24:468-79. Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 366-8 (a), 368-70 (b)', 
371-2 (d), 373-5 (e). Wyatt, Fine Arts. 217-20 (b), 220-23 (c, d, e). 

ROMAN HISTORY. 

THE DICTATORSHIP ESTABLISHED— Duties, powers 
and term of the office— Titus Lartius, first dictator (a).— Battle 
of Lake Kegillus, tradition of a great Roman victory over the 
Latins (See Tarquinius Supurbus, VI century) — Revolt of the 
Plebeians and creation of Tribunes— The struggle between the 
patricians and plebeians for equality of rights— Oppression of 
the plebeians— Secession to the Sacred Mount, resulting in the 
establishment of the tribunate (b). 

Duties and powers of the office of tribune — Relation of the 
tribune to the consul— The tribunes and the senate — Political 
value and powder of the tribunate (c). 

Leighton, Hist. Rome, 54-9 (a, b, c). Ridpath, Hist. World, Vol. 2:118 (a), 
120-2 (b, c). Enc. Brit., Vol. 7:179 (a). Vol. 20:736 seq. Vol. 23:556-9 (b, c). Gil- 
man, Story of Rome, 73-9 (b, c). Macaulay, Lays of Anc. Rome, 87-138 (b-1). 
Ihne, Early Rome, 140-8 (tribune). Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:327, 330 (a), 
334-60 (b, c). Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 1:282, 388-9 (a), 279-8 (a, b, c) (1883 
ed.), Vol. 1:159 seq. 174 seq. (b, c). Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:132-3 (a), 142-51, 
183-6, 203 seq. (b, c). 

CORIOLANUS — His relations with the plebeians — His 
banishment — The Volsci and Volscian War — Relations of Corio- 
lanus with the Volscians — Siege of Rome — Authenticity of the 
Story of Coriolanus (a). 

Spurius Cassias, consul — First Agrarian LaAV (Spurius 
Cassius) in the interest of the plebeians — Character of the law^ — 
Opposition of the patricians and reasons therefor — Death of Spu- 
rius Cassius (b). The Fabii (c). 

Plutarch's Lives, Vol. 2 (a). Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 1:93-5, 297 seq. 
304-12, 354, 356, 360, 376 (a), 288-9 (b, c), (1883 ed.). Vol. 1:186-98 (a), 168-74 (b, c). 
Enc. Brit., Vol. 6:401-2 (a), Vol. 1:289 (b). Johns Hopkins, University Studies 
(1891), Vol. 9:VII-VIII, 24-35. Church, Stories from Livy, 108-25 (a), 126-32 (c). 
Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:152, 360, 443 seq. 458, 536 (a), 347-9, 363 (b, c), 125, 
227, 360, 590 (c). Shakspeare, Coriolanus. Oilman, Story of Rome, 80-6. North 
Amer. Review, Vol. 16:440-4, Vol. 39:416 (b). Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:156-64 (a), 
175-82 (b); "Early Rome," 148-51 (b), 154-62 (a). 

THE PUBLILIAN LAW OF VOLERO— Character of this 
law — Its benefit to the plebeians (a). 



FIFTH CENTUR V, JE WISH HIS TOR V. 127 

Wars with the ^^ilqiiians — Cincinnatus, dictator — His char- 
acter and dictatorshij) (b). 

The Bill of Terentullus, a measure to reduce the laws to a 
written code — Violent opposition of the patricians and reasons 
therefor — Decemvirs appointed — Their duties — Embassadors 
sent to Greece to obtain copies of the Solonian laws and others — 
THE LAWS OF THE TWELVE TABLES— Their character 
and benefit to the plebeians and value as a basis of lioman juris- 
prudence (c). 

Fall of the decemvirs — Re-establishment of the consulate 
and tribunate — Incidents of the rule of the decemvirs — Appius 
Claudius — His character and political position (d). 

Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:361-3 (a), 378 (b), 363-9, 597-601 (c, d, e). 
Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 1:294-8 (a), 308-14, 320, 327, 348 (b), 319-40 (c, d), 
S64-8 (d), (1883), Vol. 1:175-8 (a), 203-32 (c, d). Macr.ulay, Lays of Anc. Rome, 141- 
77 (d). Church, Stories from Livy, 133-45 (b), 146-'B1 (d). Beesly, Stories from 
Hist. Rome, 62 seq. (b-2). Ihne, Early Rome, 165-75 (c). Leighton, Hist. Rome, 
63, 88-92 (a, c, d). Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Antiqs., Vol. 1:386, 600-2 (d). 
Oilman, Story of Rome, 88-92. Larned, Hist. Ready Reference, Vol. 4:2665-7. 
Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:165-70, 216 seq (b), 186-7 (a), 188-203 (c, d). De Coulanges, 
The Anc. City, 410-18 (c). Mann, Anc. and Med. Republics, 142-69 (c). 

THE VALERIO-HOKATIAN LAWS— The re-establish- 
ment of the tribunate of the plebeians and recognition of the 
Icilian Law, Koman citizens' right of appeal against any magis- 
trate—Establishment of the Twelve Tables of Laws (a). 

The Canuleian Laws, intermarriage between patricians and 
plebeians — Military tribunes with consular powers (b). 

Struggles of the plebeians and farmer class against the 
nobility (c). 

Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:369-71 (a), 373-6 (b), 376-86 (c). Duruy, Hist. 
Rome (1884), Vol. 1:341, 394-5, 404 seq. Vol. 2:371 (a), 344-51 (b, c), (1883), Vol. 
1:232-9. Larned, Hist. Ready Reference, Vol. 4:2667-8 (a, b). Leighton, Hist. 
Rome, 70-5. Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:204 seq. (a), 211-15 (b). 

JEWISH HISTORY. 

EZRA — Return of the Jews under his leadership, his re- 
forms and collection of the Jewish Scriptures (a). 

NEHEMIAH ; his character and relations with the Persian 
court; his commission to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem. Build- 
ing and dedication of (b). Ezra and IS^ehemiah, their work; its 
character, influence and significance (c). 



128 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

The Book of Ezra — Its peculiar structure (d) — Authorship 
and character of the Book of Nehemiah (e). 

Rollin, Anc. Hist., 158 (b). Smith, Hist. Bible, 480-92 (a, b). Rawlinson, 
Ezra and Nehemiah (Men of Bible Series). Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 
3:101-9 (a), 109-21 (b), 123-35 (c). Milman, Hist. Jews, Vol. 1:478 seq. (a, b, c). 
McClintock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 3:435-9 (a, c). Vol. 6:923-5 (b, c). Bible, 
Ezra, Chaps. 7-10; Nehemiah, Chaps. 1-13. Palfrey, Lects. Jewish Scriptures, 
Vol. 4:67-83 (d), 82-105 (e). Kitto, Hist. Palestine, 647-55. Ewald, Hist. Israel, 
Vol. 5:129-47 (a), 147-61 (b), 161-4 (c), Vol. 8:312-65 (a-3). Geikie, Hours with, the 
Bible (Ezekiel to Malachi), 268-76 (a), 276-92 (b, c). Bapt. Quart. Review, Vol. 
9:339 seq. (a). Bnc. Brit., Vol. 8:830-2 (a). Reade, Bible Characters, 21-57 (b, c). 
Oliphant, Jerusalem the Holy City, 354-87 (a), 388-410 (b). Driver, An Intro- 
duction to Lit. Old Testament, 507-20 (e). Sayce, The Higher Criticism (d). 

QUEEN ESTHER— DifL'ereut opinions in regard to the 
reigning monarch at the time of lier being called to the Persian 
Court — Her character and life. The Feast of Purini, significa- 
tion of the name of the festival and manner in which it is ob- 
served — The significance of the feast. 

Bible, Book of Esther. Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:476, Vol. 2:17. McClin- 
tock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit, Vol. 8:802-4, Vol. 3:306-13. Enc. Brit., Vol. 8:560, Vol. 
20:115. Scott, Esther, the Hebrew-Persian Queen. Cox, Female Scripture Biog., 
Vol. 1:359-83. Symington, The Story of Esther the Queen. Sayce, The Higher 
Criticism, 471-5. Geikie, Hours with the Bible (Ezekiel to Malachi), 251-68. Lord, 
Beacon Lights Hist., Jewish Heroes, 401-26. Ewald, Hist. Israel, Vol. 5:231-4 
(Feast of Purim.) Christian Review, Vol. 13:365 seq. Taylor, Ruth and Esther. 
Tyng, The Captive Orphan (Esther). 

MALACHI, THE LAST OF THE PROPHETS— Moral and 
religious condition of the Jews at the beginning of his teaching; 
his relation to Ezra and Nehemiah — His mission and doctrine — 
The Book of Malachi, its canonicity, its diction and phraseology 
compared with the writings of the older prophets — The extinc- 
tion of prophecy. 

Geikie, Hours with the Bible (Ezekiel to Malachi), 291-300. Smith, Hist. 
Bible, 488 seq. Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 3:138. Blackwood's Mag., Vol. 
47:355. Palfrey, Lects. Jewish Scriptures, Vol. 3:496-503. Cowles, The Minor 
Prophets, 383-404. Enc. Brit., Vol. 15:313. McClintock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 
5:673 seq. Ewald, Hist. Israel, Vol. 5:174-9. Gilfillan, Bards of the Bible, 214-16.. 

SUMMARY. 

This century is remarkable in history as being a period of great intel- 
lectual and political growth. Persia invades and attempts to conquer Greece, 
which brought about the Persian wars, beginning with the memorable battle 
of Marathon and ending with the battles of Platsea and Mykalse, resulting in 
the defeat of the Persians, thereby checking the power of Oriental despotism 



ii 



FIFTH CENTURY, SUMMARY. 129 

and changing the destiny of Europe. This victory was followed by the most 
illustrious period in Grecian history, and one of the most brilliant in the history 
of the world. 

Athens, the center of Greek thought, attains the highest point of great- 
ness in political growth, unsurpassed literature and matchless art. This de- 
velopment gave to Athens the supremacy among the Grecian states which 
created rivalry and hatred, resulting in civil warfare. Athens and Sparta, the 
leading states of Greece, are politically opposed to each other, Athens being 
democratic and Sparta aristocratic in tendencies. These opposing principles, 
democracy and oligarchy culminated in the Peloponnesian war, that lasted 
twenty-seven years, the result of which was the destruction of the Athenian 
empire by the Spartan confederacy. 

The history of Rome records the struggle for rights and privileges be- 
tween the patricians and plebeians, the development of the Roman Constitution. 




SECTION XIII. 



FOURTH CENTURY B. C, CHRONOLOGY. 
MAP ILLUSTRATIONS. 

399. Sparta at war with Persia. Condemnation and death of 

Sokrates. 
398. Death of Agis II., king of Sparta. Accession of Agesilaus. 
396. Veii taken by the Romans under Marcus Camillus (Rawl., 

392). 
395. League between Thebes, Korinth, Argos and Athens 

against Sparta. 
394. Persian fleet under Konon, Athenian admiral, defeats the 

Spartans off Knidus. Victory of the Spartans under 

Agesilaus at Koronea. 
390. The Gauls vanquish the Romans on the Allia and burn 

Rome (Rawl., 387; Hertzberg, 388). 
387. The peace of Antalkidas. 
382. Sparta at war with Olynthus. The Spartans seize the 

Theban Kadmsea. 
380 (about). Death of Skopas, Greek sculptor. 
378. Spartan war against Thebes. Rise of Pelopidas and Epa- 

minondas. 
376. Conquest of Etruria. 
371. Battle of Leuktra; Thebans, under Epaminondas, defeat 

the Spartans. Thebes becomes the dominant power 

in Greece. 

366. Adoption of the Licinian Rogations (Rawl., 364). 

362. Battle of Mantinea. Victory and death of Epaminondas. 

361 or 359. Artaxerxes II. (Ochus) ascends the Persian throne. 

359. Philip, king of Macedon. Rise of the Macedonian empire. 

130 



FOURTH CENTURY, CHRONOLOGY. 131 

358. The Social War — Athens against Kos, Chios, Rhodes and 
Byzantium. 

357. Outbreak of the Sacred War — Thebes against Phokis. 

356. Rise of Demosthenes. 

350. Death of Praxiteles, sculptor. 

348. Death of Plato, Greek philosopher. 

343 to 338. The First Samnite W^ar (Rawl., 340). 

340. Revolt of the Latin League. The great Latin War. 

338. Conquest of Latium and subjugation of the Latins. Defeat 
of Athens and Thebes at Chseronea by Philip II., and 
overthrow of Greek independence (Rawl., 337-335). 

336. Death of Philip II. of Macedon, and accession of Alexan- 
der the Great. Darius III. (Codomanus) succeeds Arses 
on the Persian throne. 

335. Thebes rebels against Macedon and is destroyed by Alex- 
ander. 

334. Alexander begins the conquest of Persia. Battle of the 
(Jranikus; Persian defeat. 

333. Battle of Issus. 

332. Siege and capture of Tyre by Alexander. Occupation of 
Egypt .and founding of the city of Alexandria. 

331. Battle of Arbela and overthrow of the Persian empire. 

330. Apelles, Greek painter, flourished. 

326. Outbreak of the Second Samnite War (Rawl., 323). Alex- 
ander's conquest of Punjaub (India). 

323. Death of Alexander. Partition of power among his gener- 
als. Greeks revolt from Macedon. Lamian War en- 
sues. Ptolomy Soter, ruler of Egypt. 

322. Battle of Krannon; end of the Lamian War. Death of 
Aristotle. 

321. Defeat of the Romans by the Samnites at the Caudine 
Pass (Rawl., 319). Beginning of the wars between 
Alexander's successors. 

317. Condemnation and death of Phokion. 
10 



132 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

312. Establishment of the kingdom of the Seleukidse by Seleu- 

kus Nikator. Babylon the capital. 
305 to 304. Siege of Rhodes by Demetrius Poliorketes. 
304. Subjugation of the Samnites (Rawl., 303). 
301. Battle of Ipsus. Antigonus and his son, Poliorketes, are 

defeated by Seleukus and Lysimachus. 

LANDMARKS FOR THE EYE. 

First. Death of Sokrates. 

Second. Burning of Rome by tlie Gauls. 

Third. Rise of Theban power, and her great statesmen — Pelopidus and 
Epaminondas, 

Fourth. Establishment of the Macedonian empire under Philip, and rise 
of Demosthenes. 

Fifth. Overthrow of Greek independence, connect this with its power at 
the middle of the fifth century. 

Sixth. Accession of Alexander, and his conquests. 

Seventh. Fall of the Persian monarchy, connect with its rise and power 
in the sixth century. 

Eighth. Battle of Ipsus, and division of Alexander's empire. 

CONTEMPORARY EVENTS OF HISTORY. 

400. Lysias at Athens after the expulsion of the thirty tyrants. He was 
esteemed the greatest orator of his time. Aristippus, Demokritus, 
Hippokrates and Diogenes, contemporaries of Sokrates. 

399. The Catapult invented. 

395. Building of the Etruscan canal for draining the Alban lake. 

393. The walls of Athens rebuilt by Konon. 

383. Mithridates, first king of Pontus. 

378. Naval supremacy of Athens renewed. 

369. Foundation of Megalopolis. Rise of a new Messenian state under Epam- 
inondas. Foundation of the city of Messene. 

356. Burning of the Temple of Diana at Ephesus. 

350. The mausoleum of the Karian queen, Artemisia, at Halikarnassus erected, 
one of the seven wonders of the world. Praxiteles' famous Venus 
(Knidian) sculptured after the model of the Courtesan Phryne. 

343. Rise of Timoleon, who delivers Syracuse from Dionysius the Younger. 

336. The revolution of eclipses first calculated by Kalippus, Athenian. 

332. The siege of Tyre by Alexander one of the most famous in ancient 
history on account of the devices resorted to on both sides. 

322 Death of Demosthenes. Orators contemporary with Demosthenes were 
vEschines, his special rival, and Hyperides, the most brilliant orator 
of his age. 

320. Aristoxenes of Tarentum, celebrated Greek writer upon music. 

312. The Appian Way constructed (about). 
310. Agathokles becomes ruler of Syracuse. 
307. Athens taken by Demetrius Poliorketes. 



II 



FOURTH CENTURY, GRECIAN HISTORY. 133 

TOPICS FOR THE IVTH CENTURY. 

GREECE. 

SPARTAN WAR WITH PERSIA; caused by the Spartans 
aiding Cyrus in liis efforts to gain the throne — Great power and 
influence of Lysander — Death of the Spartan king, Agis — 
Accession of Agesilaus — His character and personal appearance 
— Ability as a general and ruler (a). 

Agesilaus continues the war with Persia — ^Operations in 
Asia Minor — Relations with Lysander — Negotiations of Konon 
with Persia — Naval armament of Persia, Konon in command — 
Boeotian war between Thebes and Sparta — Death of Lysander 
— Its result to Sparta — Alliance between Argos, Korinth, Thebes 
and Athens against Sparta — Korinthian War — Battles of 
Korinth and Knidus and results — Agesilaus recalled from Asia 
Minor — Battle of Koronea, Spartan victory — Rebuilding the 
long walls by Konon — Athenian independence restored (b). 

Antalkidas; his mission to the Persian court — Peace 
Congress at Sardis. THE PEACE OF ANTALKIDAS— Char- 
acter and terms of the treaty — Relative positions of Athens, 
Sparta and Persia by the terms of the peace — Effect and result 
of the treaty (c). 

Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:351-8 (a), 358-77 (b), 377-80 (c). Cox, Hist. Greece, 
547-66, 598 seq. Rawlinson, Seven Mons., Vol. 2:523 seq. (b, c). Sankey, Spartan 
and Theban Supremacies, 82-138 (a, b), 113-45 (b), 145-53 (c). Timayenis, Hist. 
Greece, Vol. 1:402-9 (a), 410-29 (b), 429-35 (c). Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:230-44 
(a, b), 244-53 (b, c). Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 5:274-300 (a), 300, 304-38, Vol. 6:1- 
21, 23-34 (b), 40, 73-81 (c). Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:500-19 (a, b), 521-31 (c). 
Grote, Hist. Greece (1853 ed.). Vol. 9:237-47 (a), 255-68, 280-324 (b), 359-62, 383-8, 
Vol. 10:1-12; 216 seq. (c). Gillies, Anc. Greece, 278-86, 292, 299, 300-2, 306, 310- 
12, 327. 

SPARTA AT THE HEIGHT OF HER POWER AND 
PROSPERITY— History of the formation of the Olynthian Con- 
federacy — Its destruction by Sparta — Seizure of the Theban 
Kadma-a — Conspiracy of Pelopidas to destroy the oligarchal 
rulers at Thebes — Her liberation and rise to i^ower. 

Rise of Epaminondas — Decline of Spartan power — Battles 
of Tegyra and Naxos — Theban destruction of Plat^ea — W^ar de- 
clared by Sparta against Thebes — Battle of Leuktra; the result — 
Its effect in Sparta and Athens (a). 



134 HISTORY, LITER A TURE AND ART TOPICS. 

Character of the Spartan government during its suprem- 
a(-y — Treatment of her allies and subjects — Contrast between 
Athenian and Spartan rule (b). 

Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:552-72 (a). Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:535-43, 
551-6, 558-66 (a), 484-7, 494-500 (b). Sankey, Spartan and Theban Supremacies, 
153-67, 175-92 (a), 3-5, 7-10, 28 seq. 82 seq. 86-8, 95 (b). Timayenis, Hist. Greece, 
Vol. 1:435-47, Vol. 2:1-18 (a). Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:252-5, 270-2 (b), 255-9, 
262-5, 272-8 (a). Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 6:87-168 (a), 82 seq. (b). Cox, Hist. 
Greece, 567-81 (a), 336, 484 seq. 487-9, 547-9, 581-2 (b). Grote, Hist. Greece (1853 
ed.). Vol. 10:28 seq. 50-72, 79-94, 102-6, 119-26, 159-93 (a). Vol. 8:288 seq. Vol. 9:181- 
204, 222-3, Vol. 10:35-41 (b). 

THEBAN SUPREMACY — Policy of Epaminondas — War 
in the Peloponnesus — Founding of the city of Megalopolis — 
Establishment of Messene — League between Athens and Sparta 
against Thebes — Pelopidas in Thessaly — His mission to Persia, 
its object and the result — Death of Pelopidas— His life and char- 
acter— BATTLE OF MANTINEIA— Victory and death of 
Epaminondas (a). 

Character, education and influence of Epaminondas — Mili- 
tary ability and statesmanship — Review of his life and com- 
l)arison with Perikles (b). 

Cox, Hist. Greece, 583-96 (a), 574, 581, 596-7 (b). Rollin, Anc. Hist, Vol. 
2:555-7, 565, 572-95 (a, b). Grote, Hist. Greece (1853 ed.), Vol. 10:213-41, 253, 263, 
277-86, 303-10, 327-51 (a), 120-6, 167-74, 178 seq. 185, 259, 351-7 (b). Niebuhr, Anc. 
Hist., Vol. 2:259-62 (a, b), 279-92 (a). Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 6:191-220, 225-6, 
258-62, 269-97 (a). Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:540, 544-6, 573-95 (a, b). Sankey, 
Spartan and Theban Supremacies, 167-70, 192-224. Plutarch's Lives (Clough), 
Vol. 2. Timayenis, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:19-38 (a, b). 

MACEDONIA. 

BOUNDARIES, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS AND CLIMATE 
— Origin and character of the people — Its history to the acces- 
sion of Philip 11. 

PHILIP 11. — Accession, early life, superior endowments, ed- 
ucation and character — Condition of Greece, naval power and 
financial condition of Athens at this period — Reforms of Philip — 
The Social War — Capture of Amphipolis — The Second Sacred 
War — Rise of Demosthenes (a). 

Demosthenes and the Athenians — Philip's attempt upon 
Thermopylae — First Philippic, B. C. 351 — Euboean and Olynthiau 
Wars— Loss of Euba3a— Olynthus taken by Philip and utterly 
destroyed, with its thirty-two allied towns — ^lj:schines — His 



FOURTH CENTURY, MACEDONIAN HISTORY. 135 

treachery — Thermopylae surrendered — Close of the Phokion or 
Sacred War — Peace between Athens and Philip — Philip recog- 
nized as a member of the Amphiktyonic Council (b). 

Last struggle for the independence of Greece — Growing 
power of Demosthenes — His constitutional reforms — The Sec- 
ond Philippic — The Thracian Chersonesus — Third Philippic — 
Its influence upon the Greeks — League between Athens and By- 
zantium — Siege of Byzantium — League between Athens and 
Thebes — Battle of Chseronea — Defeat of Athens and her allies — 
Philip's Hellenic policy — The Greeks under Macedonian do- 
minion (c). 

Death of Philip^ — His military genius and statesmanship — 
His place in history — Military organization under Philip — Char- 
acter of the Macedonian phalanx (d). 

Leland, Hist. Life and Reign of Philip, King of Macedon. Rollln, Anc. 
Hist., Vol. 3:35-52 (a), 52-64 (b), 64-98 (c, d). Curties, Rise of the Macedonian 
Empire. Gillies, Anc. Greece, 34-98. Cox, Hist. Greece, 567-8, 600-20. Duruy, 
Hist. Greece, Vol. 4:1-114 (a-d). Timayenis, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:38-47, 61-4 (a), 
47-57 (b, c), 64-91 (a-d). Niebuhr, Anc. Hist, Vol. 2:292-303 (a-1), 289-92, 303-9 
(a-2), 309-19 (a, d), 320-34 (b), 335-55 (c, d), 335-9 (d). Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 
5:12, 16-84, 402-10, 424-62. Freeman, Historical Essays (Series II.), 224 seq. Mit- 
ford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:31-41, 86-8, 129-32. Grote, Hist. Greece (1888), Vol. 
9:204-36, 254, 285-99, 329 seq. 412-20, 440-7, 468-92, 498 seq. (1853 ed.). Vol. 10:381- 
3, Vol. 11:197-263 (a), 279-92, 296 seq. 309-58, 367 seq.' 378-434 (b), 434 seq. 443-522, 
Vol. 12:57-67 (b, c, d). 

DEMOSTHENES — Youth, education and training as an ora- 
tor (a) — Statesmanship and opposition to King Philip — Accu- 
sation of Demosthenes by .Eschines — Reply of Demosthenes in 
the celebrated oration "DE CORONA," the great masterpiece 
of Grecian oratory — Triumph of Demosthenes and exile of 
^Eschines — Accusation of Demosthenes by Harpalus, convic- 
tion, exile and recall (b) — Public life and character of Demos- 
thenes (c) — Influence and power of his oratory — Extracts from 
his speeches — The value and necessity of rhetorical accomplish- 
ments in Athenian public life (d)— Social, intellectual and polit- 
ical condition of Athens at this epoch (e). 

Plutarch's Lives (Clough), Vol. 5. Demosthenes' Orations (Kennedy tr.). 
Leland, Orations of Demosthenes. Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:13-15, 25-30, 52-64, 
S4-8. Butcher, Demosthenes (Life). Lord, Beacon Lights Hist., Old Pagan Civ- 
ilization, 350-6. Gillies, Anc. Greece, 356-73, 421-22. Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 
5. Quarterly Review, Vol. 152:543. Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:28,' 52, 54, 170, 
267, 290, 298, 306-7, 323-50, 379, 386-8, 405-6, 410, 413, 419-20, 424-7, 451-2, Vol. 



136 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

3:17-19, 23-4, 28-38. North American Review, Vol. 22:34-52. Mahaffy, Hist. Greek 
Lit., Vol. 2:292-332. Cox, Hist. Greece, 608-19, 648-52. Perry, Hist. Greek Lit., 
622-55 (a, b-1, d). Heeren, Manual Anc. Hist., 171 seq. (e). "Anc. Greece," 184-91 
(c, d). Felton, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:219-46. Muller, Hist. Lit. Anc. Greece, Vol. 
2:311-47. Grote, Hist. Greece (1853), Vol. 11:263-72, 309 seq. 327 seq. 451-3, 461 
seq. Vol. 12:286-309, 326-31 (a-e). Vol. 12:286-309, 326-31 (1888), Vol. 7:21, Vol. 9:258- 
66, 278-82, 301-10, 317-29, 349-53, 369-76, 380-3, 390-1, 420, 429-39, 487-92, Vol. 
10:224-30. 

DECLINING POWER AND DECAY OF THE PERSIAN 
EMPIRE — Revolt of the Satrapies — War with Evegoras of Cy- 
prus — Death of Agesilaus, the Spartan King — Death of Ar- 
taxerxes (Mnemon) — His character and reign — Accession of Ar- 
taxerxes III. (Ochus) — State of the kingdom — Character of his 
reign — Siege of Sidon — Reduction of Egypt — Death of Ochus (a). 

DARIUS III. (Codomanus), the last Persian king — Condi- 
tion of the empire at his accession — Strength of Macedonia — 
Military ability of Darius — Invasion of Asia by Alexander — 
Fall of the Persian empire — Character and death of Darius — Ele- 
ments of weakness and causes of the decay of the Persian king- 
dom (b). 

Rawlinson, Seven Mons., Vol. 2:524-33 (a), 533-50 (b). Rollin, Anc. Hist., 
Vol. 2:380-7, 598-607 (a, b). Vol. 3:7-8, 18-25 (a), 25, 104, 111-17, 121-2, 125-38, 170- 
81, 191-8, 292 seq. (b). Heeren, Historical Researches, Asiatic Nations, Vol. 1:226- 
30. Niebuhr, Anc. Hist, Vol. 2:368-78 (a), 378-81. Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 
6:69 seq. 298-315 (a). Grote, Hist. Greece (1853 ed.), Vol. 9:361-2, 364, Vol. 10:13- 
26, 366 seq. Vol. 11:437-41. Ridpath, Hist. World, Vol. 1:369-76 (a, b). Timayenis, 
Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:38-40, 99 seq. 108, 110-14, 121-5 (b). 

ALEXANDER III., THE GREAT— Accession, early life 
and education — Attitude of Greece toward Macedonia as the 
effect of Philip's death — March of Alexander into Greece and 
the result — Conquests in Thrace and Illyria, B. C. 335 — Revolt, 
siege, capture and destruction of Thebes — Fate of the The- 
bans (a). 

Alexander's first Asiatic campaign — Preparations for the 
conquest of Asia — Relations of these conquests to Greek history 
— Greeks in the service of Alexander — Defensive preparations 
of Darius against Alexander— BATTLE OF THE GRANIKUS 
and the result — Capture of Ephesus and Miletus — Siege of Hali- 
karnassus — Conquest of Lycia, Pamphylia and Pisidia (b). 

Second and third campaign in Asia — Memnon and the Per- 
sian fleet — Battle of Issus — Siege and fall of Tyre — Occupation 
of Egypt— Alexandria founded— BATTLE OF ARBELA and 



FOURTH CENTURY, MACEDONIAN HISTORY. 137 

fall of the Persian monarchy — Surrender of Babylon and Susa— 
Alexander at Persepolis — Death of Darius Codomanus — Con- 
quest of the Punjaub — Alexander's return to Susa and marriage 
— Death of Hephaestion; effect of his death upon Alexander (c). 
Death and funeral obsequies of Alexander — His conquests 
and their benefit to the world — Character, statesmanship and 
military genius of Alexander — Place in history and criticisms 
upon his life and character (d). 

Dodge, Great Captains, Hist. Wars of Alexander. Freeman, Historical 
Essays, Series II. (d). Grote, Hist. Greece (1888), Vol. 9:506-49, Vol. 10:1-49, 97- 
114 (a, b, c), 53-96, 196-212 (d), 156-66, 186, 191-6. Curties, Rise of the Mace- 
donian Empire, 93-215. Enc. Brit., Vol. 1:480-5, Vol. 11:104, Vol. 15:138-42, Vol. 
18:581-5. Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:98-110 (a), 111-21 (b), 121-290, 292-4 (c, d), 310- 
12 (d). Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 4:115-27 (a), 128-45 (b), 145-214 (c, d). Tima- 
yenis. Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:91-5 (a), 97-107 (b), 107-43 (c), 143-8, 233, 236-41, 253-7 
(d). Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:398-417, (a, d), 430-49, 471-83 (b, c, d), Vol. 3:38. 
Mahaffy, Story of Alexander's Empire. Cox, Hist. Greece, 630-4 (a), 634-44 (b, c), 
644-7 (a, d). Creasy, Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World (Arbela). Rawlinson, 
Seven Mons., Vol. 2:532-50. Ridpath, Hist. World, Vol. 1:629-48, 650-63. Gillies, 
Anc. Greece, 398-436. Littell's Living Age, Vol. 126:3 seq. (d). Edinburgh Re- 
view, Vol. 105:305-41. Grote, Hist. Greece (1853), Vol. 12:1-47 (a), 67-101 (b), 104- 
88, 225-50 (c), 255-74, 53 seq. Draper Intellectual Development Eu-rope, Vol. 1:171- 
5, 192 seq. (b, d-2). 

TUE LAMIAN WAE— Effect of Alexander's death upon 
Greece — Attempt of Greece, headed by Athens, to free herself 
from Macedonian supremacy — Leosthenes in command of the 
army — His victory in Thessaly over Antipater of Macedon — 
Battle of Krannon; Antipater victorious — Dissolution of the 
Greek army — Fate of Demosthenes and Hyperides — Phokion — 
His position in relation to the Lamian war — His conduct after 
the war — His influence with Antipater and power at Athens — 
Death of Phokion — The state of Athens and intellectual condi- 
tion of Greece from the battle of Chueronea to this period (a) — 
Alexander's generals — Their quarrels for supremacy — Division 
of the empire among them — Extermination of Alexander's 
family (b). 

Athens under Demetrius Phalerius — War in Greece — De- 
metrius Poliorketes— Personal appearance and character — His 
relations with the Athenians — Honors paid to him at Athens — 
Siege of Rhodes — His engines of war — His campaign in Pelopon- 
nesus — Alliance between Ptolemy, Seleukus, Lysimachus and 
Kassander against Antigonus aiid Demetrius — BATTLE OF 



138 HISTORY, LITERA TURK AND ART TOPICS. 

IPSUS — Death of Antigonus — Demetrius' return to Athens (e). 
Final division of the empire between the four successful 
generals — Ptolemy I. (Soter) establishing the Ptolemaic dy- 
nasty, consisting of Egypt, L^'bia, Arabia and Palestine — Lysim- 
aclius taking Asia Minor as far as the Taurus^ — Kassander the 
kingdoms of Macedonia and. Greece — Seleukus I. (Nicator) — 
Syria and provinces of Asia as far as the Indus (d). 

Niebuhr, Anc. Hist, Vol. 2:422-7, Vol. 3:17-19, 42-64, 66-9 (a), 69-99 (b), 100- 
37, 143-9 (c, d). Cox, Hist. Greece, 651-2, 655-6 (a), 656 seq. (b, c, d). Rollin, Anc. 
Hist., Vol. 3:299-310, 323-8 (a), 294 seq. (b), 348-56, 358-86 (c, d). Plutarch's Lives, 
Vol. 5 (c). Mahaffy, Story of Alexander's Empire. Timayenis, Hist. Greece, Vol. 
2:155-62, 173-9 (a), 149-55, 163-95 (b), 195-219 (c, d). Duriiy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 
4:215-96. Grote, Hist. Greece (1853), Vol. 12:312-28, 331-2, 348-60 (a), 331-56 (b), 
361-3, 373-8, 381-93 (c, d) (1888), Vol. 10:245-63, 317-23. Quarterly Review, Vol. 
149:125-56. Heeren, Manual Anc. Hist., 216. 

GREEK LITERATURE. 

PLATO (Aristokles), called the Athenian Bee — Life, char- 
acter and lasting inliuence of his writings — The doctrine of his 
philosophy — Influence of Sokrates upon his writings (a) — His 
dialogues; their relation to his philosophy and to the develop- 
ment of Attic prose — Why he wrote in the form of dialogue (b). 

Political views of Plato and his theories of education as 
shown in the "Eepublic" contrasted with the same ideas in the 
"Laws" (c) — His writings from a moral, scientific and literary 
standpoint — Criticism on his works in connection with the age 
— Extracts from his writings (d). 

Mahaffy, Hist. Greek Lit., Vol. 2:160-2 (a), 164-72 (b), 194-200 (c), 204-8 (a, 
d). Perry, Hist. Greek Lit., 688-94 (a), 694-713 (d). Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 
5:161-74 (a-d). Grote, Hist. Greece (1888), Vol. 1:394, 396 seq. Vol. 7:34-80, 84, 107, 
Vol. 9:55-8. De Quincey, Historical Essays (1876 ed.), 431-82 (1856 ed.), Vol. 1:168- 
219. Clarke, Ten Great Religions, Vol. 2:137, 139, 144-5, 173, 337. Wilkinson, 
Greek Course in Eng., 83-126. Davidson, Aristotle and Anc. Educational Ideals, 
132-50 (d). Fortnightly Review, Vol. 8:272-86. Westminster Review, Vol. 58:389, 
Vol. 59:28, Vol. 127:109 seq. Draper, Intellectual Development Europe, Vol. 
1:151-63. Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:618-31. Muller, Hist. Lit. Anc. Greece, Vol. 
2:202-59 (a-d). McClintock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 8:272-88. Plato, Dialogues 
(Jowett tr.). Zeller, Plato and the Older Academy. Yaggy, Museum of Antiqui- 
ties, 772-84 (b, d). North Amer. Review, Vol. 83:67-84. Blackwood's Mag., Vol. 
50:40-59 (Republic). Contemporary Review, Vol. 2:199-211, 469-87, Vol. 7:228-41. 

ARISTOTLE, the last great name in the classical literature 
of Greece — His life, character and education — Style and lasting 
influence of his writings — The nature and method of his philoso- 



I 



FOURTH CENTURY, GREEK LITERATURE. 139 

phy — Extracts from his works — Style and character of his writ- 
ings compared with Plato's works — The scientific basis of his 
works in advance of the development of the thought of the age^ — 
Contemporary philosophers, Plato, Diogenes, Demokritus, An- 
tippiis. 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 5:492-5. Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:100 seq. 
Mahaffy, Hist. Greek Lit, Vol. 2:384-428. Perry, Greek Lit., 715-37. Lang, Poli- 
tics of Aristotle, Fortnightly Review, Vol. 19:27-50. Western Review, Vol. 30:24, 
Vol. 31:24, Vol. 42:98, Vol. 47:84, Vol. 60:1-41, 320. Davidson, Aristotle and Anc. 
Educational Ideals, 153-213. Enc. Brit., Vol. 2:510-23, Vol. 11:142, Vol. 20:510. 
Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Biog., Vol. 1:317-44. Muller, Hist. Lit. Anc. 
Greece, Vol. 2:260-310. Western Review, Vol. 116:1 seq. Vol. 84:459 seq. Vol. 
115:28 seq. Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:631-44. Grant, Ethics of Aristotle. Wal- 
ford. Politics and Economics of Aristotle. 

XENOPHON, called the Attic Muse-— Life, character and 
genius — The Anabasis — Interest and importance of the work — 
Its authenticity; its merits and defects — Xenophon as a his- 
torian compared with Thiicydides (a). 

Influence of Sokrates upon Xenophon's life and writings — 
The Memorabilia of Sokrates^ — Extracts from Xenophon's writ- 
ings (c). 

Perry, Hist. Greek Lit., 571-8 (a), 582-8 (a-1), 581-97 (extracts). Mahaffy, 
Hist. Greek Lit., Vol. 2:252-7, 261-6, 288-90 (a), 270-2 (b). Curtius, Hist. Greece, 
Vol. 5:156-61 (b), 168-9, 184-5 (a). Grote, Hist. Greece (1888), Vol. 1:367-8 (Treat- 
ment of Myths). Fi-eeman, Historical Essays, Series II., Lecture III. Muller, 
Hist. Lit. Anc. Greece, Vol. 2:183-201 (a, b, c). Mure, Language and Lit. Anc. 
Greece, Vol. 5:180-373 (a), 440-52 (b). Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 5:267-73 (a). 
Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:441, 644-6. Grant, Xenophon (outlined and ex- 
plained). 

EISE OF THE RHETORICIAXS.— Necessity of such a 
class at Athens — Decline of poetry with the rise of oratory — Its 
relation to prose composition — Isokrates; his influenc'e on the 
literature of Greece — The school of oratory founded by him 
— His literary character and distinctive merits as a teacher — 
Style of his oratorj^ — Political character of Isokrates. 

Lysias, contemporary with Isokrates— Speeches of Lysias 
at Athens and Olympia— Their style and character. 

Mahaffy, Hist. Greek Lit., Vol. 1:217, Vol. 2:211-40. Perry, Hist. Greek Lit, 
613-21. Muller, Hist. Lit Anc. Greece, Vol. 2:372 seq. Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 
5:94, 173 seq. 178, 184, 239, 350, 474. Felton, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:174-95. Mit- 
ford, Hist Greece, Vol. 5:72-88. Niebuhr, 'Anc. Hist, Vol. 2:383-91, Vol. 3:68. 
Quarterly Review, Vol. 152:544 seq. Enc. Brit, Vol. 20:509, Vol. 13:388-93. Gil- 
lies, Anc. Greece, 127 (note), 231 (note), 243, 336-7, 356. Duruy, Hist Greece, Vol. 
3:646. 



140 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

THE TRANSITION PERIOD OF COMEDY called middle 
comedy — Its moral standard and general characteristics — The 
New Comedy — License allowed in political attacks — Portrayal 
of domestic life — Its affinity to the modern novel. 

MENANDER, the master and first representative of this 
period — His plots — Realism of the life of his time as reflected 
in his dramas — Purity, ease and elegance of his diction and lit- 
erary finish of his writings — His popularity and success — Style 
and genius compared with Aristophanes, the exponent of the old 
comedy — Absence of extant works of Menander. 

Mahaffy, Hist. Greek Lit., Vol. 1:471-3, 479-82, 485-91. Perry, Hist. Greek 
Lit., 499 seq. Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:648. Westminster Review (New Series), 
Vol. 9:188-205. 

GREEK SCULPTURE. 

THE PERIOD OF SKOPAS AND PRAXITELES.— The 
political and social condition of Greece and the relations of the 
states to each other after the Peloponnesian war — Effect upon 
the development of art— r^General characteristics and style of this 
period (a). 

KEPHISODOTOS— His position in the history of art— His 
"works, especially Eirene and Plutos (b). 

Lubke, Hist. Sculp., Vol. 1:114-6 (a), 177-9 (b); "Hist. Art," 219-21 (a, b). 
Mitcbell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., Vol. 2:427-32 (a), 432-5 (b). Murray, Hist. Greek 
Sculp., Vol. 2:243-8 (b). Perry, Greek and Roman Sculp., 368-74 (a), 374-6 (b). 
Muller, Anc. Art, 63-5, 95-6 (a). Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 329-30. Duruy, Hist. 
Greece, Vol. 3:596. Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:393-8 (a). 

SKOPAS OF PAROS, architect and sculptor— His versa- 
tility — Power in depicting passion and pathos — Preference for 
feminine and youthful forms — The temple of Tegea — Subjects of 
the reliefs of the pediments and their treatment — His statues of 
the raging Bacchante, Apollo and Ares (a). 

Leochares — His connection with Skopas — The group of 
Ganymede and the eagle (b). 

The Mausoleum of Halicarnassos— Its sculptural decora- 
tions ascribed to Skopas and his associates (c). 

Lubke, Hist. Sculp., Vol. l:18ft-6 (a, b), 207-14 (c); "Hist. Art," Vol. 1:221-2 
(a), 227-8 (c). Perry, Greek and Roman Sculp., 378-401, 425-6 (a), 462-5 (b), 402-13 
(c).' Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., Vol. 2:455-63 (a), 460-2 (b), 463-74 (c). Paris Man- 
ual Anc. Sculp., 265-73 (a). Murray, Hist. Greek Sculp., Vol. 2:284-93, 307-14 (a). 



FOURTH CENTURY, GREEK ART. 141 

323-6 (b), 293-303 (c). Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 330-3 (a, b, c). Muller, Anc. Art, 
96-7 (a), 101-2 (b). Fortnightly Review, Vol. 15:472-84 (c). Edinburgh Review, 
Vol. 116:461-90 (Amer. ed.), 234-49. 

PllAXITELES— Versatility and characteristics oi his 
genius — Favorite subjects — Style and execution compared with 
Skopas and Kephisodotos (a). 

His famous statues of Aphrodite, especially the Knidian 
Aphrodite — Comparison between them and those of earlier 
artists — The statues of Eros — Dionysus — The lizzard-killer 
(Sauroktonos) — Demeter of Knidus and satyrs — Their distinctive 
characteristics (b). 

Murray, Hist. Greek Sculp., Vol. 2:249-52, 282-3 (a), 258-83 (b). Perry, 
Greek and Roman Sculp., 427-9, 460-1 (a), 432-5 (b). Waldstein, Essays, Art of 
Pheidias, 390-3. Lubke, Hist. Sculp., Vol. 1:187-8 (a), 188-95 (b), "Hist. Art," Vol. 
1:222-5 (a, b). Winckelmann, Anc. Art, Vol. 2:390-3 (a). Vol. 1:322-3, Vol. 2:216 
(notes), 442-5, 409 (b). Century Mag., Vol. 23:829-36. Paris Manual Anc. Sculp., 
275-81 (a, b). Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., 436-7, 444 (a), 444-54 (b). Perry, Greek 
and Roman Art, 427-9, 460-1 (a), 432-7 (b). Muller, Anc. Art, 200-6 (a), 100-1 (b). 
Reber, Anc. Art. 333-5 (a, b). Quarterly Review, Vol. 154:390-3. Murray, Hand- 
book Greek Archasol., 278-87 (a, b). Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Biog., Vol. 
3:519-21. Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 3:596-618. 

PRAXITELES' HERMES- WITH THE INFANT DIO- 
NYSOS — History of its discovery and interest attached to it as 
an original work (a). 

The Niobe Group — History of its discovery — The mythical 
story of the subject — Its composition and arrangement 
— Cliaracteristics of the different figures in the group, especially 
the figure of Niobe — Doubts as to its being the work of Skopas 
or Praxiteles (b). 

Murray, Hist. Greek Sculp., Vol. 2:256-8 (a), 314-22 (b). Reber, Hist. Anc. 
Art, 335-6 (a), 332-3 (b). Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., 437-44 (a), 475-8 (b). Perry, 
Greek and Roman Sculp., 455-9 (a), 414-25 (b). Murray, Handbook Greek Art, 
278-86. Gayley, Classic Myths, etc., 126-9 (b). Waldstein, Essays, Art of Pheidias, 
373-89 (a). Winckelmann, Anc. Art, Vol. 1:361, Vol. 2:201-3 (b). Lubke, Hist. 
Sculp., Vol. 1:196-200; Hist. Art, Vol. 1:225-7 (b). Muller, Anc. Art, 97-9 (b). 
Century Mag., Vol. 23:832-5 (a). Paris Manual Anc. Sculp., 281-6 (a). 

LYSIPPOS, master in bronze — Rank and influence as an 
artist — Characteristics of his style — Choice of subjects — His por- 
trait statues of Alexander and ideal historic characters — His im- 
provements upon the canon of the human form established by 
Polykleitos as seen in his Apoxyomenos — His statue of 
Herakles (a). 



142 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

Works of the school of Lysippos — The Praying Boy — The 
bronzes of Siris, Tarentum and Epirus — Sculptures from the 
temple of Artemis at Ephesus. 

Lubke, Hist. Sculp., Vol. 1:216-22 (a), 222-5 (b); Hist. Art, Vol. 1:228-30 (a). 
Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., Vol. 2:508-18 (a), 521-37, 551-4 (b). Perry, Greek and 
Roman Sculp., 478-80, 482-8, 393-4, 493 (a), 490-3, 390-2, 499, 500 (b). Westropp, 
Handbook of Archsol., 175 seq. (a). Paris Manual Anc. Sculp., 296-302. Murray, 
Hist. Greek Sculp., Vol. 2:337-54 (a), 260-2, 302-4, 334-5, 352-7 (b). Reber, Hist. 
Anc. Art, 340-5 (a). Century Mag., Vol. 24:79-90 (a), Vol. 33:136-42 (b). Murray, 
Handbook Greek ArchEeol., 230-4, 287-95, 306. Eaton, Handbook Greek and 
Roman Sculp., 230-2 (a). 



GREEK PAINTING. 

EUPOMPUS and his pupil, Pamphilus — Characteristics 
of their works and school (a). 

Apelles — The perfection of his art — Its distinctive char- 
acteristics — His Aphrodite rising from the sea — Portraits of 
Alexander (b). 

Protogones — Character as an artist — His most noted paint- 
ings — Works compared with Apelles (c). 

Development of Mosaic work (d). 

Lubke, Hist. Art, Vol. 1:250-3. Woltmann and Woermann, Hist. Painting, 
Vol. 1:56-62. Muller, Anc. Art, 101-6. Murray, Handbook of Greek Archseol., 
380-9. Reber, Anc. Art, 375 seq. D'Anvers, Hist. Painting. Enc. Brit., Vol. 
2:363-4, Vol. 19:827 seq. Contemporary Review, Vol. 24:468-79. Lord, Beacon 
Lights Hist., Old Pagan Civilization, 426 seq. Wyatt, Fine Arts, 223-4 (b). 

GRECIAN VASE PAINTING— Its value as evidence of 
the skill in composition, execution and use of color of the Greek 
painters — Most ancient style — Phoenician influence — Character- 
istics of the work — The antique style — Advancement shown in 
form and color — Black vases — Character of the designs — Style 
of execution. 

Lubke, Hist. Art, Vol. 1:244, 253-7. Woltmann and Woermann, Hist. Paint- 
ing, Vol. 1:70-85. Guhl, Greeks and Romans, 142-8. Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 
5:212-14. Wyatt, Fine Arts, 215 seq. Murray, Handbook of Greek ArchEeol., 
6-40, 58-115. Eschenberg, Manual Classic Lit., 387-415. Hare, Walks in Rome, 
572 seq. Scribner's Mag. (New Series), Vol. 3:419-33. Yaggy, Museum of Antiqs., 
319-38. Westropp, Handbook of Archaeol., 287-323. 



FOURTH CENTURY, ROMAN HISTORY. 143 

ROMAN HISTORY. 

THE FIRST SAMNITE WAR, 343-41 B. C— Cause and re- 
sult — The Samnites at war with Tarentum — Rome and Latium — 
The Latin League — Latin War — Cause of the war — Victory 
of the Romans and conquest of Latium — Dissolution of the Latin 
League (a). 

Second War with the Samnites and other Italians — Cause 
of the war — Defeat of the Romans at the Caudine Pass 
— Treaty of peace between the conquered Romans and Pontius, 
the Samnite general — Action of the senate in regard to the treaty 
— Alliance between the Samnites, Etruscans and other Italian 
people against Rome — Decisive victor^^ of the Romans, B. C. 
305, ends the second Samnite war — Result of the war (b). 

Appius Claudius, Censor — His reforms; extension of the 
citizenship — Construction of the Via Appia, the great military 
road from Rome to Capua, and the Appian aqueduct — Building 
of the Flaminian road (c). 

Duruy, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:412-23 (a), 425-45 (b, c) (1883), Vol. 1:308-29 (a, c), 
329-43 (b), 344-53 (c). Ridpath, Hist. World, Vol. 2:138-41 (a, b, c). Ihne, Hist. 
Rome, Vol. 1:335-41 (a-1), 350-69 (a-2), 383-427 (b), 431-42 (c). Church, Stories 
from Livy, 261-77 (Caudine Pass). Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:142-59, 451-77, 
478-80 (a, b), 580 (c). Leighton, Hist. Rome, 93-7 (a), 97-100 (b, c). Smith, Diet. 
Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 2:892-5. Beesly, Stories from Hist. Rome, 142-59 
(Caudine Pass). 

WARS BETWEEN ROME AND VEII— The city taken by 
Marcus Camillus after a siege of ten years, 396 B. C. — Importance 
of this conquest to Rome — Fall of the Etruscan power (a). 

Invasion of Italy by the Gauls — Character of the Gauls — 
Rome taken, plundered and burned under their Brennus or mili- 
tary leader — Dictatorship of Camillus — Retreat of the Gauls — 
Effect of the invasion upon the Romans^ — Rebuilding the city (b). 

Marcus Manlius Capitolinus — The land question — The 
Licinio-Sextian Laws — Character of the proposed laws; benefit 
to the plebeians and struggle for their adoption — First Plebeian 
Consul, 366 B. C. — Establishment of the Pra^torship — Character 
and duties of the office — Public offices open to all Roman citizens 
— Rise of the New Nobility ; its character — Wealth of this class 
and its sources (c). 

Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:418-36 (a, b), 382-412 (c). Long, Decline 
Roman Republic, Vol. 1:149-51 (c). Johns Hopkins, University Studies (1891), 



144 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

Vol. 9:VII-VIII, 31-45 (c). Leighton, Hist. Rome, 75-82 (a, b, c). Larned, Hist. 
Ready Reference, Vol. 4:2668-71. Plutarch's Lives (Camillus), Vol. 1 (Stuart, tr.). 
Ihne, Early Rome, 202-13 (b). Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 1:305, 356-9 (a), 
364-7j 357-62, 370 seq. (b), 366, 381-3, 400-3, 412, 501, Vol. 2:452 (c) (1883 ed.). Vol. 
1:244-307 (a, b, c). Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:171-4, 241-3, 245-54, 258, 261 (a), 263- 
76 (b), 302-13 (b, c-1), 314-34 (c), 428-31 (nobility). Church, Stories from Livy, 
162-82 (a), 183-224 (b), 225-38 (c-1). Beesly, Stories from Hist. Rome, 93-114 (b), 
115-29 (c-1). 

SUMMARY. 

The rise and dissolution of the Macedonian empire is the most important 
movement of this century. The result of the Peloponnesian war at the close of 
the last century gave Sparta the ruling power, which she retained until the 
battle of Leuctra, B. C. 371, resulting in the defeat of the Spartans and the 
establishment of Theban supremacy under Pelopidas and Epaminondas. Thebes 
as the leading state 'holds her supremacy to the death of Epaminondas at the 
battle of Mantinse. With the death of Epaminondas, Greece, weakened by in- 
ternal wars, her moral and military strength on the decline, is no longer able 
to hold her place as the ruling power. 

Macedon, under Philip, becomes a state of Greece, and finally the leading 
state. Athens and Sparta form a league to resist him. Their forces are defeated 
at Chseronea, Greece becoming a province of Macedonia. Philip now begins 
an aggressive warfare against Persia, which after his death is carried on by his 
son and successor, Alexander the Great, who invades Persia, gaining brilliant 
victories at Granikus and at Issus, reduces Tyre and Egypt, founds the city 
of Alexandria, marches into Assyria, defeats Darius at the decisive battle of 
Arbela, resulting in the complete overthrow of the Persian Empire. 

After Alexander's death, B. C. 323, a struggle for power ensues among 
his principal generals, ending B. C. 301 in the battle of Ipsus and the division 
of the Empire into the kingdoms of Egypt under Ptolemy, Syria and the East 
under Seleukus, Macedonia (including Greece) under Kassander, and Thrace, 
with the greater part of Asia Minor under Lysimachus. 

While the moral, political and military character of the Greeks is most 
degraded, their intellectual energy in the realms of science and philosophy con- 
tinue to flourish. Plato gives to the world his belief in the immortality of the 
soul in a style of prose of wondrous beauty and elegance. Aristotle, whose 
writings are destined more than any others of antiquity to influence the thought 
of subsequent ages, formulates his system of deductive reasoning. This is 
also a brilliant period in Greek oratory that reaches its greatest. perfection in 
the eloquence of Demosthenes and ^-Eschines. 

In plastic art decided changes are noted. The grand conceptions and im- 
pressive repose of the Pheidian period give place to art that reflects the more 
intense and emotional character of the time, producing a spirited and lifelike 
effect. 

Rome about B. C. 390 is taken and destroyed by the Gauls, the first 
appearance of these barbarians, who are destined, in later times, to play an 
important part in the history and civilization of the world. A reconciliation 
of the two orders is brought about; the Plebeians by the Licinean laws obtain 
equal rights with the Patrician, the two orders becoming united. From this 
era Rome begins her career of conquest, commencing with the Samnite and 
Latin wars, the result of which was the conquest of Latium' and Campania and 
victory over the Samnites, giving to Rome the supremacy of Southern Italy 
after a war of twenty-two years. 



SECTION XIV. 



THIRD CENTURY B. C. CHRONOLOGY. 

MAP ILLUSTRATIONS. 

300. Flourishing of Zeno, stoic philosopher. 
299. Etiklid (Euclides), Greek geometrician. 
298 to 90. The Third Samnite War, the contest of Rome against 

confederated Italy. 
295. Battle of Sentinum, defeat of the Samnites. Pyrrhus, 

king of Epirus. 
294. Demetrius Poliorketes, after his success in Greece seizes 

the Macedonian throne. 
290. Conquest of the Samnites. Death of Menander (Comedy). 
287. Manetho, Egyptian historian, flourishes. 
284. Rise of the ^Etolian League. 
283. Roman victory at Vidimonian Lake over the Etruscans 

and Senonian Gauls. Death of Ptolemy Soter; acces- 

sion of Ptolemy Philadelphus. 
281. The Hortensian Laws, equalization of the two orders. 
280. War with Pyrrhus — Battle near Heraclea; first battle be- 
tween the Greeks and Romans. Rise of the Achaean 

League. 
279. Victory of Pyrrhus over the Romans at Asculum. 
277. Antigonus Gonatas, king of Macedon. 
275. Total defeat of Pyrrhus at Beneventum. 
272. Surrender of Tarentum to the Romans. 
270. Death of Epicurus, founder of the Epicurian school of 

philosoph^^ 
2G9. Theokritus, Greek pastoral poet, flourished. 
266. Union of Italy under Roman rule. 

10 ^ ]45 



146 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

264. Outbreak of the first war between Rome and Carthage 
(First Punic War). Struggle for the possession of 
Sicily. 

262. The capture of Agrigentum. 

261. Antiochus II. (Theos), king of Macedon. 

260. The Battle of Mylse; first appearance of Rome as a naval 
power. Victory for the Romans under Duilius. 

256. Marcus Regulus, consul. 

251. Aratus, Leader of the Achaean League. 

250. Siege of Libybseum. Parthia revolts from Syria and be- 
comes an independent kingdom under Arsaces. 

249. Naval victory of the Carthagenians at Drepanum. 

247. Hamilcar Barcas, suffete of Africa. Death of Ptolemy 
Philadelphus, accession of Ptolemy III. (Euregetes). 

243. Agis IV., king of Sparta. 

241. Roman fleet under Catulus, victorious off the ^^gatian 
Islands, ends the First Punic War. Sicily becomes 
the first Roman province. 

241 to 238. War with the Mercenaries. 

237. Sardinia becomes a Roman province. 

236 to 220. The Carthaginians under Hamilcar Barcas, conquer 
a large portion of Spain. 

236. Kleomenes III., king of Sparta, distinguished for his po- 
litical reforms and war with the Achaean League. 

229 to 228. First Illyrian War. 

225 to 222. Conquest of Cisalpine Gaul. 

223. Antiochus the Great, king of Syria. 

222. Death of Ptolemy Euergetes, accession of Ptolemy IV., 
Philopator. 

221. Battle of Sellasia; Antigonus Doson defeats Kleomenes 
III.; the power of Sparta completely broken. Han- 
nibal takes command in Spain. 

220. War between the Achaean and ^tolian Leagues. Philip 
V. of Macedon ascends the throne. 



THIRD CENTURY CHRONOLOGY. 147 

210. Siege and taking of Saguntum (a Koman ally) by Hannibal 

causes the outbreak of the Second Punic War. 
218. Hannibal invades Italy; battle of Trebia; defeat of the 

Eomans. 
217. Battle of Lake Thrasymenus; Roman defeat. 
216. Battle of Canna^; total defeat of the Romans under Yarro 

and ^ICmilius Paulus. 

211. First Macedonian \Yar. 

212. Fall of Syracuse after a siege of two years; end of Greek 

independence in Sicily. Death of Archimedes. 

210. Publius Cornelius Scipio (Africanus) takes command in 
Spain. 

207. Battle of the Metaurus; Roman victory over Hasdubal un- 
der Nero and Livius. 

205. Accession of Ptolemy Epiphanes. 

204. Invasion of Africa by Scipio. 

202. Battle of Zama; defeat of Hannibal; end of the Second 
Punic War. 

LANDMARKS FOR THE EYE. 

First— Roman conquests and union of Italy. 

Second — Rise of Greeli federations, ^tolian and Acliaean Leagues.. 

Ttiird — Independence of Parthia. 

Fourtli — First and Second Punic Wars; beginning of Roman Colonization. 
Victories of Hannibal (Second Punic War). 

YxiVa. — First Macedonian War; connect with Second and Third Wars, 
second century. 

Sixth— Fall of Syracuse; battle of Zama and fall of Carthage. 

CONTEMPORARY EVENTS OF HISTORY. 

300. Alexandrian library collected and arranged. Berosus, Babylonian his- 
torian, flourished. First plebeian High Priest. Seleukus Nicator founds 
Antioch as the capital of his kingdom. 

293. The first sun-dial erected at Rome. 

290. Fabius introduces painting at Rome. The Colossus of Rhodes built. 

235. Dio'nysius, the astronomer, found the solar year to consist of 365 days, 
5 hours and 49 minutes. 

234. Rise of the sect of the Sadducees (about). The Septuagint translation of 
the Old Testament completed at Alexandria. The Pharos built at 
Alexandria. 

281. Chariots armed with scythes used in battle. 

277. The Gauls take possession of northern Phrygia, 
11 



148 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

270. Bion and Moschus, Greek pastoral poets contemporary with Theokritus. 

264. The Parian Chronicle composed. Gladiators first exhibited at Rome. 

240. First play performed at Rome (Livius Andronikus). 

234. The temple of Janus closed and Rome at peace for the first time since 
the death of Numa. 

225. Second invasion of Italy by the Gauls. 

224. Archimedes demonstrates the properties of the lever and the art of 
measuring solids and surfaces. 

219. The art of surgery introduced. 

218. Hannibal crosses the Alps, one of the most remarkable military achieve- 
ments of antiquity. 

217. Battle of Raphia between Antiochus III and Ptolemy Philopator. 

206. Gold coined at Rome. 

TOPICS FOR THE HID CENTURY. 
EPIRUS, ACH.EAN AND .ETOLIAN LEAGUES. 

MACEDON, EGYPT AND SYRIA. 

PYRRHUS, KING OF EPIRUS— Demetrius Poliorketes, 
King of Macedonia — His expulsion — Last days and death — 
Pyrrhus' relations with Lysimachus — Early history of Epirus — 
Origin of the people — Relations between Tarentum and 
Rome — Rome declares war against Tarentum — Pyrrhus invades 
Italy — Battle of Heraklea and Asculun (a). 

Expedition of Pyrrhus into Sicily — Condition of Sicily at 
this time — His success against the Carthaginians — Siege of Lily- 
ba^uni— His return to Italy — Defeat at the battle of Beneven- 
tum — Expedition into Greece — Death of Pyrrhus (b) — Life, 
cliaracter and historical position of Pyrrhus — Statesmanship 
and military ability (c). 

Niebuhr.Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:149-64, 170-82 (a), 245-50, 287-90 (b, c), 166-9, 290-1 
(c-1). Plutarch's Lives, Vol. 3 (Pyrrhus). Abbott, Hist. Pyrrhus. Rollin, Anc. 
Hist, Vol. 3:391-400, 426-38 (a), 439-53 (b, c), 390-1, 395-8 (c). Mommsen, Hist. 
Rome, Vol. 1:491-8 (c), 501-23 (a), 523-6 (b). Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:485-536 
(a, b, c). Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 4:296, seq. Enc. Brit., Vol. 20:136-7, 743-4. 
Timayenis, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:220-6, 233, seq. Grote, Hist. Greece (1853 ed.). 
Vol. 3:413-16 (Epirus), Vol. 10:381, seq. (a). Pausanias, Description of Greece, 
Vol. 1:20-6. Leighton, Hist. Rome, 103-8. 

THE .ETOLIAN LEAGUE.— Policy and character of the 
organization — Attitude of Athens toward the League — Its hos- 
tility to the Romans — The rise and spread of federations at this 
period and the necessity for such unions (a). 

Formation of the Achaean League — Its principles and char- 



THIRD CENTUR V, . A CH.EA N A ND M TO LI A N LEAG UES. 149 

acter— Cities of which the league was first formed— Its subse- 
quent growth and power — Comparison with the ^l^tolian League 
— When, where and by whom dissolved (b), 

AKATUS, leader of the Ach;van League — Early life, char- 
acter and political ability — His policy — His opposition to Anti- 
gonus Gonatus — Taking of Korinth — First relations of the 
leagues with Rome — Strength and power of the Achaean 
League under Aratus — War between the leagues — War with 
Kleomoues of Sparta — Aratus enters into connection with Anti- 
gcnius Hoson — Relations between Philip of Macedon and Aratus 
— Death and funeral obsequies of Aratus (c). 

Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:476-89; 496-7, 502, seq. 539-42, 549, 565, seq. 575. 
Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 4:314-30 (a, b), 330-4, 341-56, 378-9 (c); Hist. Rome, 
Vol. 2:78-82, 91, 100-13, 128-30 (a), 77, 80-8, 114, 118, 189-98 (b, c). Timayenis, 
Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:241-52 (a, b, c). Freeman, Historical Essays, Vol. 2:238-45 
(b); "Hist. Federal Govt.," Vol. 1 (Achaean League). Capes, Polybius Hist. Achaean 
League. Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:302-6 (a), 306-16 (b, c), 340-4 (a, c), 364-75, 
393-406 (c). Leighton, Hist. Rome, 158-9, 161-3, 166. Heeren, Manual Anc. 
Hist., 223-32, 278-9, 282, 286. Plutarch's Lives, Vol. 5 (c). Quarterly Review, 
Vol. 148:190, se.q., Vol. 149:132, seq. (a, b). De Coulanges, The Anc. City, 465-9. 

ANTIGONUS GONATUS succeeds Demetrius Poliorketes 
as king of Macedon — His youth and education — The Amphikty- 
onic War — Relations with Pyrrhus — Inva-sion of Greece by the 
Gauls — Antigonus at war with Athens and her allies — Siege and 
fall of Athens — Establishes his power in Greece — Alliance with 
the ^Etolians — Death of Antigonus (a). 

Antigonus Doson, guardian of Philip V. — His character — 
Political and military talents— His relations with the Achtean 
League — : Victory over Kleomones of Sparta at the Battle of Sel- 
lasia — Accession of Philip V. (b). 

Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:400, 423, seq. 444, 448-50, 453, seq. 471 (a), 475, 
506-20 (b). Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:153, 155, 258-9, 261, 268-76, 283-7, 289, 
seq. 291-6, 337 (a), 323, 371, 376-80, 390-1 (b). Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 4:302, 
310-13, 333, seq. 346-7, 349, 352. Timayenis, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:229-33, 241, 243. 
Mahaffy, Story of Alexander's Empire, 115-19 (a), 200, 215 (b). 

PTOLEMY PHILADELPHUS— His coronation— Condition 
of the kingdom at his accession — Death of Ptolemy Soter — His 
character and reign — War policy of Ptolemy Philadelphus 
— Advancement of commerce and navigation — Cultivation of art,, 
science and letters — Alexandria during his reign — Its museum 



150 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

and library— Character of Pliiladelphiis— Queen Arsinoe— Death 
of Ptolemy and accession of Ptolemy Euergetes (a). 

Death of Seleukus Nicator of Syria — Accession of An- 
tiochus Soter— War with the Gauls— Antiochus at war with 
Ptolemy Philadelphus— Attempts the seizure of the kingdom of 
Pergamos— Defeated by Eumenes— Extent of Seleukus' empire 
— His death (b). 

Accession of Antiochus II. Theos — War against Ptolemy — 
Revolt of Parthia — Berenice and Laodice — Death of An- 
tiochus (c). 

Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:386-90, 393-6, 399-417, 433-6, 456, 453-66 (a, b, c). 
Sharpe, Hist. Egypt, Vol. 1:258-342, Vol. 2:71-3. Heeren, Manual Anc. Hist., 
189, seq. 403-5. Muller, Hist. Lit. Anc. Greece, Vol. 2:419, 491-4 (a). Smith, 
Diet. Greek and Roman Biog., Vol. 3:586-8 (a). Draper, Intellectual Development 
Europe, Vol. 1:186-201 (a). Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:69-70, 73-4, 96, 109-18, 
156-9, 293, jeq. 317-21 (a), 156-9, 262-7, 317-18, 320 (b), 279, 321, 328 (c). Rawlin- 
son, Seven Mons., Vol. 3:22-9 (c). Mahaffy, Story of Alexander's Empire, 76-84, 
135-7 (b, c), 117-20, 131-5, 142-55 (a). 

PARTHIA. 

ITS GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE— Character and origin 
of the people — Summary of its history from its beginning in the 
reign of Darius Hystaspes to the reign of Orodes I. — Names and 
dates of the rulers of this period are as follows : 

Arsaces I, 260 B. C, the founder of the Empire. Arsaces II. Tiradates. 
Arsaces HI, Artabanus. Arsaces IV. Phraates I. Mithradates 1, 174 B. C. to 
136 B. C. (Reign of Mithradates one of the most important in Parthian his- 
tory.) Phraates II. Artabanus II. Mithradates II. Phraates III. Orodes. (The 
most memorable of the Parthian annals.) 

Rawlinson, Seven Mons., Vol. 3:8-84. Enc. Brit., Vol. 18:587-96. Smith, 
Diet. Greek and Roman Biog., Vol. 1:353, seq.. Vol. 2:1094, Vol. 3:356. Momm- 
sen. Hist. Rome, Vol. 3:82, seq. 347, Vol. 4:62, 86, 147, 151, 172-5, 396-406. Heeren, 
Manual Anc. Hist., 239-42. Morris, Civilization, 53 seq. Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 
4:358-82. Ridpath, Hist. World, Vol. 1:377-423. Church, Story of Parthia, 131. 
Rawlinson, Parthia. Duruy, Hist. Rome, Vol. 2:688, Vol. 3:130, 139-40, 152, 378, 
380-5, 623, seq. 642-3, 650, Vol. 4:28-30, 233-5. 

PTOLEMY HI., EUEREGETES— War with Syria— Prog- 
ress of art, literature and science under his patronage — His rela- 
tions with Kleomones of Sparta and with the Rhodians^ — Ber- 
enice, his queen — Death of Ptolemy (a). 

Agis IV. of Sparta — Condition of Sparta at this period 
— Attempt of Agis to restore the ancient institutions of Lycurgus 
— Opposition of Agesilaus — Agis aids the Achseans against 
the .^tolians — His return to Sparta and death (b). 



THIRD CENTURY, ROMAN HISTORY. 151 

Kleomones III. — Personal appearance and manners — His 
constitutional reforms — War with the Achteans — Taking of 
Megalopolis — Defeat at Sellasia by Antigonus Doson — Kleo- 
mones at the court of Ptolemy Eueregetes — Death and character 
of Kleomones (c). 

Mahaffy, Story -of Alexander's Empire, 156-61 (a), 202-24 (a, c). Rollin, 
Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:466-7 (a), 489-50 (b), 501-22, 540-4 (c). Enc. Brit., Vol. 7:745-6 
(a), Vol. 1:283 (b), Vol. 5:825 (c). Heeren, Manual Anc. Hist, 205, seq. Quar- 
terly Review, Vol. 149:133. Plutarch's Lives (Clougb Tr.), Vol. 4. Smith, Diet. 
Greek and Roman Biog., Vol. 3:588, seq. (a). Vol. 1:73 (b), 793 (c). Duruy, Hist. 
Greece, Vol. 4:331, 337-41 (a, b), 341-52 (c). Sharpe, Hist. Egypt, Vol. 1:343-61 
(a). Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:325, 329, seq. (a), 350-60 (b), 343, 350, 360-81, 
384-5 (c). 

ROMAN HISTORY. 

THE THIRD SAMNITE WAK -Battle of Sentinum— Ke- 
sult, defeat of the Samnites and conquest of central Italy (a). 

The Hortensian Laws — Union of the two orders — Last se- 
cession of the plebeians (b). 

Victory at the Vademonian Lake over the Etruscans, 
Umbrians and Gauls, resulting in the Komans becoming masters 
of northern Italy (c) — War with Tarentum and Pyrrhus, first 
contest between Rome and Greece (see Pyrrhus) — The union of 
Italy, B. C. 266 (d). 

Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:484-90 (a), 477, 498-500, 525-7, 534-49 (c, d). 
Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 1:445-50 (a), 441-5 (c), 394-5, 404, Vol. 2:371 (b), 
(1883) Vol. 1:353-63 (a), 364-9 (c). Gilman, Story of Rome, 111-19 (a, c). Leigh- 
ton, Hist. Rome, 100-3 (a, c), 84-5 (b). Larned, Hist. Ready Reference, Vol. 
4:2672-4 (b, c). Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:452-75 (a), 476, seq. (c). 

SICILY.* 

GEOGRAPHY, CLIMATE, PRODUCTS AND INDUS- 
TRIES — Earliest people — Its colonization by the Greeks — 
Carthaginian colonies. 

Intellectual life, poetry, philoi^ophy and political science — 
Plastic art, arcliitecture and numismatic art (a). 

SYBACUSE — Its foundation, situation and topography — 
Prosperity and rapid growth under Gelou, tyrant of Syracuse, 
and founder of the Gelonian dynasty, the beginning of a new 
epoch in the history of Sicily — Supremacy of Syracuse recognized 

*The topics under this head may be treated as supplemental reading. 



152 HIS TOR V LITER A TURE AND ART TOPICS. 

in Italy and Sicily — Military ability of Gelon — Defeat of tlie 
Carthaginians at Hiniera, contemporaneous with the battle of 
Marathon (b). 

Power Qf Syracuse at this period — Hiero I., king of Syracuse, 
successor of Gelon — Continued prosperity during his reign — 

Foundation of cities — His love and cultivation of literature 

Celebrated guests at his court (c). 

Curtius, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:293, 466, 468, Vol. 3:237, 243-5, 254-6 (a, b), 
216, 219-23, 233-6 (b), 235, 241-250 (c). Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:170-8, '235' 
247-9 (b, c). Mitford, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:217-28, Vol. 4:2-5 (b, c). Church', 
Carthage, 21-34 (b). Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 2:22-5 (a, b, c). Smith, Wonderful 
Cities, Part II, 173-6 (b). Freeman, Hist. Sicily. Harper's Mag., Vol. 47:183. 
Freeman, The Story of Sicily. Grote, Hist. Greece (1853), Vol. 3:360-74 (a, b), 
204-39 (b, c), (1888) Vol. 3:97, 163-86 (a). Vol. 1:293, 468, Vol. 3:237, Vol. 4:306-27, 164, 
299, 315 (c). Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 2:975-88 (a). Vol. 
2:1055, 1057, 1062-9, 978-9 (b). Enc. Brit., Vol. 22:14, 16, 813-16, Vol. 13-440, Vol. 
15:820, Vol. 17:157, 638, Vol. 10:135, Vol. 11:793. Fortnightly Review, Vol. 
24:471-83. Lloyd, Hist. Sicily to the Athenian War. 

SYRACUSE after the destruction of the Athenian arma- 
ment, 413 B. C. — Extent and power of the Carthaginian empire 
at this period — Condition of the Carthaginians — Conduct of Car- 
thage toward her subjects — Invasion of Sicily — Selinus besieged, 
sacked and plundered — Destruction of Hiniera and great slaugh- 
ter of prisoners. 

Second invasion of Carthaginians — Agragentum — Its popu- 
lation, wealth and luxury — Magnificence of its public build- 
ings — Siege, capture and plunder b}^ the Carthaginians. 

Rise and establishment of Dionysius I. (The Elder) as tyrant 
of Syracuse, 405 B. C. (a). 

Dionysius at war with Carthage — His victories over the 
Carthaginians — Siege of Syracuse — Pestilence in the Carthagin- 
ian army — Treaty of peace — Naval preparations for an aggres- 
sive war against Carthage — History of the war (b). 

Subsequent relations of Dionysius with the Carthaginians 
and the result — Character of Dionysius — Despotism of his reign, 
hatred of his subjects and death — Effect of his reign upon 
Sicily (c). 

Grote, Hist. Greece (1853), Vol. 10:383-512 (a, b, c),.Vol. 11:1-54 (a), (1888) 
Vol. 7:491, Vol. 8:71, 142, 389, 403-7, 414-67, 475-93, Vol. 9:1-59, 184, seq. Duruy, 
Hist. Greece, Vol. 4:472-82 (a), 482-98 (b). Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 2:25, seq. Free- 
man, Story of Sicily. Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:235, 479-511. Enc. Brit., Vol. 



HISTORY OF SICILY. 153 

22:18, 815, seq., Vol. 7:247, Vol. 17:638. Gillies, Anc. Greece, 259, seq. Niebuhr, 
Anc. Hist, Vol. 3:191-203 (a), 203-6 (b), 217-19 (c). Smith, Wonderful Cities, 
Part II, 172. 

DIONYSIUS II. (The Younger), B. C. 367— His accession 
and character — Dion, his personal cliaracter, influence and 
rekitions with Dionysius — Plato at the court of Diouysius; 
his great influence upon Dion — Political and reformatory views 
of Dion — His banishment — Plato dismissed and recalled — Meas- 
ures taken by Dion against Dionysius — Surrender of Ortygia, 
Dion dictator — Death of Dion — Dionysius' return to power — 
Syracuse in danger of Carthage — Application to Korinth for aid, 
which is granted — TIMOLEON chosen as commander to Syra- 
cuse (a). 

Timoleon at Khegium — Prevented from reaching Sicily by 
Carthaginian fleet — Stratagem of Timoleon to reach Sicily — His 
successes in Sicily — Dionysius surrenders Ort3'gia to Timoleon — 
Dionysius at Korinth — Timoleon master of Syracuse — Condition 
of Syracuse after the fall of Dionysius — Invasion and defeat of 
the Carthaginians. 

Political reforms and work of Timoleon throughout Sicily 
in the extirpation of despots — Gratitude of the Syracusans — 
Death and obsequies of Timoleon — His life and character (b). 

Grote, Hist. Greece (1853), Vol. 11:54-136 (a), 136-97 (b), (1888) Vol. 9:54- 
133 (a), 134-94 (b). Plutarch's Lives (Clough), Vol. 5 (Dion), Vol. 2 (Timoleo'n). 
Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:511-45 (a), 541-51 (b). Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 2:28, seq. 
Enc. Brit., Vol. 22:19, 816, Vol. 7:246-7, Vol. 23:396-7. Cox, Hist. Greece, 653, 
seq. Gillies, Anc. Greece, 260, seq. Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 4:499-506 (a, b). 
Niebuhr, Anc. Hist, Vol. 3:219-31. 

AGATHOKLES, B. C. 319, seizes the power at Syracuse and 
in all Sicily — War with Carthage — Syracuse besieged — Agatho- 
kles invades Africa — Siege of Carthage^ — Termination of his 
African campaign — Character of Agathokles — Deplorable con- 
dition of Sicily at his death (a). 

Hiero II. — Alliance with and fidelity to Rome in her wars 
with Carthage — His ship building and other architectural works 
— Introduction of Archimedes' war machines — General pros- 
perity of the kingdom under his reign (b). 

Grote, Hist Greece (1853), Vol. 12:393, seq. (1888), Vol. 10:327-84. Rollin, 
Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:224-6, 231, Vol. 4:428-52 (a), 392-406 (b). Duruy, Hist. Greece, 
Vol. 4:506-15 (a); Hist Rome, Volf 1:553-60, Vol. 2:22-5 (b). Ihne, Hist Rome, 



154 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

Vol. 2:29-31 (a), 34-5, 184, 200, 280-4 (b). Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:231-44 (a), 
250-7 (b). Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:418, 477, 488 (a), Vol. 2:40-1, 46-7, 78, 
160 (b). Enc. Brit., Vol. 22:20, 816, Vol. 1:278, Vol. 11:793, Vol. 20:747, Vol. 2:367. 

CAKTHAGE — Its foundation and early history; ancient 
renown, wealth and power — Character of the people. 

Keligion — Art- — Constitution and commercial policy of the 
Carthaginians, 

Their colonizing activity and foreign possessions — ^Agricul- 
ture, navigation and commerce — Construction of roads — Ports, 
harbors and fortifications of Carthage — Elements of weakness 
tending to decay in the Carthaginian state — Its decline and fall — 
Excavations at Carthage. 

Heeren, Historical Researches, African Nations, 1-143. Mommsen, Hist. 
Rome, Vol. 1:197, seq. 414-18, 516, Vol. 2:13-36, Vol. 3:36-9, 43-7, 53-5. Smith, 
Wonderful Cities, Part II, 164-72; Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 1:529- 
41. Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:186-207. Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 2:3-21. Nie^juhr, 
Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:182-91. Freeman, Hist. Sicily, Vol. 1:282-305. Smith, "Car- 
thage and the Carthagenians;" "Rome and Carthage" (Punic Wars), 1-29, 239-44, 
282-5. Davis, Carthage and Her Remains. Church, Story of Carthage. Heeren, 
Manual Anc. Hist., 59-71. Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 1:525-48, Vol. 2:201, 
seq. (1883 ed.), Vol. 1:443-60. Grote, Hist. Greece (1853), Vol. 3:342-8, (1888) Vol. 
3:92-3, 156-62, Vol. 8:374-83. Perrot and Chipiez, Hist. Art in Phoenicia, etc., 
Vol. 1:26, 30-1, 40-53, 75-6, 370, Vol. 2:56-69. Mann, Anc. and Med. Republics, 
15-20. 

THE FIKST PUNIC WAR— Social, political and intellect- 
ual condition of the Iloman people before the Punic wars — Con- 
dition of Sicih' — Causes leading to the First Punic War; its seat 
and duration — Treaties between Rome and Carthage previous 
to the Punic wars — Relative strength of Rome and Carthage in 
naval power, financial standing, maratime supremac}' and mili- 
tary resources (a). 

Occupation of Messina by the Romans — Landing of the 
Romans in Sicily — League between the Carthaginians and Syra- 
cusans to repel the Romans — Second campaign in Sicily — Iliero 
allies himself with the Romans —Success of the Romans — Siege 
and capture of Agrigentum — Defeat of Hanno — Escape of the 
Carthaginian army (b). 

The first Roman Fleet — Its success at the battle of Mylae — 
Roman naval tactics (c). 

The war carried into Africa under the two consuls, Marcus 
Regulus and Lucius Manlius Yolso, 2fi0 B. C. — Ravages of the 



THIRD CENTURY, ROME AND CARTHAGE. 155 

Komau army — Attack upon Carthage, defeat of the Romans and 
evacuation of Africa — Character, captivity and death of 
Regulus (d). 

Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:527-34, Vol. 2:13-37 (a), 38-54 (b, c), 54-60 
(;d). Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 1:526, 530-3, 538-40 (a), 549-60 (b), 580-3 (c), 
565-8, 571, seq. (d), (1883 ed.) Vol. 1:433-4, 461-4 (a), 464-74 (b), 474-80 (c, d).' 
Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:233-6 (b, c), 248 (a), 236, seq. (d). Heeren, Manual 
Ane. Hist., 66-7, 272, seq.; "Historical Researches" African Nations, 120-30. Mon- 
tesquieu, Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans, 77-87 (a). Smith, Rome and 
Carthage, 30-9 (a, b), 39-53 (c), 54-68, 71-4 (d). Leighton, Hist. Rome, 118-26. 
Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:191-4, 196-202 (a, b). Gilman. Rome, 126 seq. Church, 
Story of Carthage, 129, seq. Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 2:384-5 
(c). Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:552-75, Vol. 2:32-9 (a), 39-49 (b), 49-58 (c), 64-72, 
78-81 (d). Freeman, The Story of Sicily. 

THE WAK CAKKIED BACK INTO SICILY— Roman vic- 
tory at Panormus under Metellus — Its effect ui)on the Cartha- 
ginians and Romans (a). 

Siege of LilybiPum — Its successful resistance— ROMAN 
DEFEAT AT DREPAXA, 249 B. C. (b). 

Hamilcar Barcas, commander-in-chief of Africa — Ten- 
ure of the otlice and powers of the commander of the army of the 
Carthaginians — Character and military ability of Hamilcar — 
His hatred to Rome— The Roman fleet— BATTLE AT THE 
.EGATIAN ISLANDS, Roman victory— Treaty of peace con- 
cluded which ends the first Punic War — Results of the war to 
Rome and Carthage respectiveh^ — Constitution of the Roman 
and Carthaginian armies contrasted (c). 

Carthage at war with the Mercenaries (d) — First Illyrian 
VN'ar. 

Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 2:72-8, 81 (a), 81-95 (b), 97-115, 143-44 (c), 116-22 
(d), 123-42 (e). Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 2:60-2 (a), 62-7 (b), 67-76, 78, 81-2, 
103-4 (c), 79, seq. (d), 89-92 (e). Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:236, seq. (a, b), 247, 
seq. (c), 249-56 (d). Smith, Rome and Carthage, 68-71 (a), 74-84 (b), 84-96 (c), 
96-102 (d). Duruy, Hist. Rome (1883), Vol. 1:479-88 (a, b), 489-96 (c), 497-521 (e), 
521, seq. (d), (1884) 571-80 589-91. Church, Story of Carthage, 151-65. Heeren, 
Manuel Anc. Hist., 63-8, 272, seq. 489-96 (c), 521, seq. (d). Enc. Brit., Vol. 
11:409-10, Vol. 5:161, Vol. 20-748. 

THE ROMAN PROVINCIAL SYSTEM— The system of 
colonization and organization as elements in Roman powder and 
progress — Allied states, their status and rights — Position in 
war and the distinction between different allied states in re- 
gard to their relations with Rome (a) — Distinction between the 



156 HISTORY, LITER A TURK AND ART TOPICS. 

allied states and Koman provinces in respect to government (b). 
The advantage to Kome by her policy toward conquered 
countries in the matter of government and religious liberty (c) — 
Administration of and defects in Ivoman provincial government 
— Position and powers of the governor or pro-consul of the prov- 
inces — Extortions and abuse of power as a cause of hastening 
the downfall of the republic (d). 

Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:543-8 (a), Vol. 4:178-96, 305 (a, b, c), 197-208 (b, d). 
Long, Decline of the Roman Republic, Vol. 1:393-5 (d). Lamed, Hist. Ready 
Reference, Vol. 4:2674-5 (a, b). Johns Hopkins, University Studies, 1891, Vol. 
9: VH, Vin, 19-21 (a, b). Morris, Civilization, 158, seq. (a-1). Smith, Diet. 
Greek and Roman Antiqs., Vol. 1:315-20 (a). Pelham, Outlines Roman Hist., 
97-104, 173-85 (b, c). Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 1:227-31, 476-97, Vol. 4:1-3 
(a, b, c). Vol. 1:241-50 (b), 231-6 (d), (1883) Vol. 1:370, 386-409 (a, c), Vol. 2:610-33 
(d). Lelghton, Hist. Rome, 108-11, 127-8 (a, b, c), 172-4 (a-1), 181-3 (b, d), 268-71 
(d). Arnold, Roman Provincial Administration. Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 
1:438-42, 541, seq.. Vol. 2:82, seq. 392, seq. (a, b), 397-403 (d). 

HAMILCAR BAKCAs/head of the Carthaginian state— 
His policy — Establishment of his power in Spain — HANNIBAL, 
son of Hamilcar, takes command in Spain — His boyhood, char- 
acter and great military genius (a). 

Political condition and resources of Carthage — Relations 
between Seguntum and Rome — Location and importance of 
Seguntum — Siege and capture of Seguntum by Hannibal, fol- 
lowed by a declaration of war by Quintius Fabius Maximus — 
Outbreak of THE SECOND PUNIC WAR— Condition and 
strength of the Roman republic — Power of Carthage (b). 

March of Hannibal from New^ Carthage — Hannibal's in- 
vasion of Italy by way of the Alps — Reason for and advantages 
of this plan from a military point of view (c). 

Passage of the Trebia — Battle of Trebia^Defeat of the 
Romans — Hannibal's policy and treatment of prisoners — Effect 
of Hannibal's victory in Rome — Subsequent movements of the 
tw^o armies — Battle of Thrasymene Lake — Dismay in Rome at 
the result of the battle and fears for the safety of the city— Firm- 
ness of the Roman Senate — Fidelity of the Roman allies (d). 

Continuation of the war— BATTLE OF CANN.F^; result 
of the battle and consequences to the Romans— Criticisms upon 
Hannibal's course after the battle in not pressing his advantage 
and destroying Rome (e). 



THIRD CENTURY, ROME AND CARIHAGE. 157 

Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 2:107-16 (a), 103-7, 116-34 (b, c), 137-48 (d), 
147-58, 160-4, 166 (d, e), 168 (e). Church, Story of Carthage, 178-84 (b), 185-211 
(c, d), 212-31 (e). Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 1:603-10, 652-4 (a), 654-60 (a, b), 
660-5 (c), 665-86 (d, e). Vol. 2:11 (e), (1883) Vol. 1:527, 529, 566-76 (a, b), 576-86 
(c), 589-612 (d, e). Enc. Brit., Vol. 11:441-5, Vol. 20:749, Vol. 5:161-2. Dodge, 
Hist. Wars of Hannibal. Ridpath, Hist. World, Vol. 2:159-67. Ihne, Hist. Rome, 
Vol. 2:143-52 (a), 152-64 (b), 165-80 (c), 181, 185, 185-94, 207-25 (d), 226-43, 255-6 (e), 
463, seq. (c-3). Abbott, Hist, of Hannibal. Polybius, Hist. Second Punic War- 
{Hampton Tr.). Arnold, Hist, of Hannibal. Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:256-62 
(b), 266, seq. (c, d), 280-5 (e), 307-10 (a). Leighton, Hist. Rome, 133-8 (b, c, d), 
138-44 (e). Hare, Cities of Southern Italy, 308-11 (Battlefield of Cannae). Smith, 
Diet. Greek and Roman Geog., Vol. 2:1221-2, 1223-4 (d), Vol. 1:499-501 (e). Mon- 
tesquieu, Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans, 87-90, 94-100 (d, e). Smith, 
Rome and Carthage, 102-.10, 167-71 (a), 112-26 (b, c), 126-45 (d), 146-66 (e). 

ALLIANCE BETWEEN PHILIP OF MACEDON AND 
HANNIBAL — Alliauce between Carthage and S^-racnse — Death 
of Hiero — Revolt of Capua and other Iloinan allies — Measures 
taken by the Senate after the battle of Cannae to recruit the 
army — Condition of the Senate, vacancies caused by the war; 
how filled — Change in the character and conduct of the war (a). 

Condition of Sicily and discontent under Roman supremacy 
— Revolution in Sicily— Marcellus in Sicily — SIEGE AND 
FALL OF SYRACUSE— Great loss of men and ships by the ma- 
chines of Archimades — Death of Archimades — Agrigentum 
occupied by the Romans (b). 

The Spanish war — Death of the Scipios — Publius Cornelius 
Scipio sent to Spain — Capture of New Carthage — Hasdrubal 
crosses the Pyrenees — Spain conquered by the Romans — The 
.war in Italy — Siege and taking of Capua by the Romans— Fate 
of the Capuans — Recapture of Tarentum (c). 

Death of Marcellus- — His life and character (d). 

Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 2:159-65, 167, 171-9 (a, b), 184-206 (c, d), 
167-8. Duruy, Hist. Rome (1883), Vol. 1:613-36 (a, c), 636-45 (a, b), 
646-58 (c). Plutarch's Lives (Clough Tr.), Vol. 2 (d). Rollin, Anc. Hist, Vol. 
1:287, seq.. Vol. 4:415-25. Smith, Rome and Carthage, 171-81 (a, b), 182-93 
(c, d), 199, 204-7 (Scipio). Leighton, Hist. Rome, 144-7, 149-50. Ihne, Hist. 
Rome, Vol. 2:247-52, 256-79 (a), 280, 285-313 (b), 316, 323-8, 330-47, 361-70 (c), 
370-5 (d). Montesquieu, Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans, 113, seq. 

FINANCIAL PRESSURE OF THE WAR on Rome and dis- 
content of the allies. Claudius Nero and M. Livius elected con- 
suls, 207 B. C. — Hasdrubal's arrival in Italy — Its effect upon 
Rome — The intercepted dispatch from Hasdrubal to Hannibal — 
Nero's strategic maneuver, secret expedition and arrival at the 



158 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

camp of Liviiis— BATTLE ON THE METAUKUS (Sena), a de- 
cisive Koiiian victory — Its effect upon Home and Carthage— 
Triumph of the generals, Nero and Livius (a). 

SCIPIO'S popularity- and power — His position and relations 
with the senate — Preparation for and invasion of Africa — Alli- 
ance of Masinissa with Scipio — Negotiations for peace — Han- 
nibal recalled to Africa— BATTLE OF ZAMA— Peace; terms of 
the treaty which ended the second Punic or Hannibalic war (b). 

Results of the war — Its real significance — Superiority of the 
Komans over the Carthaginians; causes therefor (c). 

Scipio's rank among Roman generals — Ability as a states- 
man — Personal appearance, manners, domestic life, character 
and death (d). 

Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 2:206-13 (a), 214-24 (b), 203, seq. 224-9, 171-4 
(c), 189-91, 318, 334 (b-1, d). Archer, Decisive Events in History, 27-40 (Zama). 
Leighton, Hist. Rome, 147, seq. Church, Story of Carthage, 245, seq. Ihne, 
Hist. Rome, Vol. 2:379-94 (a), 396-458 (b, d), 459-66 (c). Vol. 4:321-36 (b, d). Mon- 
tesquieu, Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans, 84, 87-90, 100, seq. (c). Smith, 
Rome and Carthage, 193-9 (a), 199-204, 207-29, 237 (b, c, d). Creasy, Fifteen De- 
cisive Battles of the World. Duruy, Hist. Rome (1883), Vol. 1:658-75 (a), 675-96 
(b, c). Vol. 2:40-9 (a), 50, seq. 60-70 (b), 398-407 (d). Davis, Carthage and Her 
Remains, 464-73 (Zama). Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:289, seq. Ridpath, Hist. 
World, Vol. 2:170, seq. 

PTOLEMY IV., PHILOPATOR— Extent and power of the 
kingdom of Egypt at his accession — His character and reign (a) — 
Death of Ptolemy and succession of his infant son, Ptolemy 
Epiphanes — Alliance between Philip of Macedon and Antiochus 
of Syria to rob the young Ptolemy of his possessions — Rome 
asked to act as a guardian to Ptolemy — Character of his reign — 
Condition of the kingdom at his death (b), 

Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 2:521, seq. 531-9, 595 (a), Vol. 4:7, seq. 13, 22, seq. 
108-10, 128 (a, b). Mahaffy, Story of Alexander's Empire, 228-33 (a). Smith, 
Diet. Greek and Roman Biog., Vol. 3:339-40, 591-2 (a, b). Sharpe, Hist. Egypt, 
Vol. 1:361-72 (a), 372-87 (b). Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 3:7-8. 

PHILIP V. OF MACEDON— Size and condition of the king- 
dom at his accession — Character and military ability of Philip — - 
Relations with the Achaean and ^Etolian Leagues — Alliance be- 
tween Hannibal and Philip against Rome — Preparations of 
Philip to invade Italy— FIRST MACEDONIAN WAR— Result 
and political object of the war — Death of Aratus — Rise of Phil- 
op?emen (a). 



THIRD CENTURY. ROME, MACEDON AND SYRIA. 159 

League of the Greek cities against Pliilip — Prominence 
of Ivliodes and Perganius under ATTALUS — Philip's suc- 
cessful campaigns against Asia Minor, Egypt and Rhodes, 201 
P. C. — Dispute between Athens and the Acarnanians — Interfer- 
ence of Pome and declaration of war against Philip — Policy of 
the Romans— THE SECOND MACEDONIAN WAP, 200 B. C— 
Capture of Chalkis by the Romans (b). 

Philip invades Attica — The .Etolians allied with Rome — 
Invasion of Thessaly — Titus Flaminius takes command, B. C. 
198 — Flaminius in Thessaly — Achai-an alliance with Rome — ■ 
Strength of the anti-Macedonian alliance — Battle of Kynoske- 
pliahp — Strength of the Roman and Macedonian armies com- 
pared — Victory of the Romans — Later reverses of the Mace- 
donians — Treaty of peace — Conditions of the peace (c). 

Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 2:159, 179-84, 254-6, 265-7 (a), 268-80 (b), 280-92 
(c). Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:520, 540, 545-71, 577-8, Vol. 4:14, seq. (a). Nie- 
buhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:391-2, 396-9, 401-20, 422-33, 441, 444-5. Leightou, Hist. 
Rome, 158, seq. Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 2:13, 20, seq. 90-3 (a), 96, seq. 
(b), (1883 ed.), Vol. 1:636, Vol. 2:22-7 (a, b). 28-37 (b, c). Duruy, Hist. Greece, 
Vol. 4:350, 354-6, 368-70, 376-95. Heeren, Manual Anc. Hist., 225, seq. Ihne, 
Hist. Rome, Vol. 3:6-7 (a), 3-6, 11-27 (b), 27-36, 38, 43, 45-66 (c). 

ANTIOCHUS III. (The Great)— Condition of the empire at 
his accession — War -with Ptolemy " Philopator — Battle of 
Raphia, 217 B. C; defeat of Antiochus — Expedition into Media, 
Parthia and Bactria — War with Rhodes and Perganius — 
Interference of Rome — Hannibal at the Syrian court — lie rejects 
the demands of Rome and decides upon war — Philip and the 
Achit'ans allied with Rome. 

The .Etolians break with Rome — Antiochus goes to Greece 
at the request of the .Etolians — His successes — Invasion of Thes- 
saly — Formal declaration of war by the liomans — Battle of 
Thermopylae and the result — Continuation of the Syro-.Fltoliau 
war against Rome to the battle of Magnesia and total defeat of 
Antiochus — Effect of the battle of Magnesia and position of 
Rome — Character of Antiochus. 

Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:523-39, 592-5, Vol. 4:55-64, 67-94, 104-8. Duruy, 
Hist. Greece, Vol. 4:398-408; "Hist. Rome," Vol. 2:75, 97, 109-30. Ihne, Hist. Rome, 
Vol. 3:8-11, 81-159. Rawlinson, Seven Mens., Vol. 3:30, seq. Mommsen, Hist. 
Rome, Vol. 2:267, 300-26. Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:333, 386-8, 414, 417, 419-20, 
439-46. Mahaffy, Story of Alexander's Empire, 213, 227-32, 247, 259-66, 276-8. 



ICO HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

EFFECT OF CONQUEST UPON ROMAN CHARACTER 
AND MANNERS — Influence of Greek culture and the introduc- 
tion of Oriental luxury (a). 

Supremacy of the senate — Return of class strife that oc- 
curred after the Punic wars; the political change from equal- 
ity to privilege and the result (b) — The new Roman nobility — 
The moneyed aristocracy — The common people and slave labor 
— Their relations to each other and to the state (c)— Decline of 
the national religion and the introduction of Oriental forms of 
worship and its moral influence (d). 

Greek influence upon Roman literature (e) — Increased 
wealth and luxury of the Roman nobility from this period, sup- 
plemented by increased poverty of the lower classes — Sources of 
Roman wealth (f). 

Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884 ed.), Vol. 1:625-33 (a-1), Vol. 2:258-96 (a-2), 286- 
311 (d), 311-38 (e), 357-66 (c), Vol. 1:634-41 (d), (1883) Vol. 1:543-65. Mommsen, 
Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:572-81, Vol. 2:372, seq. 448-50, 454-62 (b, c, f), Vol. 3:100-3, 
Vol. 4:597, seq. (c), Vol. 2:492, seq. (e), 499-504 (f). Vol. 2:470-91 (a, d), Vol. 3:511, 
519-25 (d). Mahaffy, Story O'f Alexander's Empire, 300-10 (a). Ihne, Hist. Rome, 
Vol. 2:321-22, 471-84 (a, d, e, f), 195-7 (c, f), Vol. 4:220-6, 251 (f), 271-80 (d), 
345-54, 357-70 (b, c). Pelham, Outlines qf Roman Hist., 185-98, 201-4 (c, e, f). Lord, 
Beacon Lights Hist., Vol. 8:568, seq. (a, f). Leighton, Hist. Rome, 185-8, 191-4 
(a-f). Heeren, Manual Anc. Hist., 282, seq. 294 (a). Enc. Brit., Vol. 5:239-40 
(Art Cato, the censor). North Amer. Review, Vol. 91:90-107 (c, f). Larned, Hist. 
Ready Reference, Vol. 4:2678 (a), 2680 (b). Long, Decline of the Roman Republic, 
Vol. 1:293-5 (f). 

GREEK LITERATURE. 

THE ALEXANDRIAN PERIOD— Moral and political con- 
dition of Greece at the beginning of the third century B. C, — 
Alexandria as a seat of learning and culture at this period — The 
influence of its school upon literature — Rise of Bucolic poetry — 
Its characteristics. 

Theokritus, pastoral poet — Special characteristics of his 
poems — Their mimic or dramatic character — Imitations of his 
style by later writers — Bion, pastoral poet — His Lament of 
Adonis — Compare Milton's Lycidas and Keats' Adouais with 
Bion's Lament of Adonis — Apollonius Rhodius — Character of his 
poetry — Principal work, "The Argonautic" (a), 

Euklides — Geometry — Its antiquity, early use, importance 
and rapid development — Archimedes, mathematician — Eratos- 



THIRD CENTURY, GREEK LITERATURE. 161 

thenes, founder of astronomical geography and of scientific 
chronology (b). 

Manetho, an Egyptian priest — His chronicles of Egypt— 
Their aid to later historians — Authenticity and chronological 
value — His work on the religion of Isis and Osiris and Legend of 
the god Serapis (c). 

Perry, Hist. Greek Lit., 741-61 (a). Putnam, Authors and Their Public; 
127, seq., 133-48 (a). Mahaffy, Hist. Greek Lit., Vol. 1:7, 185, 409-20 (a). Sharpe, 
Hist. Egypt, Vol. 1:325, seq. McClintock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 5:700-5 (c). 
Lang, Theocritus, Bion and Moschus. Jebb, Growth of Classical Greek Poetry, 
229, seq. (a). Calverley, Theocritus (Tr. into Eng. verse). Wilkinson, Latin 
Course in Eng., 239, seq. (a). Muller, Hist. Lit. Anc. Greece, Vol. 2:451, seq. (a), 
486 (c). Contemporary Review, Vol. 12:213-31 (a). Unitarian Review, Vol. 
26:28-42. Bunsen, Egypt's Place in History, Vol. 1:56-89 (c). Mariette, Mons. 
Upper Egypt, 11, seq. Draper, Intellectual Development Europe, Vol. 1:171-2, 
187-200 (a, b). 

ZENO, FOUNDER OF THE STOIC PHILOSOPHY— The 
^name Stoic, whence derived — The system of Zeno — Its relation to 
the Sokratic school of philosophy (a). 

Epicurus — His philosophy — Position and honor accorded 
to philosophers in his time — The system of Epicurus and Zeno 
compared with the older philosophies (b). 

Duruy, Hist. Rome, Vol. 2:268, 273, 275, Vol. 5:31, 494, Vol. 6:361-7 (a), 
268-71 (b). Muller, Hist. Lit. Anc. Greece, Vol. 3:21-36 (a), 17-21 (b). Gillies, 
Anc. Greece, 441, 445-9 (a, b). Enc. Brit., Vol. 22:561-73, Vol. 24:778-9 (a), Vol. 
8:472-6 (b). Westminster Review, Vol. 61:33 (Stoics), 299 (Epicurians). Zeller, 
The Stoics, Epicurians and Skeptics. Lord, Beacon Lights Hist. Pagan Civiliza- 
tion. 231-5 (a), 229, seq. (b). McClintock, Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 3:257-9 (b). 
Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Biog., Vol. 3:1313, seq. (a). Vol. 2:33-5 (b). 

GREEK SCULPTURE. 

300-130 B. O. 

THE HELLENIC PERIOD- The influence of Alexander 
and Aristotle in shaping the character of this era — Spread of 
Greek influence and changes in society — Their influence upon art 
— Characteristics and style of the art of this period (a). 

SCHOOL OF PERGAMUS— Great development under At- 
tains I. and Eumenes II. — Characteristics and favorite subjects 
of Pergamon sculptors — The four great battle groups — Statues 
copied from these groups, Dying Persian, P^allen Warrior, Ama- 
zon, etc. (b). 



162 HISTORY, LITER A TURE AND ART TOPICS. 

The Acropolis of Pergamus — Its temples and their sculp- 
tures — The Dj'ing Gladiator — The group of the Gallic warrior 
and wife — Herakles and Prometheus (c). 

Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., Vol. 2:541-5 (a), 561-4, 570-3 (b), 565-70, 592-3 (c). 
Perry, Greek and Roman Sculp., 534-42 (a, b), 558-61 (c). Lubke, Hist. Sculp., 
Vol. 1:240-4 (a, b), 244-7 (c). Hist. Art, Vol. 1:231-3 (a), 236-8 (c). Fortnightly 
Review, Vol. 36:333-6 (b). MuUer, Anc. Art, 105-8 (a). Century Mag., Vol. 24 
(Old Series), Vol. 2 (New Series), 79-96 (b, c). Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 347-51. Enc. 
Brit., Vol. 2:364-5 (a). Murray, Hist. Greek Sculp., Vol. 2:379-83 (b). Quarterly 
Review, Vol. 154:394, seq. Harrison, Studies in Greek Art, 283-91 (b), 291-8 (c). 
Murray, Handbook Greek Archaeol., 297-301 (b). Paris, Manual Anc. Sculp., 
303-13. 

THE GREAT ALTAR AT PERGAMUS— Its sculptured 
friezes — Statues of gods and priestesses — Compare these works 
with the sculptures of the Parthenon. 

Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., Vol. 2:573-94. Murray, Hist. Greek Sculp., 
Vol. 2:376-80. Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 347-8. Perry, Greek and Roman Sculp., 
542-57. Century Mag. (1882), Vol. 25:87-100. Fortnightly Review, Vol. 36:337-45. 
Harrison, Studies in Greek Art, 298-310. 

THE SCHOOL OF RHODES— Its relation to the Pelopon- 
nesian School — Characteristics of its art — The Laocoon, its 
most celebrated work — History of the myth of the subject — 
When and where discovered — Criticisms upon the three figures 
of the group — Composition and execution — Merits as a work of 
art compared with the ^Niobe group — Its affinity with the Per- 
gamon marbles — The great Sun-god or Colossus of Rhodes. 

Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 351-3. Lubke, Hist. Sculp., Vol. 1:232-7; "Hist. 
Art," Vol. 1:232-4. Murray, Hist. Greek Sculp., Vol. 2:358-9, 362-7. Perry, Greek 
and Roman Sculp., 518-27. Lessing's Laocoon. Murray, Handbook Greek 
Archseol., 295-8. Gayley, Classic Myths, etc., 305-8. Paris, Manual Anc. Sculp., 
314-18. Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., Vol. 2:589, 600-6. y^inckelmann, Anc. Art, 
Vol. 1:338, 361, Vol. 2:228-32. Muller, Anc. Art, 129-30. Flaxman, Lects. Sculp., 
97, 233. Enc. Brit., Vol. 14:392, Vol. 2:365. Blackwood's Mag., Vol. 16:312, Vol. 
20:728, Vol. 21:9, seq. 

THE FARNESE BULL — Legendary history of the sub- 
ject Its merits as a work of art — Special characteristics show- 
ing its kinship to the sculptures of the Pergamon altar (a). 

The Venus Aphrodite of Melos (Venus de Milo)— History of 
its discovery — Affinities in its style and execution with the Per- 
gamon sculptures — Points of resemblance to, and of difference 
from the Knidian Venus of the Vatican (b). 

The Apollo Belvidere — Its rank as a work of art — Discussion 



THIRD CENTURY, GREEK ART. 163 

concerning its motif — When and wliere found — The work sup- 
posed to be a copy of a Greek original — Other copies (c). 

Lubke, Hist. Sculp., Vol. 1:237-9 (a), 236-7 (b), 247, seq. (c); "Hist. Art," Vol. 
1:235 (a), 238-40 (c). Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., Vol. 2:594-6 (a), 596-9 (b), 621, 
seq. (c). Murray, Hist. Greek Sculp., Vol. 2:359-64 (a), 275-7 (b), 371-3 (c). Cen- 
tury Mag., Vol. 23:94-109 (b). Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 44:435-44 (b). Eaton, 
Handbook Greek and Roman Sculp., 243-7 (a). Perry, Greek and Roman Sculp., 
528-32 (a), 600-3 (b), 611-18 (c). Flaxman, Lects. on Sculp., 97, 233. Winckel- 
mann, Anc. Art, Vol. 2:243-5 (a). Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 353-6. Rydburg, Roman 
Days, 148-87 (b). Nation, Vol. 15:355, Vol. 18:217, seq. Vol. 29:400, Vol. 32:14 seq. 
(b). Paris Manual Anc. Sculp., 291-5 (b), 318-23 (a), 329 (c). ■ ' 

NOTED SCULPTUKES OF THIS PERIOD IN OTHER 
PARTS OF GREECE— The Nike of Samothrace (a)— The Nike 
of the Vatican and of the Louvre (b) — The Sleeping Ariadne (c). 

Lubke, Hist. Sculp., Vol. 1:282 (c), 289 (b). Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., 358- 
60 (a), 607 (b), 617 (c). Paris Manual Anc. Sculp., 289-91 (a), 327-9 (c). Murray, 
Hist. Greek Sculp., Vol. 2:373-5 (a). Perry, Greek and Roman Sculp., 517 (b), 
620-1 (c). 

SUMMARY. 

The general interest in the history of this century centers in Rome, Carth- 
age and Egypt. B. C. 266, Rome completes the conquest of Italy, which began 
with the Samnite Wars, followed by a war with Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. Her 
career of foreign conquest begins by an attack in Sicily upon the Carthaginians 
and the outbreak of the First Punic War, the result of which is the annexation 
of Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica to her territory. In addition the Gauls in North- 
ern Italy are subdued and Roman colonies founded. 

Between the First and Second Punic Wars Carthage establishes her empire 
in Spain, enabling her to renew the war. Hannibal, being placed in command, 
assumes the aggressive by laying siege to Saguntum, a Roman allied town, 
which leads to the outbreak of the Second Punic War, B. C. 218. Hannibal in- 
vades Italy by way of the Alps, is victorious in several battles, the most 
memorable being that of Cannae, resulting in the almost total destruction of 
the Roman army. 

The capture of Capua by the Romans, B. C. 211, marks the turning point 
of the war. The Roman victory at the battle of the Metaurus, B. C. 207, brings 
the 'war to an end in Italy. Hannibal being recalled to Africa to defend Carth- 
age against Scipio is defeated at Zama, B. C. 202, which closes the war, resulting 
in Carthage giving up her possessions outside of Africa and being degraded to 
a dependent ally of Rome. 

Macedon, under Philip V., is brought into collision with Rome by the out- 
break of the First Macedonian War, which was barren of results. In Greece, 
the Acheean and ^tolian Leagues make a heroic struggle against Macedon for 
freedom and political independence. 

Syria suffers the loss of Parthia by revolt, but adds the kingdoms of 

Thrace and Asia Minor to her territory. Egypt, under the Ptolomies, through 

her commerce and navigation, becomes prosperous and powerful. Alexandria, 

her capital, is the chief commercial city of the world, and the Hellenic center 

12 



164 



HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 



of learning and literary culture. The era is marked by a brilliant develop- 
ment in religious and speculative thought and scientific investigation. 

Rhodes becomes prominent in the intellectua-1 world and famous for its 
school of art. Its two masterpieces, the Laocoon and the Farnese Bull, are 
products of this century. Pergamus also becomes celebrated as an art center 
under the reign of King Attains I. 

About the middle of this century, Roman literature begins, the first author 
being Livius Andronicus. 




iJ 



SECTION XV. 



SECOND CENTURY B. C. CHRONOLOGY. 

MAP ILLUSTRATIONS. 

200-196. Second Macedonian War. 

197. The Battle of Kynoskephalse. Decisive victory for the 

Romans under Titus Flaminius. 
192-189. The Syro-.Etolian War. 
191. Battle of Thermophylte. 
190. Battle of Magnesia. Roman victory over Antiochus of 

Syria. 
184. Death of Plautus (Comedy). 
183. Death of Hannibal. 
182. Death of Scipio Africanus and Philopomen, called the last 

of the Greeks. 
181. Death of Ptolemy Epiphanes, king of Egypt, and accession 

of Ptolemy Philometor. 
179. Death of Philip V. and accession of Perseus, last king of 

Macedon. 
175. Antiochus IV. (Epiphanes), king of Syria. 
171. Outbreak of the Third Macedonian War. 
168. The Battle of Pydna, Roman victory under L. ^milius 

Paulus; end of the Macedonian kingdom. 
167. Revolt of the Jews from Antiochus Epiphanes, under Mat- 

tathias. 
166. Rise of Judas Maccabtpus, beginning of the Maccabean era. 
160. Jonathan, successor of Judas Maccabteus. 
119. Outbreak of the Third Punic War. Death of Cato (the 

censor). 

165 



166 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

147. Cornelius Scipio ^l^^milianus placed in command of the 

Ivoman army in Africa. 
146. Siege and destruction of Carthage by Scipio ^5i]milianus. 

Africa made a Eoman province. Korinth taken and 

destroyed by Mummius. Macedonia reduced to a 

Koman proA-ince. Accession of Ptolemy YII. (Phys- 

con). 
143. Simon Maccabseus proclaimed hereditary prince of the 

Jews. 
135. John Hyrcanus, successor to Simon Maccabseus. 
133. The Agrarian Law of Tiberius Gracchus. 
132. Death of Tiberius. 
130. Entire independence of Judea asserted by John Hyrcanus. 

League With Rome. 
123. The Sempronian Laws. The legislation of Cains Gracchus. 
122. Death of Polybius, Greek historian. 
121. Caius Gracchus slain. 
117. Ptolemy Lathy rus, king of Egypt. 
111. Beginning of the Jugurthan War. 
107. Caius Marius, consul. 
106. Close of the Jugurthan War, under Marius. Jugurtha 

taken prisoner. 
105. Aristobulus I., of Judah, takes the title of king. 
102. Victory of Marius over the Teutones at Aquae Sextia (Aix). 
101. The Battle of Vercella?. 

LANDMARKS FOR THE EYE. 

First. The Second and Third Macedonian Wars, and rapid progress of 
Roman conquest. 

Second. Deaths of Hannibal and Scipio, connect them with the Second 
Punic War. 

Third. Rise of the Jews under the Maccabees. Their growth and final 
independence under John Hyrcanus. 

Fourth. The Third Punic War, and destruction of Carthage and Korinth. 

Fifth. Legislation and death of the Gracchi. 

Sixth. The Jugurthine War and the war with the Kimbri and Teutones. 



SECOND CENTURY, ROMAN HISTORY. 167 

CONTEMPORARY EVENTS OF HISTORY. 

198. Books with leaves of vellum introduced by Attalus, king of Pergamus. San- 

hedrin, first mention of. Revolt of the Greeks from Macedon. 
197. The battle of Kynoskephalee was the first time the Macedonian phalanx 
and the Roman legion met in battle. 

196. Hannibal joins Antiochus. 

192. Antiochus in alliance with the ^tolians. 

191. Rome completes the resubjugation of Cisalpine Gaul. The Achaean 
League attains its greatest extension, embracing the whole of 
Peloponnesus. 

186. Bacchanalia introduced at Rome. 

176. Terence, Roman comic poet, flourishes. 

171. Streets of Rome paved. 

169. The comedies of Terence performed. 

168. Polybius dates the establishment of universal Roman power from the 
battle of Pydna. 

167. The first library established at Rome, consisting of books brought from 
Macedon. , 

152. Pacuvius, Roman tragic poet, flourishes. 

146. Alexandria the center of the world's commerce. 

134-132. Servile war in Sicily. 

133. Attalus III, of Pergamus, bequeaths his kingdom, embracing a great part 
of Asia Minor, to the Romans. Rome was ruler of Italy, Macedonia, 
Greece, Asia, Spain and Africa, which embraced all the then known 
civilized world. 

125-121. Roman conquest of the southeast portion of Transalpine Gaul. 

123. The Equestrian order becomes a distinct class in the Roman common- 
wealth. 

122. Distribution of corn to the poor at Rome. 

113. The Kimbri and Teutones begin to menace the Roman dominions. The 
Kimbrian War. 

109 (about.) The city of Samaria taken and destroyed by John Hyrcanus. 

102-99. Second Servile War in Sicily. 

TOPICS FOR THE IID CENTURY. 

ROMAN HISTORY. 

CONDITION OF ITALY— Extent, power and progress of 
Rome at the beginning of this century — Position of the kingdoms 
of Macedonia, Syria, Egypt and Carthage in respect to Roman 
authority (a). 

The Second Macedonian War — Battle of Kynoskephalse (see 
art. Philip V., third century) — Titus Flaminius consul — takes 
command in Greece — His life and character (b). 

Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 2:99-118, 144-6, 340; Hist. Greece, Vol. 4:386- 
97 (1883 ed.), Vol. 2:1-7 (a). Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 2:284-9, 294 seq. Heeren, 
Manual Anc. Hist., 277-82 (a). Plutarch's Lives, Vol. 2. Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 
3:38-77, 90, Vol. 4 (Introduction), 3-4 (a). Encyclopedias. 



168 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

PHILOPOMEN— His relations with the Acha?an League- 
Growth and power of the league under Philopomen — Opposition 
to Kleomones III. of Sparta — War with Sparta under Nabis 
— Sparta incorporated in the Achaean League — Capture of 
Philopomen by the Messenians — Military genius of Philopomen 
— Character, education and honors paid to his memory. 

Mahaffy, Story of Alexander's Empire, 189, 212, 241, 282-4. Duruy, Hist. 
Rome (1884), Vol. 2:144-6. Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:512, 516, 571-7, 585-90, Vol. 
4:61, 65-6, 100-2, 114, 119-22. Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 4:347-8. Mommsen.Hist. 
Rome, Vol. 2:293-6, 306-8, 329-32. Enc. Brit., Vol. 18:790 seq. Plutarch's' Lives 
(Clough), Vol. 2. Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Biog., Vol. 3:318 seq. Leighton, 
Hist. Rome, 163. Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 3:101 seq. 109 seq. 113 seq. 129-30, 173, 
175-85. 

LAST YEARS AND DEATH OF HANNIBAL— State of 
affairs between Rome and Philip at this period — Charges against 
Philip — His preparations for war — Death of his son Demetrius — 
Death of Philip and accession of Perseus, last king of Macedon 
— Character and ability as a ruler and general — Condition of 
Macedonia and Greece at his accession — Outbreak of the Third 
Macedonian War — Character of the war — Battle of Pydna — 
Defeat and flight of Perseus — Fall of the Macedonian king- 
dom (a). 

Plundering of temples and sending works of art to Rome, 
cities pillaged, dismantled and inhabitants sold into slavery — 
Perseus and family in the "triumph" of ^Emilius Paulus (b) — 
Life and character of ..Emilius Paulus (c). 

Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 4:111-16, 127-48, 184-96, 213-36 (a, b, c), 300-7 (a-1). 
Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:441, 444 seq. 458-66 (a, b). Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 3:186- 
200, 206 seq. 213-15, 231-4, 249-57 (a, b), 280-90 (b, c). Smith, Rome and Carthage, 
234-7 (a-1). Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 2:238-9, 309, 317, 333-5 (a-1). 336-58 
(a, b). Leighton, Hist. Rome, 168 seq. Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 2:110-14, 
118-22, 146 (a-1), 121, 139-85 (a, b, c). Heeren. Manual Anc. Hist., 225 seq. 

CATO, THE CENSOR — Personal appearance, manners and 
mode of living — His character — His censorship and attitude to- 
ward the rich and aristocratic party — His reforms and struggle 
to resist the new order of things (a). 

Relations with and opposition to the Scipios — Reaction of 
the aristocratic party against his power dividing Rome, by ar- 
ranging the nobles on one side and the people on the other — The 
result (b). 



SECOc\'D CENTURY, ROMAN HISTORY, 169 

Cato's views in regard to Carthage and influence in bringing 
about the Third Punic War (c) — Genius as a writer and orator — 
Public services and influence of Cato (d). 

Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 2:389-98 (a), 398-407 (b-1), 407-22 (a, b) (1883 
ed), Vol. 2:341-50 (a), 350-74 (b, c). Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 3:269, 300, 327-9, Vol. 
4:224, 228, 325-6 (a), 326-33 (b-1), 334-7 (a, d). Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 2:410- 
22. 429, 439, 563, Vol. 3:36 seq. Leighton, Hist. Rome, 189-91. Ridpath, Hist. 
V^orld, Vol. 2:70, 186-8, 195. Plutarch's Lives, Vol. 2. 

THE THIRD PUNIC WAR— Roman feeling toward Car- 
thage after the peace of 201 B. C. — Cato ambassador to Car- 
thage — Internal strife at Carthage — Wars with Masinissa, 
king of Numidia — Interference of Rome — Declaration of war — ■ 
Submission of Carthage to Rome — The Carthaginians disarmeil 
but refuse to give up the city to destruction — Siege of Carthage — 
Scipio .Emilianus placed in command, 147 B. C. — Capture and 
destruction of the city and organization of the territory into a 
Roman province, 146 B. C. (a). 

• SCIPIO .EMILIANUS AFRICANUS— His character and 
influence — Simplicity of his life — Honors awarded him at home 
and abroad — His consulship— Efforts to restore the virtue and 
simplicity of early Roman life — His political position and mili- 
tary ability — Superiority of his mind and love for literature (b). 
His attitude toward the reform movement of Tiberius Grac- 
chus — The wars in Spain — Condition of the Spanish provinces — 
Scipio sent to Spain — Condition of the army — His reforms — - 
Siege and capture of Numantia (c). 

Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 2:237-44, Vol. 3:35-57 (a, b), 1-32 (c), 109, 129- 
32 (b). Ibne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 3:320-66 (a), 367-407 (c), Vol. 4:410 seq. (b). 
Church, Story of Carthage, 272 seq. Smith, Rome and Carthage, 237-8, 244-62 (a). 
Long, Decline of the Roman Republic, Vol. 1:223-33, 369-79. Leighton, Hist. 
Rome, 167 seq. Duruy, Hist. Rome (1883), Vol. 1:658-75 (b, c), 676-86 (c). Vol. 
2:139-48 (a), 378 seq. (b). 

MACEDONIA REDUCED TO A ROMAN PROVINCE, 146 

B. C. (a) — Greece after the victory at Pydna — The Achaean exiles 
— The Achsean War — Roman decree to break up the Acha:'an 
League. 

Outbreak at Korinth against Rome — War declared against 
Sparta — Lucius Mummius given command of the Roman army 
146 B. C. — Defeat of the Achseans and destruction of Korinth — 
Removal of works of art to Rome. 



170 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

Dissolution of the Achflean League — Criticisms upon this act 
of the Romans — Greece made a Ivoman province under the name 
of Achaia — Causes which proA^ed fatal to Greece — Her place in 
the history of civilization (b). 

Ibne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 3:291-319 (a, b). Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:469-89 
(a, b). Heeren, Anc. Greece, Historical Researches, 235-40 (b). Long, Decline 
Roman Republic, Vol. 1:50-4, 380-6 (b). Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 4:241-3 (a), 265-74 
(b). Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 3:57-60 (a). Vol. 2:359 seq. Vol. 3:60-71 (b). 
Duruy, Hist. Greece, Vol. 4:421-54, 455-67, 533-63 (b); "Hist. Rome," Vol. 2:191-8 
(a, b). 

DECLINE OF THE EEPUBLIC^The social, moral and 
political changes and condition of Rome during the second cen- 
tury as the result of wars and conquest (a). 

Monopoly of land by the moneyed aristocracy— Disappear- 
ance of the middle class or small farmers — Its tendency to de- 
stroy both the strength and liberty of the republic (b). 

Causes leading to the disappearance of this class of citi- 
zens (c) — Slavery, its extent and effect upon free labor, the com- 
mon people and the state — Rights of the master; suffering and 
degradation of the Roman slave (d). 

Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 1:346-50 (c), 380-388, Vol. 2:440-8, 460-7, Vol. 
3:92-103, 488 seq. (a-d). Vol. 1:49, 257, 382, 564, Vol. 2:434-40, 451 (d). Enc. Brit., 
Vol. 5:239-40 (art, Cato). Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 2:258-86 (a-d), 345-66 
(b, c, d), 339-88, 423, 431-2 (a), 432 seq. (d) (1883), Vol. 2:285-340 (a-d), 384-96 (d). 
Leighton, Hist. Rome, 184-8, 194, 199-201 (a-d), 235 (d). Mahaffy, Story of Alex- 
ander's Empire, 300-10 (a). Larned, Hist. Ready Reference, Vol. 4:2678 seq. (a, 
b, c, d). Beesly, The Gracchi, etc., 1-23 (a-d). Montesquieu, Grandeur and De- 
cadence of the Romans, 194, 197-200 (a), 201-5 (d). Pelham, Outlines Roman 
Hist., 158-71, 185-98 (a, b, c). Heeren, Manual Anc. Hist., 290 seq. North Amer. 
Review, Vol. 39:413. Atlantic Mag. (1857), Vol. 1:288 seq. (c). Ihne, Hist. Rome, 
Vol. 4:188, 216-20, 240, 345-73 (a-d). Johns Hopkins, University Studies (1891), 
Vol. 9: VII, VIII, 66-9 (d). 

THE GRACCHI — Degeneracy of the government and decay 
of the republic — Supremacy of the senate — Attack upon it in the 
interest of small landholders by TIBERIUS GRACCHUS— Par- 
entage, social position and education of the Gracchi (a). 

Election of Tiberius as tribune — His reform movement (the 
enforcing of the Licinio-Sextian Agrarian Law) — The method 
adopted to carry it into effect — Consequence of such a reform to 
the aristocracy and their opposition to the movement (b). 

Statesmanship, character and death of Tiberius (c) — Aim, 



SECOND CENTURY, ROMAN HISTORY. ITl 

object and effect of his reforms (d)— The methods adopted in 
bringing about his reforms viewed from a social, political and 
legal standpoint (e). 

Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 3:92-113 (a), 114-20 (b, c, d), 120-6 (e). Duruy, 
Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 2:444-8 (a-d), 449-55 (b), 455-62 (b, c, e) (1883), Vol. 2:396- 
414. Beesly, The Gracchi Marius and Sulla, 23-37. Leighton, Hist. Rome, 201-6. 
Heeren, Manual Anc. Hist., 291. Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 4:376-82 (a), 382-409 (b-e). 
Plutarch's Lives, Vol. 4. Pelham, Outlines Roman Hist., 204-10. Smith, Diet. 
Greek and Roman Biog., Vol. 2:290-3. Larned, Hist. Ready Reference, Vol. 
4:2680. Long, Decline Roman Republic, Vol. 1:127-43, 159-202. Johns Hopkins, 
University Studies (1891), Vol. 9:Vn, VIII, 69-77. 

CAIUS GRACCHUS — Character and statesmanship com- 
pared with Tiberius Gracchus — His popularity- and rise to 
power (a). 

Cains' efforts to establish a middle class of citizens and to 
overthrow the supreme power of the senate — Formation of the 
equestrian order into a political body conferring on it the right 
to administer justice which was taken from the senate — Mistake 
of this change and abuse of the power it conferred — Project of 
Caius granting Roman citizenship to the Italian allies (b). 

Character of his proposed laws, called the Sempronian Laws, 
and their effect (c) — Opposition of the senate — Downfall and 
death of Gracchus— Restoration of the aristocratic party — Moral 
and political effects of these movements — The words Optimates 
and Populares as applied to the political parties from this 
time (d). 

Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 2:446, 467-71 (a), 471-80 (b, c), 479-91 (d), 
450 seq. 453-6, 461-2, 465, 471, 578 (1883), Vol. 2:420-41. Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 
4:58-104, 438-80 (a, c). Vol. 5:3-11 (d), 114 seq. (c), 173-5 (b-2). Long, Decline 
Roman Republic, Vol. 1:235-91, 295-300. Leighton, Hist. Rome, 208-14. Momm- 
sen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 3:114, 123, 134-6 (a, c), 136-48 (b, c), 98, 148-70 (c, d). Beesly, 
The Gracchi, etc., 37-65. Plutarch's Lives, Vol. 4. Heeren, Manual Anc. Hist., 
293-5, 297-9. Larned, Hist. Ready Reference, Vol. 4:2681 seq. Johns Hopkins, 
University Studies (1891), Vol. 9:VII, VIII, 77 seq. (c). 

CAIUS MARIUS— The aristrocratic reaction after the 
death of the Gracchi — Pdse of Caius Marius — Early life and 
character (a). 

The Jugurthan War — Result and fate of Jugurtha (b) — Mili- 
tary reforms of Marius — Admission of the proletarii into the 
legions — Its political significance and effect upon the army (c). 

War with the KIMBRI and TEUTONES— Battle of Aqu£e 
Sextia^, B. C. 102— Battle of Vercellse, B. C. 101 (d). 



172 HISTORY, LITER A TURE AND ART TOPICS. 

Relations of Mariiis with Saturnius and Glaiicia — The Ap- 
puleian Laws — Keaction against Marius — llise of SuHa — The 
Sulpician Laws — Civil war, B. C. 88, between Sulla (Optimates) 
and Marius (Populares) — Flight of Marius — His return, proscrip- 
tions and death (e) — Marius as a politician and statesman — His 
military ability (f). 

Duruy, Hist. Rome, (1884), Vol. 2:491-3 (f), 493-543 (b, f), 548-61 (f), 608-35 
(e), 530-43 (d), 550-5 (f-1) (1883 ed.). Vol. 2:442-527 (a, b, c, d, f), 580-609 (e). Plut- 
arch's Lives (Clough), Vol. 3. Leighton, Hist. Rome, 214-47. Ihne, Hist. Rome, 
Vol. 5:12-61 (a), 61-79 (b, c, f), 80-112 (b-2, d), 155-69, 231 seq. 312-37 (e, f). Guizot, 
Hist. France, Vol. 1:42-7 (d, f). Sallust, Jiigurthan War (Pollard tr.). Heeren, 
Manual Anc. Hist., 295-301 (a-f). Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 3:161 seq. (a-1), 
178-201 (b, c, f), 216-33 (d), 238-40 (a), 240-9 (c, f), 249-62, 313-23, 283-91 (e). Beesly, 
The Gracchi, Marius and Sulla. Long, Decline of the Roman Republic, Vol. 1:387 
seq. (b), Vol. 2:16-29 (c), 43-64 (d), 215-27, 232-50 (e). Larned, Hist. Ready Refer- 
ence, Vol. 4:2682 seq. 2684-5. Dodge, Great Captains, Caesar, 1 seq. (c), 17-20 (d). 

RULERS OF EGYPT AND SYRIA— Ptolemy VI. (Philome- 
tor) ascends the throne under the regency- of his mother Cleo- 
patra — Ptolemy VII. (Physcon) — Reign marked by rapid decline 
of the kingdom — Ptolemy VIII. (Lathyrus) reigned jointly with 
his mother, 117-107. 

Seleukus Philopator of Syria, 187-176— ANTIOCH US IV. 
(EPIPHANES), 176-1G4— Antiochus Eupator, 101-161— Deme- 
trius Soter, 161-150 — Alexander Balus, 150-145 — Demetrius 
Nicator, 145-126 — Reigns of these rulers unimportant except that 
of Antiochus IV. (Epiphanes) — His character and accession — 
Egyptian campaigns — Relations with Rome — Persecution of the 
Jews — Rapid decay of the kingdom during his reign — Death and 
succession of Antiochus Eupator — Lysias regent. 

Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 4:149-83, 88, 162. Milman, Hist. Jews, Vol. 1:500-9. 
Smith, Hist. Bible, 504-10. Ebers, "The Sisters." Mahaffy, Story of Alexander's 
Empire, 296 seq. Ewald. Hist. Jews, Vol. 5:293-300. Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 
3:491-3, 501-5. 

JEWISH HISTORY. 

RISE OF THE MACCABEES— The Jewish people emerge 
from a period of obscurity of more than two centuries, rising to 
such importance, through the Maecabean wars, as to be admitted 
into alliance with Rome and finally to revolt from her tyranny — 
Revolt of the Jews from Antiochus Epiphanes led by Matta- 
thias (a). 



SECOND CENTURY, JEWISH HISTORY. 173 

JUDAS MACCAB.EUS, called the William Tell of the 
Hebrews — His wars and the struggle of the Jews for freedom 
against Antioehus under his leadership — Expulsion of the 
Syrians from Judea — Character and death of Judas Maccaba^us 
(b). 

Bible. Apocrypha, Book of Maccabees. Milman, Hist. Jews, Vol. 2:9-22. 
Hosmer, Story of the Jews, 64-73 (a, b). McClintock. Cyc. Bib. Eccl. Lit., Vol. 
4:597-607 (a, b). Enc. Brit., Vol. 13:421, Vol. 15:130. Lord, Beacon Lights Hist., 
Jewish Heroes and Prophets, 431-70. Ewald, Hist. Israel, Vol. 5:293-300, 306-23. 
Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:494, 500-1, 509. Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 3:80 seq. 
Conder, Judas Maccabeus. Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 4:163-83, 289-97, 312-15 (a, b). 
Burnham, Struggles of the Nations, Vol. 1:82-4. Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman 
Biog., Vol. 2:543, 878-9. Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 3:251-98, 309. Smith, 
Hist. Bible, 511-21, 530-4. Heeren, Manual Anc. Hist., 193-4, 247 seq. Oliphant, 
Jerusalem, The Holy City, 411-29. 

SIMON, HIGH PKIEST— The general prosperity of his ad- 
ministration—Syrian conquests — Character of Simon (a). 

John Hyrcanus, founder of the Asmonean line of Princes — 
As high priest and commander-in-chief of Judea — Siege and sur- 
render of Jerusalem — Independence of Judea secured — Destruc- 
tion of Samaria (b). 

Rise of the sects of the Pharisees and Sadducees — Character 
of the two sects, their difference in belief and hostility to each 
other — Relations of John Hyrcanus with the Sadducees — His 
character and death- — Rapid decline of the nation after his 
death (c). 

The Essenes^ — Character of their religion and mode of 
living — Their position and influence in the nation — Relations to 
the Pharisees and analogy with the early Christians (d). 

The Sanhedrin— Its origin, development and extinction 
— Qualification and recognition of members — The Great and 
Small Sanhedrin (e). 

Aristobuhis, son of John Hyrcanus, at his father's death 
takes the title of king; the first instance of the use of that title 
among the Jews since the Babylonish captivity (f). 

Milman, Hist. Jews, Vol. 1:492-9, Vol. 2:23-9 (a), Vol. 1:494-500 (b), Vol. 2:37- 
42 (c). Smith, Hist. Bible, 524-6 (a), 526-8 (b), 512, 528 (c). McClintock, Cyc. Bib. 
Eccl. Lit., Vol. 1:472, Vol. 4:450 (b). Vol. 8:68-75, Vol. 9:334-41 (c), 753 (a). Vol. 
1:396 (f). Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 4:165, 169, 305, 312 (a), 312-24 (b), 324-5, 337, 
347-8 (c), 343 seq. (f). Hengstenberg, Hist. Kingdom of God., etc.. Vol. 2:373-82 
(c), 375, 382-5 (d). Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church, Vol. 3:317-23 (a), 323-5 (b), 332- 
44 (c), 336, 339, 403-7 (d), 393 seq. (e), 325 (f). Ewald, Hist. Israel, Vol. 5:333-42 (a), 



174 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

342-54, 359-65, 382-4 (b), 275-82, 365-9, S78 seq. (c), 370 seq. (d), 385 seq. (f). De 
Quincey, Historical Essays (1856 ed.), Vol. 1:26-112 (d). Montefiore, Hibbert Lects. 
(1893), 394 seq. Edinburgh Review, Vol. 47:105-16 (d). 

FIRST PERIOD OF ROMAN LITERATURE. 

B. C. 240-80. 

INTKODUCTION OF GKEEK LITERATURE TO ROME— 
General characteristics of Roman poetry — Livius Andronicus, 
first author of Roman literature — Character of his writings — 
— His translation of the Odyssey — The Roman drama and theatre 
(a). 

Cneius Nsevius — Political character of his writings — His 
stjde — Principal works — Exile and death (b). ' - 

Ennius, called the father of Roman poetry — Relations 
with Scipio — Style and character of his writings— Influence upon 
later Roman literature — His tragedies — Ennius as an epic 
poet (c). 

Paciivius — His position in Roman literature — Character and 
style of his writings (d). 

Laurence, Primer Latin Lit. (Harper's ed.), 14 seq. Teuffel, Hist. Roman 
Lit. (Warr tr.), Vol. 1:128-9 (a), 130-2 (b), 148-54 (c), 155-9 (d). Smith, Diet. Greek 
and Roman Biog., Vol. 1:175 (a), Vol. 2:1136 (b), 17 (c). Vol. 3:81 (d). Sellar, 
Roman Poets of the Republic, 1-27 (a-1), 47-61 (a), 62-119 (c), 120 seq. (d). Momm- 
sen. Hist. Rome, Vol. 2:492-509, 532 (a), 519 seq. (b), 532 seq. 538, 542-4 (c). Wil- 
kinson, Latin Course in Eng., 290-1, 311-12, 401, 406 (c), 314-317, 321-2, 333, 397- 
400 (a), 320-7 (d). Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 1:612 seq. (a), 614, Vol. 2:317-20, 
398 (b)'. Cruttwell, Hist. Roman Lit., 36-40 (a, b), 56-62, 68-76 (c), 62-4 (d). Ency- 
clopedias. Simcox, Hist. Latin Lit., Vol. 1:22-41 (c, d). 

ROMAN COMEDY — Plautus — Fame and popularity — Char- 
acter of his plays — Their plots and style — His plots imitated by 
later writers — Female characters in his comedies — Real life as 
portrayed by Plautus — His command of language (a). 

Terence — Personal appearance and education — Charac- 
ter and style of his comedies — His plots and characters— His first 
play "Andrea" — The plot and success of the play — Compare with 
Plautus (b). 

Roman satire — Lucilius — Social position and popularity — 
His style and language— Objects of his satire— The morals of the 
age as reflected in his writings (c). 



SECOI^D CENTURY, ROMAN LITERA TURE. 175 

Prose literature — Cato (The Elder), first successful Latin 
prose writer — Individuality in his writings — His orations — 
Treatise on agriculture and miscellaneous writings (d). 

Teuffel, Hist. Roman Lit. (Warr tr.), Vol. 1:132-48 (a), 155 seq. (c), 53 seq. 
(d). Collins, Plautus, Terence. National Quarterly, Vol. 34:72. Ihne, Hist. 
Rome, Vol. 4:284-94, 319 (dramatists and stage players), Riley, Plautus' Come- 
dies translated into Eng. prose; Terence Comedies. Fortnightly Review, Vol. 
7:661 (a). Contemporary Review, Vol. 30:1013-40 (a). Mommsen, Hist. Rome, 
Vol. 2:509-19, 522-3, 525 (a), 544 seq. (d-1). Simcox, Hist. Latin Lit., Vol. 1:45-53, 
54-60 (b), 62-8 (c), 75-9 (d). Cruttwell, Hist. Roman Lit., 41-8 (a), 49-55 (b), 78-81 
(c), 91-8, 109 seq. (d). Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Biog., Vol. 3:407 (a), 996 seq. 
(b). Vol. 2:823 (c), 317-19, 321, 325, 333 (o), 14-16 (d). Sellar, Roman Poets of the 
Republic, 153-203 (a), 205-21 (b), 222-52 (c). 

POLYBIUS, GREEK HISTORIAN— His travels and politi- 
cal career — Analysis of his history — Style and characteristics of 
his writings. 

Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Biog., Vol. 3:443. Muller, Hist. Lit. Anc. 
Oreece, Vol. 3:65 seq. Grote, Hist. Greece, Vol. 1:369, Vol. 4:99, Vol. 10:324. 
Leighton, Hist. Rome, 166 (with note). Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 2:244-5. Poly- 
bius. Works of, (Shuckburgh tr.). Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 1:252, 503, 506, 
511-22, 547, Vol. 2:190-1, 275, 291, 343, Vol. 6:142-3, Vol. 8:335 seq. Perry, Hist. 
Greek Lit., 809-14. Jehb, Greek Lit. Primer, 144-7. Ridpath, Hist. World, Vol. 
2:71. Timayenis, Hist. Greece, Vol. 2:252 seq. 

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE. 

ETRUSCAN INFLUENCE IN EARLY ROMAN ARCHI- 
TECTURE — Character and distinctive features of the Tuscan 
style of architecture — Incapacity of the Romans to originate a 
distinctive type of architecture — Introduction of Greek forms 
and influence — Their ability to combine and assimilate what they 
borrowed from other nations — Materials used and excellence of 
construction as shown by the imperishable character of their 
architecture (a). 

Liberal use of the Grecian column — Deviations in the 
Roman orders from the Grecian — The Composite Order dis- 
tinctively Roman — Peculiarities of the Roman Doric frieze — 
Tendency of the Romans to excessive decoration (b). 

Use of the arch in Roman architecture — Its first employ- 
ment in works of utility — Its development and extended use in 
ornamental building (c). 

Rosengarten, Arch. Styles, 108-16 (a, b), 117-18 (c). Lubke, Hist. Art, Vol. 
1:272-82 (a, b, c). Wyatt, Fine Art, Lects., 41-4. Gwilt, Enc. Arch., 854-7 (Tus- 
can). Lord, Beacon Lights Hist., Pagan Civilization, 391-7. Middleton, Remains 



176 HISTORY, LITER A TURK AND ART TOPICS. 

of Anc. Rome, Vol. 1:5-91 (a, b, c). Violet Le Due, Discourses on Arch., Vol. 1; 
Lects. Ill, IV. Guhl, Greeks and Romans, 311-16, 342-3 (c). Dennis, Cities and 
Cemeteries of Etruria (Introduction), 64 seq. 293, 295-8, 305-9. Fergusson, Hist. 
Arch., Vol. 1:292-7. Westropp, Handbook of Archseol., 40-5, 64-8. Ridpath, Hist. 
World, Vol. 2:60, 64-6. 

CHARACTERISTICS OF ROMAN TEMPLE BUILD- 
ING — Their temples founded on the requirements of the old Ital- 
ian worship (a) — The temples of Fortuna Virilis and of Jupiter 
Stator at Rome (b) — The temple of Nimes France and of Jupiter 
at Pompeii (c). 

The temple of Vesta at Tivoli and of Venus and Roma at 
Rome (d) — The Pantheon (e) — Roman tombs and dwellings (f). 

Guhl, Greeks and Romans, 295 seq. (a), 309-10 (c), 314-17, 324 (d), 318-22 (e), 
355-85 (f). Lubke, Hist. Art, Vol. 1:282-92. Becker, Gallus, 231-80 (e-2). Rosen- 
garten. Arch. Styles, 115-17, 121-3 (b, e), 132-4 (b-1), 144-60 (b-2). Westropp, Hand- 
book of Archaeol., 17-23 (f-2), 142-7 (f-1). Middleton, Remains of Anc. Rome, 
Vol. 1:30-2, 159, 161 (a), 167 seq. (b-2), 188 (d), 102-6 (f-1), 169-73, 175-83 (f-2). 

ROMAN WALLS — Gates — Roads, Via Appia and Via 
Flaminia — Bridges — Harbors, harbor of Ostia (a) — Drainage; 
Cloaca Maxima — Aqueducts — Fountains^ — Baths (b). 

The Roman Forum — Basilicas — Arcades (c) — Circuses; 
Circus Maximus — Theatres and amphitheatres (d). 

Guhl, Greeks and Romans, 328-49 (a), 349-55, 394-404 (b), 407-19 (c), 420-34 
(d). Lubke, Hist. Art, Vol. 1:283, 286, 290-3 (a-d). Rosengarten, Arch. Styles, 
127-30 (c), 135-44 (a, b, d). Smith and Slater, Classic Arch., 170-1 (a, b), 161-4 (b), 
154-6 (c), 156-61 (d). Middleton, Remains of Anc. Rome, Vol. 1. Fergusson, Hist. 
Arch., Vol. 1:374-5 (a), 331-4, 373-4 (b), 316-23 (c), 323-31 (d). Burn, Rome and the 
Campagnia (Introduction), 52-63, 211 (a, b), 74-153, 165-7 (c), 234-42, 296-8, 457-9 
(d). Westropp, Handbook Archasol., 88-97 (d), 98 seq. 107-25 (a, b), 51 seq. (c-2). 
Becker, Gallus, 366-97. 

SCULPTURE. 

THE GRECO-ROMAN PERIOD— National traits of the 
Greeks and Romans compared — Sculpture and painting brought 
to Rome by conquest — Its influence upon Roman art — The dis- 
play of Greek art in the Roman triumphs and importance at- 
tached to it (a). 

THE NEW ATTIC SCHOOL IN ROME— Execution and 
characteristics of this period — The Venus de Medici — Compare 
with the Venus de Milo and the Knidian Aphrodite — The Belvi- 
dere Torso — Farnese Hercules — Germanicus; Athene of Villa 
Ludoviso — The vase of Sosibios (b). 



SECOND CENTURY, ROMAN ART. Ml 

Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., 645-9 (a), 651-62 (b). Reber, Hist. Anc. Art, 358- 
63. Lubke, Hist. Sculp., Vol. 1:257, 272-5 (a), 275-9 (b); "Hist. Art," Vol. 1:271-5, 
302-3 (a), 303-5 (b). Guhl, Greeks and Romans, 584-9 (a). Ridpath, Hist. World, 
Vol. 1:461-4, Vol. 2:53-5 (a). Perry, Greek and Roman Sculp., 571-5 (a, b), 583-96 
(b). Winckelmann, Anc. Art, Vol. 1:288-90 (a). Muller, Anc. Art, 140-3, 165-8, 182. 
Fraser Mag. (New Series), Vol. 25 (1882), 479 seq. (b). Paris Manual Anc. Sculp., 
324-6 (a), 343 seq. 

THE BORGHESE GLADIATOR in the Louvre, Paris— Its 
execution and relation to tlie school of Rhodes — The Centaurs in 
black marble — Reliefs of the Apotheosis of Homer (a). 

The school of Pasiteles — Style and character of its work — 
The terms archaic and archaistic as used in art — Extant works 
of this school — Group of Orestes and Electra, a group by Mene- 
laos in the Villa Ludoviso (b). 

Portrait sculpture a distinctive feature of Roman art — 
Statues and busts of Augustus — Augustus' Altar of Peace, de- 
scription of, and its artistic merits (c). 

Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculp., Vol. 2:666-9 (a), 662-6 (b), 671-6 (c). Reber, Hist. 
Anc. Art, 361-2 (a), 364-5 (b), 453 seq. (c). Perry, Greek and Roman Sculp., 597- 
600, 605-10 (a), 622-9, 135-7 (b), 635 seq. (c). Lubke, Hist. Sculp., Vol. 1:279-80, 287 
(a), 282 seq. (c); "Hist. Art," Vol. 1:305 (a), 307 seq. (e). Muller, Anc. Art, 183 (b), 
185-8 (c). Murray, Handbook Greek Archseol., 301-6 (b). Paris Manual Anc. 
Sculp., 331 seq. (a-1), 345-51 (c), 351-6 (b). 

MURAL AND VASE PAINTING found in the tombs of 
Etruria (a) — Roman wall painting — Character, subjects and exe- 
cution of the mural paintings of Pompeii and Herculaneum show- 
ing their Grecian origin — Roman Mosaics — The battle scene in 
mosaic in the house of the Faun, now in the Museum Naples (b). 

Lubke, Hist. Art, Vol. 1:267-70 (a), 319-23 (b). Woltmann and Woermann, 
Hist. Painting, Vol. 1:103-10 (a), 95-8, 110-39 (b). Dennis, Cities and Cemeteries 
of Etruria (Introduction), 84-91 (a). Middleton, Remains of Anc. Rome, Vol. 1:81- 
5, 91-9, 176-80 (b). Westropp, Handbook of Archsecl., 257 (a), 268-82 (b). Guhl, 
Greeks and Romans, 350-67, 466-71 (b). Rosengarten, Arch. Styles, 159 seq. (b). 
Dyer, Pompeii, 273-96, 310-li, 375-82 (b). Murray, Handbook Greek Archaeol., 
403-43. 

SUMMARY, 
The history of this century is largely the record of Roman conquest and 
power. The Second and Third Macedonian Wars result in Macedonia becoming 
tributary to Rome, and later, B. C. 146, being reduced to a Roman province. 
Greece, as the result of the Achaean War, becomes a province of Rome under 
the name of Achaea. The Third Punic War closes with the complete destruction 
of Carthage, and that territory becoming a Roman province of Africa. The con- 
quest of Cisalpine Gaul is completed; the cor quest of Transalpine Gaul is begun. 



178 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

and nearly all of Spain made a province, which gives Rome the position of the 
gi'eatest power of the world. 

The last half of the century is marked by the beginning of civil strife 
caused by the rule of the nobles, slave labor and the poverty and oppression of 
the plebeian class. Tiberius and Caius Gracchus attempt to remedy these 
evils, both of whom fall victims of the aristocracy. The Jugurthan War 
follows under the generalship of Marius, terminating, B. C. 106, with the defeat 
and capture of Jugurtha. Marius defeats the Teutones at the battle of Aquae 
Sextiae, in Gaul, B. C. 102, and the Kimbri at the battle of Vercellae, B. C. 101. 

In the literary world, Alexandria continues a center of learning and culture. 
Roman literature advances, based upon Hellenic models. Greek genius and liter- 
ature, after the subjugation of Greece, rapidly declines, and is gradually drawn 
to Rome, which is fast becoming the rival of Alexandria and the mistress of the 
world. Greek plastic art is also transplanted to Rome, and begins a new era in 
art, called the Grseco-Roman period. 

During this century, a heroic period in Jewish history begins under the 
leadership of the Maccabees. Judas Maccabseus wins a great victory over Anti- 
ochus, the Syrian king, about B. C. 166, which gives partial independence to the 
Jews; later, under John Hyrcanus, their complete independence is established, 
his son taking the title of king on ascending the throne, the first to assume that 
dignity since the Babylonian captivity. 



i 



SECTION XVI. 



FIRST CENTURY B. C. CHRONOLOGY. 

MAP ILLUSTRATIONS. 

91. Marcus Livius Drusus, tribune. 

90. Marsic or Social War. 

89. Lex Julia; lex Plautia Papiria granting Roman franchise 
to the Italians. 

89 to 81. Ptolemy Lathyrus, king of Egypt, reigns alone. 

88. First Mithridatic War. Sulpician Laws. Rise of Sulla. 
First Civil War between Sulla (optimates) and 
Marius (democrats). 

87. Legislation of Sulla. 

8G. Battle of Cha^ronea. Sulla defeats Mithridates. Death of 
Marius. 

83. The Battle of Clusium. The Battle at the Colline Gate. 

82. Sulla dictator with full powers. 

82 to 80. The Sullan Constitution. 

81. Cleopatra Berenice, queen of Eg;y'pt. 

80. Ptolemy Auletes, king of Egypt, reigned 80-58, 55-51 B. C. 

78. Death of Sulla; rise of Pompeius. 

74. The Second Mithridatic W^ar. 

73. War of the Gladiators. 

07. Julius Caesar, leader of the democratic party (populares). 

05. Conquest and organization of Pontus into a Roman prov- 
ince. 

03. Catiline's conspiracy. M. Tullius Cicero, consul. Death of 
Mithridates. 

CO. The First Triumvirate. (Caesar,. Pompeius, Crassus.) 

53. Battle of Carrhse; Crassus defeated and slain by the Par- 
thians. 

13 179 



180 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

52. Ctesar completes the conquest of Gaul at the surrender of 
Alesia. Vercingetorix, leader of the Gallic army. 

51. Death of Auletes. Accession of Cleopatra and her brother, 
Ptolemy. 

49. The Great Civil War. 

48. Battle of Pharsalus. Death of Pompeius. 

47. Antipater, founder of the Herodian family, appointed pro- 
curator of Judea. 

46. Battle of Thapsus. Death of Cato. 

44. Csesar Imperator. Caesar assassinated. 

43. The Second Triumvirate. (Antonius, Octavius, Lepidus.) 

42. The Battle of Philippi. Death of Brutus and Cassius. 

40. Herod the Great appointed king of Judea by Antonius and 
Octavius. The Treaty of Brundusium. 

36. Livy, the historian. 

31. Battle of Actium. 

30. Death of Antonius and Cleopatra. Egypt made a Roman 
province. 

27. Octavius Imperator receives the title of Augustus. Estab- 
lishment of the Roman empire. 

25. Ovid, elegiac poet. 

19. Death of Yirgil, epic poet. 
8. Death of Horace, lyric poet. 
4. Birth of Jesus Christ. 

LANDMARKS FOR THE EYE. 

First. The Social, the Mithridatic and the Civil Wars. 

Second. War of the Gladiators and the conspiracy of Catiline. 

Third. The Roman Triumvirates. 

Fourth. Egypt a Roman province. 

Fifth. Establishment of the Roman Empire. 

Sixth. Deaths of noted generals, statesmen and men of letters. 

Seventh. The birth of Jesus Christ. 

CONTEMPORARY EVENTS OF HISTORY. 

100. Birth of Julius Caesar. 
83. Birth of Marcus Antonius. 
78. Alexandra, Queen of Judea. 



FIRST CENTUR ] ', ROMA N HISTOR Y. 181 

70. Oriental luxury introduced at Rome by Lucullus and Pompeius, conquerors 
of Mithridates. 

66. Birth of Strabo, geographer. 

57. Cyprus becomes a Roman province. End of the Seleuliidse. 

46. Reformation of the calendar by Caesar. 

45. First year of the Julian calendar. Vitruvius, Roman architect; his ten 
books of architecture are the only writings on this subject from 
ancient authors. 

44. Corinth and Carthage rebuilt. 

41. Meeting of Antonius and Cleopatra at Tarsus. 

40. Library of Pergamus brought to Alexandria. 

36. Lepidus expelled from the Triumvirate. 

29. The gates of Janus shut. 

28. Palatine library of Augustus formed. 

27. The Pantheon dedicated by Agrippa. The population of the Roman re- 
public at the accession of Augustus was one hundred and twenty 
millions, half of which were slaves, forty millions were allies and 
freedmen; only twenty millions enjoyed the full right of citizenship. 

17-7. Temple at Jerusalem rebuilt by Herod the Great. 
8. Diodorus Siculus, historian, flourishes. 
4. Birth of Jesus Christ, according to Usher. 

TOPICS FOR THE 1ST CENTURY. 

KOMAN HISTORY. 

SLAVE REVOLTS IN SICILY (a)— Tribiineship of Marcus 
Livius Drusus — Character and political position of Drusiis — His 
legislation and efforts to give the franchise to the Italian allies — 
Death of Drusus— Rise of Sulla (b). 

Demand of the Italian allies for Roman citizenship — Their 
condition, treatment and struggle for legal rights, resulting in 
the Marsic or Social War — History of the war and the result, 

Leighton, Hist. Rome, 179-81, 215-25 (a), 184-5, 231-5 (b, c). Mommsen, 
Hist. Rome, Vol. 3:103 seq. 172-6 (a), 267-302 (b, c). Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), 
Vol. 2:437 seq. 545-7, 561 seq. (1883 ed.). Vol. 2:384-96, 508-13 (a), 527-35 (b), 550-79 
(c). Long, Decline of the Roman Republic, Vol. 1:113-26, Vol. 2:76-87 (a), 148- 
214 (b). Johns Hopkins, University Studies (1891), Vol. 9:VII-Vni, 79-88 (b). 
Beesly, The Gracchi, Marius and Sulla, 109-12 (b), 112-28 (c). Larned, Hist. 
Ready Reference, Vol. 4:2683-4. Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 4:39 seq. 192-6, 305, 319- 
11, 418-23, 424-30, Vol. 5:138-47 (a), 171, 176-89 (b), 190-220, 324 (c). Smith, Diet. 
Greek and Roman Biog., Vol. 1:1078-82 (b). Atlantic Mag. (1857), Vol. 1:288 seq. 

LUCIUS CORNELIUS SULLA— Character and personal 
appearance — His military ability compared with Marius — 
Statesmanship of Sulla (a). 



182 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

FIRST MITHlilDATIC WAR— Sulla in Greece— Taking of 
Athens — The battles of Clueronea and Orehomenes — Conquest of 
Asia Minor — Conclusion of peace (b). 

Sulla's return to Italy — Battle of Clusium — Battle at the 
Colline Gate — Sulla's entrance into Rome as absolute ruler of the 
Roman people (c). 

Sulla's proscriptions and reign of terror — The Senate re- 
stored — Sulla, dictator, with full powers — The Sullan constitu- 
tion — Character and effect of his legislation — Resignation of his 
dictatorship — Last years and death (d). 

Plutarch's Lives (Clough tr.), Vol. 3. Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 3:195-7, 
?29,296, 303, 305, 317-28 (a, b), 360-78 (b), 393-411 (c), 418-70 (a, d). Beesly, The 
Gracchi, Marius and Sulla. Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Biog., Vol. 3:933-43. 
Dodge, Great Captains, Caesar, 21-4 (a). Leighton, Hist. Rome, 241-3, 245-56. 
Duruy, Hist. Rome, Vol. 2:513, 532, 594-5, 608-17 (a), 625-35, 676-92 (b). Vol. 3:1-16 
(c), 17-54 (d), (1883) 657-73 (b), 674-89 (c), 690-731 (d). Long, Decline of the Roman 
Republic, Vol. 2:141, 143-5 (a), 276-319 (b), 320-55 (c), 356-69, 392-433 (d). Johns 
Hopkins, University Studies (1891), Vol. 9:VII-VIII, 91 seq. Anderson's Series 
Hist. Rome (1889), 241-60 (a-d).' Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 5:69, 208, 216-18, 225-30 (a, 
b), 272-11 (a, b), 337-65 (a, c), 372-421, 427-53 (a. d). Montesquieu, Grandeur and 
Decadence of the Romans, 208-11. Freeman, Cornelius Sulla (Essays, Series II). 

MITHRIDATES EUPATOR, KING OF PONTUS— Power 
and extent of his kingdom — Character and military ability of 
Mithridates — Invasion of Asia Minor — Deplorable condition of 
the Roman provinces by exaction and usury imposed upon them 
—Insurrection of the provinces by declaring in favor of Mith- 
ridates — (First Mithridatic War. See Sulla.) (a.) 

SECOND MITHRIDATIC W^AR— Licinius Lucullus— His 
campaign against Mithridates and Tigranes of Armenia — Char- 
acter of Lucullus — Wealth and magnificence of his villas (b). 

Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 3:307, 352-60 (a). Vol. 4:53-95 (b), 78-86, 92-5, 
148, 182 (c). Niebuhr, Anc. Hist., Vol. 3:516 seq. Leighton, Hist. Rome, 247-51, 
275-83. Plutarch's Lives (Clough), Vol. 3 (b). Ihne, Hist. Rome, Vol. 5:246-72, 
283 seq. 422 seq. Montesquieu, Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans, 155-62. 
Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 1:116, Vol. 4:319, 433, 436-8, 444-9. Arnold, Roman Pro- 
vincial Administration. Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 2:636-70 (a). Vol. 3:120- 
38 (b) (1883 ed.). Vol. 2:634-57 (a). Long, Decline of the Roman Republic, Vol. 
2:256-75 (a), Vol. 3:4-28, 73-103 (b). 

GN.EIUS POMPEIUS (Pompey)— The social, political and 
financial condition of the republic at the close of Sulla's dictator- 
ship — Insurrection of Lepidus — War with Sertorius— Rise of 
Gnseius Pompeius — His character and political position — Pom- 



FIRST CENTURY, ROMAN HISTORY. 183 

peius against Sertoriiis in Spain — His return to Rome — 
Pompeius and the oligarclial party (a) — Consulship of Pom- 
peius and Crassus — Their popularity — Pro-consular power given 
to Pompeius for three years over the Mediterranean Sea and ad- 
jacent coasts — Opposition of the Senate — War with the pirates — 
Pompeius supersedes Lucullus in the war against Mithridates — 
Conquest of Asia Minor, Syria and Palestine — Reorganization of 
Asia — Pompeius returns to Rome — Political disorder at Rome 
during his absence (b) — Power, military genius and statesman- 
ship of Pompey (c). 

Plutarch's Lives. Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 3:471-571 (a-1), Vol. 4:13-52 
(a), 113-228 (b, c), 229-39 (a, c), 355 seq. (c). Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 3:58- 
91 (a, c), 109-19, 135-52 (b, c) (1883 ed.). Vol. 2:733-71 (a), 785-7, 790-838 (c). Long, 
Decline of the Roman Republic, Vol. 2:337 seq. 372-5, 334 seq. (a), Vol. 3:104-94 
(b, c). Dodge, Great Captains, Caesar. Leighton, Hist. Rome, 261-4, 267-70, 272-4, 
280-5. Rawlinson, Seven Mons., Vol. 3:80-4. Merivale, The Roman Triumvirates. 
Quarterly Review, Vol. 148:456-66. Enc. Brit., Vol. 19:451, Vol. 20:762-6. Stanley, 
Hist. Jev^rish Church, Vol. 3:350-60. Montesquieu, Grandeur and Decadence of 
the Romans, 211-18, 229-34 (c). 

WAR OF THE GLADIATORS— Spartacus— His character 
— Marcus Lucius Crassus — Character and wealth — His defeat of 
the Gladiators — Relations with Pompey and Ceesar-^Campaign 
against the Parthians and death of Crassus. 

Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 4:24-7, 101-8, 120, 125-7, 201, 204, 223-6,' 242, 
402-5. Leighton, Hist. Rome, 264-8, 271-2, 296, 317-20. Plutarch's Lives, Vol. 3. 
Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 3:94-9, 378 seq. (1883 ed.), Vol. 2:772-81, Vol. 3:229- 
37. Rawlinson, Seven Mons., Vol. 3:84-97. Rawlinson, Parthia. Ridpath, Hist. 
World, Vol. 2:215, 226-7, 234-5. Atlantic Mag. (1857), Vol. 1:288-300. Heeren, 
Manual Anc. Hist., 242, 303-5. Long, Decline of the Roman Republic, Vol. 
3:31-47. 

CATILINE'S CONSPIRACY— The wretched condition of 
all classes of society at this period — Weakness of the senate — 
Contest of parties — Aid given to the conspirators — Caesar's and 
Crassus' relations with the conspirators — Result of the 
conspiracy — Fate of the conspirators — Social position, manners 
and character of Catiline. 

Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 3:161-4, 173-87 (1883 ed.), Vol. 3:9-16, 25-35. 
Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 4:203-9, 212-26. Long, Decline of the Roman Re- 
public, Vol. 3:223-40, 272-322, 353-61. Anderson's Series, Hist. Rome (1889), 283-7. 
293-8. Beesly, Catiline, Clodius and Tiberius. Leighton, Hist. Rome, 285 -7, 293- 
8. Ridpath, Hist. World, Vol. 2:220, seq. Fortnightly Review, Vol. 1:167-84. 
Trollope, Life of Cicero, Vol. 1:246-88. Sallust, Catiline's Conspiracy (Pollard 
Tr.); the same (Rose Tr.). 



184 HISTORY, LITER A TURE AND ART TOPICS. 

MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO— Birth, education, character 
and statesmanship — His relations with Catiline — Cicero's polit- 
ical position and attitude toward Caesar — His banishment and 
recall (a). 

Cicero as a lawyer, orator and man of letters (b). 

Middleton, Life of Cicero. Trollope, Life of Cicero. Plutarch's Lives. 
Mommsen, Hist'. Rome, Vol. 4:16, 116, 139, 195, 208, 213, 253, 364, 369, 378, 
677, 724-9. Diiruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 3:21-5, 105-8, 155, 167, 
169-73, 173-87, 190-3, 215-20, 316, seq. 373, 400-1, 407 (a), 593-6 (b), 
(1883) Vol. 2:789-90, Vol. 3:17-38, 65-9. De Quincey, Essays Anc. 
Hist. (1876), 257-312. Church, Roman Life, Time of Cicero. Strachaa-Davidson, 
Cicero and the Fall of the Roman Republic. Edinburgh Review, Vol. 52:1-22. 
Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 4:425-6, 429-30. Forsyth, Life of Cicero. Fortnightly 
Review, Vol. 5:421-41. Westminster Review, Vol. 8:353-77. Long, Decline of 
the Roman Republic, Vol. 2:375, 382-91, Vol. 3:195-216, 223, 241-71, 323-52, 444-9, 
Vol. 4:84-104 (a). Vol. 5:380-6. 

CAIUS JULIUS CESAR — The political condition of Rome 
as tending toward a monarchy at the beginning of Caesar's 
career — Birth, education, personal appearance, manners and 
character of Caesar — His rise to power — His political position 
and influence — Opposition of the senate (a). 

Caesar as a general and statesman — Alliance between Pom- 
pey, Caesar and Crassus, The First Triumvirate — Caesar's con- 
sularship — His legislation and attitude toward the senate (b). 

Caesar appointed to the command of Cisalpine and Transal- 
pine Gaul and lUyricum — Conquest of Gaul, B. C. 58-51; its 
significance to Rome^ — Caesar invades Britain, B. C. 55 (c). 

Pompeius sole consul, B. C. 52 — Rivalry of Pompeius and 
Caesar — Caesar's rupture with the senate — Passage of the Rubi- 
con — Legality of this act — Civil war — Flight of Pompeius and 
the consuls. 

Caesar, dictator — War in Epirus and Thessaly — Battle of 
Pharsalia — Assassination of Pompeius at Alexandria — Caesar at 
Alexandria — Battle of Thapsus — Caesar's "triumph" (d). 

Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 4. Plutarch's Lives. Bnc. Brit., Vol. 20:763-8, 
Vol. 4:633-9. Guizot, Hist. France, Vol. 1:50-65. Abbott, Hist. Julius Caesar. 
Leighton, Hist. Rome, 301-8 (a, b, c), 308-15, 323-37 (d). Merivale, The Roman 
Triumvirates. Trollope, Life of Cicero, Vol. 1:318-58 (Triumvirate). Duruy, 
Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 3:153-204 (a), 193, seq. 204-20 (a, b, c), 281-358, 365-78, 
386-434, 444 (c, d, e), (1883 ec^.) Vol. 3:1-9 (a), 39-44 (a, b), 50-65 (c), 121-210 (Gallic 
War), 210-29, 237-359 (d). Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 4. Liddell, Life of Julius 
Caesar. Dodge, Great Captains, Caesar. Frcude, Caesar, a sketch. Fowler, 
Julius Caesar. Napoleon TH, Hist. Julius Caesar. De Quincey, Historical 



FIRST CENTURY, ROMAN HISTORY. 185 

Essays (1854 ed.), Vol. 2:26-60, (1876 ed.), 30-64. Ridpath, Hist. World, Vol. 
2:226-44. Littell's Living Age, Vol. 94:387. Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 44:273, 305, 
315. Bentley's Miscellany, Vol. 33:22, 148, 391. Macmillan's Mag., April, 1868. 
Long, Decline of the Roman Republic, Vol. 2:377-80, Vol. 3:217-22, 362, seq. 
405-43 (c), 460-82, Vol. 4:1-70, 162-74. 198-214 (Britain), 175-89 (Pompeius 2nd con- 
sulship), 391-8 (Caesar and the Senate), 411-15, Vol. 5:1 seq. 

C^SAK AT THE HEIGHT OF HIS POWER— Titles con- 
ferred upon him — His perpetual imperatorsliip — His policy 
toward the nobles — Reforms, legislation and financial adminis- 
tration (a) — Assassination and funeral obsequies — Genius, place 
in history and rank among great men (b) — His literary ability — 
Character and style of his writings — Principal works (c). 

Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 4:555-665 (a, b), 720 (c). Duruy, Hist. Rome, 
Vol. 3, (1884) 546-52 (a), 553-62 (b), (1883 ed.) 360-411 (a, b). Enc. Brit., Vol. 
20:767-8 (a, b). Vol. 4:633-9 (c). Leighton, Hist. Rome, 335-9 (a), 339-45 (b). Rid- 
path, Hist. World, Vol. 2:244-50 (a, b), 72 (c). Shakspeare, Julius Caesar. Long, 
Decline of the Roman Republic, Vol. 5:426-79 (a, b, c). 

MARCUS PORCIUS CATO (The Younger), surnamed Utica 
— Early life, education and moral character — The purity and 
simplicity of his life contrasted with the age — His influence and 
the respect shown him (a) — Patriotism and loyalty of Cato to the 
republic — His attitude toward Pompeius, Ca?sar and Crassu» (b) 
— Ability of Cato to cope with the political intrigues and corrup- 
tions of the times in his efforts to save the republic (b) — His great 
opposition to Caesar — Battle of Thapsus and death of Cato (c). 

Plutarch's Lives, Vol. 4. Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 4:193, 251-253, 379, 
414, 415, 502, 523-34, 536. Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Biog., Vol. 1:645, seq. 
Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 3:188-93 (a), 201-9, 216, 220 (a, b), 367-8, 373, 
389-93 (b), 485-503 (c). 

RULERS OF EGYPT— Ptolemy Soter II. (Lathyrus)— 
Cleopatra, his mother — Rise of the Jews — Soter expelled — 
recalled, B. C. 89 — Rebellion of Thebes — Cleopatra Berenice, her 
marriage and murder — Ptolemy Auletes — His vices — Secret 
treaty with Mithridates against the Romans — Auletes driven 
from Egypt — Cleopatra Tryph?ena and Berenice^ — Ptolemy 
Auletes restored — The Romans in Egypt (a). 

CLEOPATRA AND PTOLEMY— Cleopatra's Syrian army 
— Caesar in Alexandria — Alexandrian library burned — War be- 
tween Caesar and Ptolemj'- -Egyptian arni}^ defeated — Death of 
Ptolemy — Cleopatra visits Rome — Meeting of Antony and Cleo- 
patra — Personal appearance, character, manners and luxurious 



186 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

life of Cleopatra — The library of Pergamus, a gift from Antony 
to Cleopatra — State of literature during the reign of Cleopatra — 
Battle of Actium — Death of Cleopatra— Egypt a Roman prov- 
ince. 

Long, Decline of Roman Republic, Vol. 4:78, seq. Rollin, Anc. Hist., Vol. 
4:488-524 (a, b). Abbott, Hist. Cleopatra. Leigbton, Hist. Rome, 351, 356-61. 
Ridpath, Hist. World, Vol. 2:253, 255-60. Enc. Brit., Vol. 5:826, Vol. 7:747-8. 
Sbarpe, Hist. Egypt, Vol. 2:1-20, 31-40 (a), 40-70 (b). Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), 
Vol. 3:464, 468-71, 474-7, 520, 605, 616, seq. 643, 647, 649-51. 655-73. Ebers, Cleo- 
patra. Sbakspeare, Antony and Cleopatra. 

MARCUS ANTONIUS (Mark Antony)— Early life and char- 
acter — Relations with and sincerity of his friendship for Csesar 
— His promotion to power — Position and conduct at the assas- 
sination and funeral of Caesar — Flight of the liberators — An- 
tonius in power (a). 

Attitude of Antonius toward Octavius — Hatred of Cicero — 
Relations with Lepidus — The Second Triumvirate — Murder of 
Cicero — Battle of Philippi (b). 

Alliance between Antonius and Cleopatra — Antonius' career 
in Asia and Egypt — Its effect upon his political standing at 
Rome (c) — Expedition against Parthia and the result. 

BATTLE OF ACTIUM— Death of Antonius (d). 

Marcus Junius Brutus — Life, character and death (e). 

Plutarcb's Lives, Vol. 5 (a, e). Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 4:71, 96, 129, 
190, 430, 472, 487. Leigbton, Hist. Rome, 343, 346-51 (a, b), 351-2, 355-60 (c, d), 
349, seq. (e). Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 3:415, seq. 553-62 (a), 552-614 (b), 
614-615, 623, 639-73 (c, d), 539-45, 556, 569, 574-5, 583, 602-13 (e), (1883) Vol. 
3:413-22 (a), 422-34, 513-47 (b, c, d). Ridpath, Hist. World, Vol. 2:238, 246, 248-60. 
Merivale, Roman Triumvirates. Rawlinson, Story of Parthia, 203, seq. Sbak- 
speare, Antony and Cleopatra; "Julius Cassar." Rawlinson, Seven Mons., Vol. 
3:111-16 (d-1). Enc. Brit., Vol. 2:140, Vol. 3:79, Vol. 20:768. 

CiESAR OCTAVIANUS AUGUSTUS— Birth, education 
and character — His relation to Julius Cgesar — Position and con- 
duct after the death of Csesar — Formation of the Second Trium- 
virate — Their proscriptions and massacre of senators, Cicero 
among the number — War with Sextius Pompeius — Fall of Lepi- 
dus — Rupture between Octavius and Antonius — Rise of the em- 
pire (a). 

Octavius becomes Imperator and receives the name of Au- 
gustus (the title of Csesar he had taken after the death of Julius 
Caisar)- His policy, diplomacy and' statesmanship in assuming 



FIRST CENTURY, ROMAN HISTORY. 187 

to restore the republic — Cliauge of the government into a mon- 
archy (b). 

His military, social and religious reforms — Changes in the 
senate — Reorganization of the provinces — Financial reforms 
and adornment of Rome (c). 

Character of Augustus as a ruler — Peace and prosperity of 
his reign — Great progress in literature, the period being desig- 
nated the Augustan Age of literature (d). 

Rollra, Anc. Hist., Vol. 4:504, 510, 516, 517, 521, seq. Leighton, Hist. Rome, 
345-61 (a), 417-24 (b), 424-30 (c), 437-8 (d, e). Ridpath, Hist. World, Vol. 2:251-3, 
258-62 (a), 265-73 (b-e). Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 3:562-673 (a, b), 41-57, 
64-104 (b, c), 125, 164-87 (c-1), 140-54 (c-2), 154-64 (c-3), 105-24, 187-232, 303 (d), 
282-91 (e), (1883 ed.) Vol. 3:422, seq. 526-47 (a), 548, seq. (b-e). Pelham, Outlines 
Rjoman Hist., 357-97 (a), 398-469 (d, e). Enc. Brit., Vol. 3:79-84, Vol. 2:140, Vol. 
20:768, seq. Heeren, Manual Anc. Hist , 328-33 (a-e). Larned, Hist. Ready Ref- 
erence, Vol. 4:2698-2701. De Quincey, Essays in Anc. Hist, and Antiquities 
(1854 ed.). Vol. 2:61-81. Montesquieu, Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans, 
258-69. 

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONDITION OF ROME AND 
ITALY the first half of the century (a) — Causes leading to the 
imperial revolution (b) — Reasons why a change in the form of 
government was necessary (c). 

Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 4:32-49 (a, b, c), 62-3, Vol. 3:153, seq. 160, 
Vol. 2:431, seq. (c). Heeren, Manual Anc. Hist., 308, seq. Trollope, Life of 
Cicero, Vol. 1:68-89. Montesquieu, Grandeur and Decadence of the Ro- 
mans, 180-96, 225-9, 234-40 (b, c). Ridpath, Hist. World, Vol. 2:260-2 (b, c). 
Leighton, Hist. Rome, 417. Church, Roman Life in the Days of Cicero. North 
Amer. Review, Vol. 100:101-26 (b), Vol. 39:413-37 (a, b). Vol. 91:90-107. Momm- 
sen. Hist. Rome, Vol. 4:229, seq. 355, seq. 555, seq. 

JEWISH HISTORY. 

ANTIPATER, PROCURATOR OF JUDEA— His intrigues 
and overthrow of the Asmonean dynasty — His relations with 
Csesar (a). 

Herod I^ (The Great), king of Judea — His accession — Pros- 
perity of his reign — Relations with Antony — Diplomacy in gain- 
ing the friendship of Octavius — Herod's passion for architecture 
— His public works— Rebuilding of the temple — His domestic 
life — Execution of Mariamne — rCharacter of Herod — His place 
in Jewish history — Condition of Judaism under his reign — His 
last days and death (b). 



188 HISTORY LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

Arclielaiis — Accession under the title of Etliuarcli, B. C. 
4 — Roman supremacy over Jerusalem — Deposition and banish- 
ment of Archelaus (c). 

Milman, Hist. Jews, Vol. 2:6-97 (a, b), 201-12 (c). Stanley, Hist. Jewish 
Church, Vol. 3:352-61 (a), 361-90 (b). Smith, Hist. Bible, 541, seq. (a), 648-68 (b). 
Lady Carew, Tragedy of Mariamne. Duruy, Hist. Rome (1884), Vol. 3:642, seq., 
Vol. 4:6-8, 238, Vol. 5:109, 119. Babelon, Manual Oriental Antiq., 211-30. Ewald, 
Hist. Israel, Vol. 5:396-7, 403-8 (a), 406-40 (b), 449, seq. (c). 

ROMAN LITERATURE. 

THE CICERONIAN AGE— The political condition of Rome 
at the beginning of this period— Advancement and increase in 
general education — Character of the reading of this period — 
Greek influence in Roman life — Its effect upon the literature. 

Oratory and political literature — The power of the pen and 
importance of orator^^ in political life during this era— History 
and philosophy — Predominance of prose literature — Poetry, 
Greek influence and culture upon it — General characteristics of 
the literature of this age (a). 

M. Terentius Varro — His "life and education — Character of 
his mind — Distinctive national character of his v^^ritings — Lit- 
erary style of his prose writings — His versatility and wit — His 
most important prose writings — Varro as a political writer (b). 

M. Tullius Cicero — Life and character — Versatility of 
his aenius — Cicero as an orator — General characteristics of his 
oratory — His oraticcn against Veres — Speech for Milo. 

His moral and political philosophy — Treatment of philoso- 
phy — His philosophy of the existence of God and the human soul 
— His rhetorical works — His letters, their historical and bio- 
graphical value — Influence of his works and his place in Roman 
literature (c). 

Teuffel. Hist. Roman Lit. (Wagner Tr.), 226-35, 378-80 (a), 236, seq. (b), 
260-6, 276, 280, seq. 284, seq. 290, seq. (c), (Warr Tr.) 252, seq. (b), 274, seq. (c). 
Laurence, Primer Roman Lit, (Harper), 52, seq. (c). Cicero, Orations (Guthrie 
Tr.). Simcox, Hist. Latin Lit., Vol. 1:120-2 (a), 140-79 (c). Trollope, Life of 
Cicero, 68-89 (a). Younge, Orations of Cicero. Cruttwell, Hist. Roman Lit., 
141-56 (a, b), 159-78, 180-4 (b). Enc. Brit., Vol. 20:719, seq. Vol. 5:770, seq. (b, c). 
North Amer. Review, Vol. 17:33-69 (c). Fortnightly Review, Vol. 28:401-22 (c). 
Middleton, Life and Letters of Cicero. Collins, Cicero Outlined and Explained. 

HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL - LITERATURE— 
Julius Cresar— His rare and varied talents— Caesar's Commen- 



FIRST CENTURY, ROMAN HISTORY. 189 

taries — Their striking characteristics — His history of the Civil 
Wars — Trustworthiness of Cassai-'s historical works — Literary 
style of his writings— Ctiesar as an orator— His scientific 
works (a). 

Cornelius Nepos — Style and character of his works (b). 

Sallust — Public life and character — Literary style of his 
writings — His rank as a historian — Principal works (c). 

Teuffel, Hist. Roman Lit. (Wagner Tr.), Vol. 1:313-20 (a), 323, seq. (b), 
344-9 (c). Cruttwell, Hist. Roman Lit., 187-98 (a), 199-205 (b, c). Duncan, Ccm-^ 
mentaries of Csesar in English. Simcox, Hist. Latin Lit., Vol. 1:208-24 (Com- 
mentaries), 224-43 (c). Watson, Sallust Literal Tr. Pollard, Sallust Jugurthine 
War and Conspiracy of Catiline. 

POETRY — Its subordination to prose in the writings of the 
Ciceronian age of Roman literature — Reasons therefor — Its style 
and execution compared with the earlier writers. 

Lucretius — His art, brilliant genius, clouded life and 
death — Place in Roman literature^ — His principal work and 
criticisms upon it (a). 

Catullus — Character and literary style of his writings 
— His individuality as shown in his works — Rank as a lyrical 
poet — His position in Latin literature. 

Cruttwell, Hist. Roman Lit., 208-30 (a), 232-8 (b). Collins, Lucretius. 
Mommsen, Hist. Rome, Vol. 4:385, 678, 702 (b). Sellar, Roman Poets of the 
Republic, 271, seq. (a), 408-74 (b). Watson, Lucretius on the Nature of Things. 
Monroe, Lucretius on the Nature of Things. Kelly, Lucretius' Poems; Catullus 
Poems (Prose Tr.). Teuffel, Hist. Roman Lit. (Wagner Tr.), Vol. 1:338, seq. 
(a), 373, seq. (b), (Warr Tr.) Vol. 1:354 (a), 391 (b). Contemporary Review, Vol. 
5:222-36. Fortnightly Review, Vol. 23:44-62 (a), Vol. 29:741-59 (b). Westminster 
Review (New Series), Vol. 61:299. Simcox, Hist. Latin Lit., Vol. 1:80-107 (a), 
107-19 (b). 

THE AUGUSTAN AGE OF ROMAN LITERATURE— In- 
fluence of the age upon the literature — Decline of oratory and of 
political w^ritings — Change in historical composition — Poetry; 
its general charactervstics and excellence — Augustus' relations 
with the authors and literature of the day — Influence of literary 
patronage — Maecenas, his political position and influence upon 
literature (a). 

P. Yirgilius Maro (Virgil) — Life, character and personal ap- 
pearance — Virgil as a representative w^riter of the age — Literary 
style and artistic merits of his writings — His place in Roman 
literature and rank among poets — The Eclogues — Their style and 



190 HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 

cliaracter — Influence of Theokritus — The Georgics — Form and 
sources of the poem — A^irgil's love of Nature — Compare Virgil 
with Lucretius — The ^lilneid — Its form, character and subject — 
Political and social life as represented in the jjoem — Delineation 
of character — Rank of the.Eneid as an epic poem (b). 

Sellar, Roman Poets of the Augustan Age, Virgil. Teuffel, Hist. Roman. 
Lit. (Wagner Tr.), Vol. 1:384-98 (a), 406-9, 411, 413, 415, seq. (b). Smith, Diet. 
Greek and Roman Biog., Vol. 3:1263-7 (b). Littell's Living Age, Vol. 134:323, 
Vol. 140:643 (Georgics). Fortnightly Review, Vol. 31:163-96. Simcox, Hist. 
Latin Lit., Vol. 1:244-52 (a), 253-81 (b). Duruy, Hist. Rome, Vol. 4:54-60, 65, 75, 
119-22, 244, 247-50 (a). Cruttwell, Hist. Roman Lit., 241-51 (a), 252-75 (b). Col- 
lins, Virgil. Blackwood's Mag., Vol. 8:59, Vol. 9:192, 387. Contemporary Re- 
view, Vol. 30:199, seq. (b). Yaggy, Museum of Antiqs., 811-16 (b). Cranoh, 
Virgil's yEneid. 

Q. HORATIUS FLACCUS (Horace)— Birth, education and 
life — Horace as a lyric poet — Compare with Alka'us and Sappho 
— His odes, their characteristics and style — The Satires and 
Epistles — Character, subjects and aim of his satires — Their ethi- 
cal nature — Diction and poetical merits of the Epistles — Lasting 
influence of Horace's writings (a). 

P. Ovid Naso (Ovid) — Social position, life and character — 
Characteristics of his stjde — Influence upon subsequent writers 
— Genius as a poet — His Metamorphosis, its character and 
poetical beauty — The immorality of his writings — His banish- 
ment — Criticisms upon his writings (b). 

Teuffel, Hist. Roman Lit. (Wagner Tr.), Vol. 1:433-51 (a), 469-80 (b). Mar- 
tin, Horace (for Eng. Readers). Church, Ovid. Wilkinson, Latin Course, 355-93 
(a), 37-50 (b). Simcox, Hist. Latin Lit., Vol. 1:283-323 (a), 334-72 (b). Hague, 
Horace Odes and Epodes (Translated into Eng. Verse, with Notes). Conning- 
ton, Horace Satires and Epistles. (Eng. Verse). Martin, Horace. Cruttwell, 
Hist. Roman Lit., 280-96 (a), 305-11 (b). Eraser Mag., Vol. 13:739, Vol. 14:87, 
739 (a). British Quarterly Review, Vol. 18:202 (a). Yaggy, Museum of Antiqs., 
816-20 (a). Smart, Horace Translated into Eng. Prose. Sellai;, Roman Poets 
Augustan Age. Riley, Ovid (Literal Translation). 

T. LIVIUS (Livy) — His republican principles and politics as 
expressed in his writings — Augustus' patronage and favor — 
Characteristics of his style and language as a prose writer and 
historian — Criticisms upon his writings— Outline of his History. 

Cruttwell, Hist. Roman Lit., 322-30. Collins, Livy. Laurence, Primer 
Latin Lit. (Harper), 86. Teuffel, Hist. Roman Lit. (Warr Tr.), Vol. 1:518, seq. 
(Wagner Tr.), 492-503. Wilkinson, Latin Course in Eng., 207, seq. Ridpath, Hist. 
World, Vol. 2:75. Lincoln, Selections from Livy, with Notes. Simcox, Hist. 



FIRST CENTURY, ROMAN HISTORY. 191 

Latin Lit, Vol. 1:395-427. Enc. Brit., Vol. 14:725-32, Vol. 20, 724, Vol. 3:83-4. 
Capes. Livy, Life and Works. Smith, Diet. Greek and Roman Biog., Vol. 2:790. 
Machiavelli, Hist. Polit. and Diplomatic Writings, Vol. 2:93, seq. 

SUMMARY. 

The history of this century pertains almost wholly to Rome. The first 
important movement is the Social War, resulting in the franchise being granted 
to the Italians. This is followed by the Mithradatic and the Civil War between 
Marius and Sulla and their bloody proscriptions. The First Mithradatic War 
is brought' to a close by the Roman victories under Sulla at Chseronea and 
Orchomenes. Sulla returns to Rome, reforms the constitution concentrating 
all the power in the hands of the senate, and in B. C. 79 abdicates. 

Pompeius rises to prominence through the wars in Spain with Sertorius 
and the Gladiatorial War. Later he subdues the Mediterranean pirates, con- 
quers Asia Minor, Syria and Palestine and reorganizes Asia. After his return 
to Rome the senate refused to confirm his acts in the East or grant land to 
his soldiers; this compelled him to accept overtures from Csesar which resulted 
In the First Triumvirate. 

Caesar in eight years conquers and reduces Gaul to a Roman province. 
Pompey during Caesar's absence becomes sole consul, induces the senate to recall 
Csesar to order him to disband his army and give up his pi'ovince. Caesar re- 
bels, civil war ensues, resulting in the overthrow of Pompey at Pharsalia and the 
defeat of his forces at Thapsus, leaving Csesar master of the Roman world. A 
conspiracy is soon after formed against him by Brutus, Cassius and others, by 
whom he is assassinated B. C. 44. 

After his death Octavius, Antonius and Lepidus form a Second Trium- 
virate. Octavius leads his forces against Brutus and Cassius, defeating them 
at Philippi. After the battle a division of the empire is made, Antonius takes 
the East, Octavius the West and Lepidus the province of Africa; Lepidus is 
afterwards expelled from the Triumvirate. Octavius and Antonius quarrel, war 
is declared, the battle of Actium follows, with the defeat of Antonius, who 
prolongs the contest for nearly a year, when his death leaves Octavius in full 
power, who assumes the title of Augustus Csesar. The Roman republic is now 
virtually changed to a monarchy, with Augustus as emperor, who governs it 
under republican forms, uniting in himself the dignities of consul, tribune, im- 
perator, and Pontifix Maximus. 

The Roman dominions now include all the countries about the Mediter- 
ranean Sea, Parthia being the only power holding the position of a formidable 
rival. 

While Roman power and territory has been extending Roman literature 
passes through two periods of development, each reflecting the spirit of the age. 
The first or Ciceronian period is one of great excellence, in which historical 
and political composition predominate. The Roman mind is largely under Greek 
influence, men of letters availing themselves of the rich literary spoils brought 
to Rome after the conquest of Greece, and to its influence is due the rapid 
advancement in the literature of the period. Owing to the tendencies in lit- 
erature and the great political excitement of the age oratory increases in 
importance and reaches its climax. Poetry holds a subordinate position, although 
the later writings of this era are marked by greater proficiency in style and 
perfection in form. 



192 



HISTORY, LITERATURE AND ART TOPICS. 



The second period, called the Augustan Age of Roman literature, marks a 
new era in Roman history by the change of the republic to a monarchy, the 
decay of old and the formation of new institutions. A corresponding change in 
literature is noticeable; public life free from great political excitement, ora- 
tory and political literature, that became a power under the republic dies out. 
Historical literature attains a high perfection in the writings of Livy, one of the 
greatest historical writers the world has ever known. With the extinction of 
public political life attention is given to the development of poetry and erudition. 
Poetry, now studied as an art, fostered and nurtured by imperial favor, reaches 
its highest point of artistic perfection in the writings of Virgil, Horace and Ovid. 

Architecture assumes a magnitude and splendor displaying princely 
ostentation and attains its culminating glory in this period. B. C. 4 records 
the greatest and most important event in the world's history, the birth of Jesus 
Christ. 




Appendix. 



CATALOGUE OF BOOKS USED AS REFERENCES IN 

THIS WORK, EXCEPT ENCYCLOPEDIAS 

AND PERIODICALS. 



Abbott, Evelyn. History of Greece, 2 Vols. New York, Putnam's Sons. 1892. 
Pericles: the Golden Age of Athens. New York, Putnam's Sons. 1891. 
Second Helenica: Theology and Ethics of Sophocles. London, Riving- 
ton, 1880. 
Abbott, J. A. History of Julius Caesar. New York, Putnam's Sons. 
History of Cyrus The Great. New York, Putnam's Sons. 
History of Cleopatra. New York, Putnam's Sons. 
History of Darius. New York, Putnam's Sons. 
History of Xerxes. New York, Putnam's Sons. 
History of Pyrrhus. New York, Putnam's Sons. 
History of Hannibal. New York, Putnam's Sons. 
History of Romulus. New York, Putnam's Sons. 
Aberdeen, G. (Earl of). Principles of Beauty in Grecian Architecture. London, 

Lockwood & Sons. 1874. 
Adams, H. Historical Essays, 2 Vols. New York, Scribner's Sons. 1891. 
Adams, W. H. D. Buried Cities of Campagna, or Pompeii and Herculaneum. 
London, Nelson & Sons. 1865. 
Temples, Tombs and Monuments of Ancient Greece and Rome. London, 
Nelson & Sons. 1872. 
Addison, C. G. Damascus and Palmyra, 2 Vols. Philadelphia. 1838. 
Archer, T. Decisive Events of History. London, New York, Cassell & Co. (New 

Edition). 
Arnold, W. T. Roman Provincial Administration. London, Macmillan & Co. 1879. 
Audley, W. J. and G. A. Dictionary of Architectural Terms and Allied Arts. 
London, Sotheran & Co. 1880-1883. 

Babeloo, Ernest. Manual of Oriental Antiquities, tr. by B. F. A. Evetts. New 
York, Putnam's Sons. 1889. 

Baedeker. Handbook for Travellers. New York, Scribner's Sons; London, 
Delau & Co. 

Baker, George, tr. Livy. History of Rome, 2 Vols. New York, Worthington. 

Ball, C. J. The Prophecies of Jeremiah. New York, Armstrong & Sons. 1893. 

Banks, J., tr. Works of Hesiod, Callimachus and Theognis (lit. tr. into English 
prose). London, Bell & Sons. 1892. 

Barrows, E. P. Sacred Geography and Antiquities. American Tract Society. 

Becker, W. A. Charicles, or Private Life of the Greeks, tr. from the German by 
F. Metcalfe. London, Longmans & Co. 1886. (A novel which seeks 
to reproduce Greek life by modern researches.) 
Gallus: Roman Scenes in the Time of Augustus, tr. by Metcalfe. Lon- 
don, Longmans & Co. 1886. 
193 



194 CATALOGUE OF BOOKS. 

Beecher, Rev. H. W. Bible Studies. New York, Ford, Howard & Hurlbut. 1893. 
Beesly, A. H. The Gracchi: Marius and Sulla. New York, Scribner's Sons. 1888. 
Beesly, E. S. Catiline, Clodius and Tiberius. London, Chapman & Hall, 
Beesly, Mrs. Stories from the History of Rome. London, Macmillan & Co. 1881. 
Benjamin, S. G. W. Troy: its legends, history and literature. New York, Scrib- 
ner's Sons. 1888. 
Persia (Story of the Nations). New York, Scribner's Sons. 1887. 
Blakie, W. G. The Books of Samuel, 2 Vols. New York, Armstrong & Sons. 

(Expositors' Bible.) 
Blanc's Grammar of Painting and Engraving, tr. from the French by Kate W. 
• Doggett, with original illustrations by Hurd & Houghton, New York. 1874. 
Blunt, H. Lectures on the History of Elisha. London, Hatehards. 1862. 
Bonomi, Joseph. Nineveh and its Palaces. London, G. Bell «& Sons. 1889. (Dis- 
coveries of Botta and Layard.) 111. London Library. • 
Brown, G. Baldwin. The Fine Arts (Univ. Ext. Manual), ed. by William Knight. 

New York, Charles Scribner's Sons. 1891. 
Botsford, G. W. The Development of the Athenian Constitution (Cornell Uni- 
versity, studies in classical philology. No. 4). Boston, Ginn & Co. 1893. 
Brugsch, Bey Henry. History of Egypt under the Pharaohs, derived entirely 
from the monuments, to which is added a discourse on the Exodus 
of the Israelites, tr. by Philip Smith, 2 Vols. London, John Murray. 
1881. (An admirable work by one of the most distinguished Egypt- 
ologists.) 
The same in 1 Vol. London, John Murray.. 1891. 
Buckley, T. A. Great Cities of the Ancient World. London, Routledge & Co. 1852. 
Budge, E. A. W. The Dwellers on the Nile: life, literature and customs of the 
aficient Egyptians. Religious Tract Society. 1891. 
Babylonian Life and History. (By-paths Bible Knowledge.) 
History of Esarhaddon (tr. from cuneiform inscriptions in the British 

Museum). London, Triibner & Co. 1880. 
The Mummy: funereal archaeology of the Egyptians. Cambridge. 1893. 
Bulwer Lytton, E. Last Days of Pompeii. Boston, Little, Bro'wn & Co. 1894. 
Bunsen, C. C. J. Von. Egypt's Place in Universal History: an historical investi- 
gation, tr. from the German by Chas. H. Cottrell, 5 Vols. London, 
Longmans & Co. 1848-67. 
Burgess, G., tr. ^schylus' Tragedies. New York, Harper & Bros. 1856. (Lit- 
eral translation.) 
Plato (Works of). London, G. Bohn. 1854. 
Burnham, S. M. Struggles of the Nations, 2 Vols. Boston, Lee & Shepard. 1891. 
Burn, R. Rome and the Campagna. London, Bell & Sons. 1876. 
Burton, R. F. Etruscan Bologna (Etruscan plastic and pict. art). London, Smith 

& Elder. 1876. 
Butcher, W. F. Pompeii: descriptive and picturesque. Edinburgh, Blackwood. 

1886. 
Butcher, S. H. Life of Demosthenes. New York, Appleton & Co. 1882. 
Butler, W. F. Pompeii: descriptive and picturesque. Edinburgh, Blackwood. 

1886. 
Byron, Lord. Poetical Works. 

Caird, John, and others. Oriental Religions. New York, Dodd, Meade & Co. 
Calverley, C. S., tr. Theocritus: tr. into English verse. London, G. Bohn & 
Son. 1892. 



CATALOGUE OF. BOOKS. 193 

Campbell, Lewis. Life of Sophocles, with survey of works. New York, Appleton 
& Co. 1880. 
A Guide to Greek Tragedy. New York, Putnam's Sons. 1891. 
Campbell, John. The Hittites: their inscriptions and their history, 2 Vols. New 

York, A. D. F. Rudolph & Co. 
Capes, W. W., tr. History of the Achaean League (as contained in the remains 
of Polybius. London, Macmillan & Co. 1888. 
Livy: Life and account of works (Anc. Classics for English readers). 
New York, Appleton & Co. 1880. 
Cesnola, A. P. Di. Cyprus: its ancient cities, tombs and temples (excavations). 

London, John Murray. 1877. 
Chambers, T. W. Moses and his Recent Critics. New York, Funk & Wagnalls. 

1889. 
Chandler, Dr. S. A Critical History of the Life of David. Clarenden Press. 1853. 
Cheyne (Can.), T. K. Jeremiah: his life and times (Men of the Bible). London, 

Nisbet & Co. 1888. 
Church, A. J. Roman Life in the time of Cicero. New York, Dodd, Meade & Co. 
1884. 
iStories of the Old World. BoF.ton, Ginn & Co. 1894. 
Story of Carthage (Nation Series). New York and London, Putnam's 

Sons. 1886. 
Stories from Livy (Nation Series). New York and London. Putnam's 
Sons. 1886. 
Clarke, James F. The Ten Great Religions. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1882. 
Clement, C. E. Outline History of Architecture. New York, White & Co. 1886. 
Clement, Clara. Egypt. 

Clodd, Edw. Childhood of the World: man in early times. London, Paul 
French & Co. 1889. 
Childhood of Religions: birth and growth of myths. London, Paui 

French & Co. 1882. 
The Story of Creation. London, Longmans G. & Co. ISS^. 
Colenso, J. W. The Pentateuch and Book of Joshua. Lone-ion, Longmans, Green 
& Co. 1870. 
Lectures on the Pentateuch and Moabite Stone. London, Longmans, 
Green & Co. 1873. 
C:-Uins, Rev. W. L. Aristophanes: life and account of works (Anc. Classics for 
English readers). Philadelphia, Lippincott; London, Blackwood & 
Co. 1872. 
Virgil: Life and account of works (Anc. Classics for English readers). 

Philadelphia, Lippincott & Co. 1872. 
Cicero: Life and works outlined and explained. Philadelphia, Lippin- 
cott. 1872. 
Collins, C. W. Sophocles: life and account of works (Anc. Classics Series). 

Philadelphia, Lippincott & Co. 1873. 
Connington, John, tr. Horace, Satires in English verse. London, New York, G. 

Bell & Sons. 1892. 
Conder, C. R. Palestine. New York, Dodd, Meade & Co. 

Life of Judas Maccabaeus (New Plutarch). New York, Putnam's Sons; 

London, Wall & Son. 1894. 
Altaic Hieroglyphs and Hittite Inscriptions. London, R. Bentley. 1887. 
Conway, W. M. Dawn of Art in the Ancient World. London, Macmillan & Co. 

1891. 
14 



196 CA TALOGUE OF BOOKS. 

Copleson, R. S. ^schylus: life and survey of works (Anc. Classics for English 

readers). Philadelphia, Lippincott & Co. 1879. 
Coulanger, F, De. The Ancient City, tr. by William Small. Boston, Lee & Shep- 

ard. 1889. (Religion, laws and institutions of Greece and Rome). 
Cowles, Henry. Hebrew History from the death of Moses to the close of the 
Scripture narrative. New York, Appleton & Co. 1888. 
Jeremiah and Lamentations, with notes. New York, Appleton & Co. 1891. 
Isaiah, with notes. New York, Appleton & Co. 1893. 
The Psalms, with notes. New York, Appleton & Co. 1891. 
The Minor Prophets, with notes. New York, Appleton & Co. 1888. 
Ezekiel and Daniel, with notes. New York, Appleton & Co. 1890. 
Proverbs, Ecclesiastes and Song of Solomon, with notes. New York, 
Appleton & Co. 1887. 
Cox, G. W. General History of Greece. New York, HaiT)er & Bros. 1876. 
The Greeks and Persians. New York, Harper & Bros. 1887. 
The Athenian Empire. New York, Scribner's Sons. 1889. 
Tales of Ancient Greece (myth.). Chicago, Jansen, McClurg «& Co. 1879. 
Cox, Dr. Samuel. The Book of Ecclesiastes. New York, Armstrong & Sons. 

(Expository lectures.) 
Cox, T. A. Female Scripture Biography. Boston, Lincoln & Edmonds. 
Cranch, C. P., tr. Virgil's ^nid. Boston, Osgood & Co. 1872. 
Creasy, E. S. The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World. New York, R. Worth- 

ington. 
Cruttwell, C. T. History of Roman Literature. New York, Scribner's Sons. 1893. 
Curties, A. M. Rise of the Macedonian Empire. New York, Charles Scribner's 

Sons. 1886. 
Curtius, Ernest. History of Greece, tr. by William Ward, 5 Vols. Scribner, Arm- 
strong & Co. 1874. 

D'Anvers, N. (pseud, of Mrs. N. Bell). Elementary History of Art, Architecture, 
Sculpture, etc. New York, Scribner & Welford. 1876. (New revised 
edition, London, Lowe & Co.; New York, Scribner's Sons. 1883.) 

Davidson, T. Aristotle and Ancient Educational Ideals. New York, Charles 
Scribner's Sons. 1892. 

Davies, J. Hesiod and Theognis: biographies and account of works (Anc. Clas- 
sics for English readers). Philadelphia, Lippincott & Co. 1873. 

Davis, N. Carthage and Her Remains. New York, Harper & Bros. 1861. 

Dawson, J. W. Egypt and Syria in Relation to Bible History. Religious Tract 
Society. 1887. 
Origin of the World. New York, Harper & Bros. 

Deane, Rev. W. J. Samuel and Saul (Men of the Bible). London, Nisbet & Co. 
1888. 

Dennis, George. The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria, 2 Vols. London, John 
Murray. 1883. 

De Quincey, T. Essays in Ancient History and Antiquities. Boston, Houghton, 
Mifflin & Co. 1876. Ticknor & Fields. 1854-56. 
The Caesars. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 

Dodge, T. A. Great Captains, Cassar. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1892. 
Great Captains, Alexander. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1890. 

Donne, W. B. Euripides: biography and account of works (Anc. Classics for 
English readers). Philadelphia, Lippincott & Co. 



CA TALOG UE OF BOOKS. 197 

Draper, J. W. History of the Intellectual Development of Europe, 2 Vols. New 

York, Harper & Bros. 
Driver. S. R. An Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament. New 

York, Charles Scribner's Sons. 1892. 
Isaiah: his life and times (Men of the Bible). London, Nisbet «& Co. 1888. 
Drysdale, A. H. Hebrew Poetry. Religious Tract Society. 
Dyer, Louis. Studies of the Gods in Greece; recent excavations. (Lectures at 

the Lowell Institute, 1890.) London and New York, Macmillan & Co. 

1891. 
Dyer, T. H. Pompeii: its history, building and antiquities. London, G. Bell & 

Sons. 1887. 
The City of Rome: its history and monuments. G. Bell & Sons. 1883. 
Duncan, William, tr. Caesar's Commentaries. St. Louis, Edwards & Bushnell. 

1856. 
Duncker, Prof. Max. A History of Antiquity, tr. by E. Abbott, 6 Vols. London, 

Richard Bentley. 1887. 
Duruy, Victor. History of Rome and the Roman People, tr. by M. M. Ripley, ed. 

by J. P. Mahaffy, 8 Vols. (16 Sections). Boston, Estes & Lauriat. 

1884-87. 
Same, 6 Vols. London Edition, Kegan, Paul French & Co. 1883-86. 
History of Greece, ed. by M. M. Ripley. Boston, Estes & Lauriat. 1892. 

Eaton, D. C. Handbook of Greek and Roman Sculpture. Boston, James Osgood 

& Co. 1884. 
Ebers, George. Egypt: descriptive, historical and picturesque, tr. by Clara Bell, 
2 Vols. London, New York, Paris, Cassell & Co. 1885. 
Cleopatra: a romance, 2 Vols. New York, Appleton & Co. 
Joshua: a biblical picture. New York, J. W. Lovell. 1889. 
Edersheim, Dr. A. Laws and Polity of the Jews. London, Longmans, Green & Co. 
Israel under Samuel. Religious Tract Society. 1886. 
Elisha the Prophet (as a type of Christ). London, Wm. Hunt & Co. 1868. 
Edwards, A. B. A Thousand Miles Up the Nile. London, Routledge. 1889. 
Pharaohs, Fellahs and Explorers. New York, Harper &, Bros. 1891. 
Eschenberg, J. J. Ma.nual of Classical Literature, tr. by N. W. Fiske. Philadel- 
phia, E. & G. Biddle. 1858. 
Ewald, Heinrich. The history of Israel, tr. from the German, 8 Vols., ed. by 
Russell Martineau. London, Longmans, Green & Co. 1883-86. 
Commentaries on the Prophets of the Old Testament, tr. by J. F. Smith, 
5 Vols. London, Williams & Norgate. 1875-81. (Considered the 
greatest authority on Hebrew history.) 

Fairbairn, Patrick. Prophecy: its distinctive nature, use, function and inter- 
pretation. Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark. 1865. 
Jonah: his life, character and mission. Edinburgh, Johnstone. 1849. 

Farrar (Arehd.), F. W. Solomon: his life and times (Men of the Bible). London, 
Nisbet & Co. 1887. 

Featherman, A. Social History of Races. London, Triibner & Co. 1881. 

Felton, C. C. Greece: Ancient and Modern, 2 Vols. Boston, Ticknor & Fields; 
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1867. 

Fenton, J. Early Hebrew Life. London, Sonnenshein & Co. 1880. 

Fergusson, J. A History of Architecture in All Countries, 2 Vols. New York, 
Dodd, Meade & Co. 1891. 



198 CATALOGUE OF BOOKS. 

Flaxman, John. Lectures on Sculpture. London, G. Bell & Son. ' 1884. 

Forbes, S. R. Rambles in Rome. London, Nelson & Sons. 1882. 

Forsyth, William. Life of Marcus Tullius Cicero. London, John Murray. 1889. 

Framji, D. F. History of the Parsees: manners and customs, religion, etc., 2 
Vols. London, Macmillan & Co. 1884. 

Fraser, J. B. Historical and Descriptive Account of Persia. New York, Harper 
«& Bros. 1871. 

Freeman, E. A. Historical Essays (Series II). London, Macmillan & Co. 
History of Sicily (from the earliest times), 2 Vols. Oxford. 1891. 
The Story of Sicily: Phoenician, Greek and Romr.n. New York, Put- 
nam's Sons; London, T. F. Unwin. 1892. 
History of Federal Government. Clarendon Press. 1863. London, Mac- 
millan & Co. (Vol. I, Introduction and Greek Federations.) 

Frere, J. H., tr. Aristophanes' Comedies, in verse. London, Routledge & Sons. 
1887. 

Froude, J. A. Caesar: a sketch. London, Longmans & Co. 1886. 



Gardner, P. New Chapters in Greek History: historical results of recent exca- 
vations in Greece and Asia Minor. New York, Putnam's Sons; 
London, John Murray. 1892. 

Gayley, C. M. The Classic Myths in English Literature. Boston, Ginn & Co. 1894. 

Geddes, W. D. The Problem of the Homeric Poems, with notes. London, Mac- 
millan & Co. 1878. 

Geiger, Dr. Wilhelm. Civilization of the Eastern Iranians in Ancient Times 
(tr.). Clarendon Press. 1887. Vol. I., Ethnology and Social Life; Vol. 
II, Iranian Polity and Age of the Avesta; Introduction, Vol. I, 
Avestan Religion. 

Geikie, Cunningham. Hours with the Bible, 6 Vols. London, Hodder & 
Stoughton. 1880-83. 
The Holy Land and the Bible, 2 Vols. New York, James Pott & Co. 1888. 

Gell, W. Topography of Rome and Vicinity (new edition, revised and enlarged), 
by E. H. Bunbury. London. 1846. 

Gell, William and J. Gandy. Pompeiania: topography and monuments of Pompeii. 
London, Chatto & Winders. 1875. 

Gilfillan, George. Bards of the Bible. New York, Harper & Bros. 1851. 

Gillies, John. History of Ancient Greece. St. Louis, Edwards & Bushnell. 1856. 

Oilman, A. The Story of Rome (Nation Series). New York, Putnam's Sons; 
London, T. F. Unwin. 

Gladstone, W. E. Landmarks of Homeric Study. London, Macmillan & Co. 1890. 
Homeric Synchronism: an inquiry into the time anc place of Homer. 

London, Macmillan & Co. 1890. 
Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age, 3 Vols. Clarenden Press, 
1858. (Vol. I treats upon the politics of the Homeric Age; Vol. Ill 
especially valuable for the student of history.) 

Grant, A. J. Greece in the time of Pericles, 2 Vols. New York, Scribner's Sons. 
1893. 

Grant, Alexander. Xenophon: life and account of works (Anc. Classics for Eng- 
lish readers). Philadelphia, Lippincott & Co. 1872. 
Ethics of Aristotle, with notes, 2 Vols. London, John Murray. 1879. 

Green, W. H. Moses and the Prophets. New York. 1883. 

Griffis, W. E. The Lily Among Thorns. Boston, Houghton, Miflln & Co. 1890. 



CATALOGUE OF BO OKS. 199 

Grote, George. History of Greece, 10 Vols. London, John Murray. 1888. 

History of Greece, 12 Vols. Reprint from London edition by Harper & 
Bros., New York. 1853. (An historical work of the highest merit, 
especially from a political standpoint.) 
Plato, and Other Companions of Socrates, ed. by A. Bain, 4 Vols. London, 
John Murray. 1889. 

Guhl, E. and W. Koner. The Life of the Greeks and Romans, tr. from the Ger- 
man by F. Heuffer. New York, Appleton & Go. 1876. 

Guizot, M. and Mme. Guizot Dewitt. The History of France, from the earliest 
times to 1848, tr. by Robert Black, 8 Vols. New York, J. B. Alden, 
1885. 

Gwilt, Joseph. An Encyclopedia of Architecture, revised by Wyatt and Pap- 
worth. London, Longmans, Green & Co. 1888. 

Hague, J. B., tr. Horace: Odes and Epodes, tr. into English verse. New York 
and London, Putnam's Sons. 1892. 

Hare, A. J. C. Walks in Rome, 2 Vols. London, Smith & Elder. 1887. 

Hai2-h, A. E. The Attic Theater: a description of the stage, etc. Oxford. 1889. 

Harrison. The Story of Greece. 

Harrison & Verrall. See Pausanias. 

Heeren, A. K. L. Manual of Ancient History, the commerce and colonies of an- 
tiquity, from the German. London, H. G. Bohn. 1854. 
Historical Researches into the intercourse and trade of the nations of 
antiquity, 3 Vols. London, H. G. Bohn. 1854. 

Heilprin, M. The Historical Poetry of the Ancient Hebrews: a translation, 2 
Vols. New York, Appleton & Co. 1880. 

Henderson, Rev. A. Palestine, with maps. Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark. 

Henstenberg, E. W. History of the Kingdom of God under the Old Testament, 
from the German, 2 Vols. Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark. 1872. 

Herder, J. G. The Spirit of Hebrew Poetry, tr. by James Marsih, 2 Vols. Bur- 
lington. 1833. (Valuable to the understanding of Hebrew institu- 
tions in their relation to Hebrew literature.) 

Herodotus (Works of). Trs., Can. G., Sir H. Rawlinson and J. G. Wilkinson, 
4 Vols. London, John Murray. New York, Appleton & Co. 1875. 
Euterpe. Book H tr. by B. Rich, ed. by A. Lang. London, D. Nutt. 1888. 

Hickie, W. J., tr. Aristophanes' Comedies, literally translated, 2 Vols. London, 
Bell & Sons. 1887. 

Hittell, J. S. A Brief History of Culture. New York, Appleton & Co. 1875. 

Horton, R. F. The Book of Proverbs. New York, A. C. Armstrong & Son. 1891. 

Hosmer, J. K. The Story of the Jews. New York, Putnam's Sons. 

Howells, W. D. Italian Journeys. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1884. 

Hutton, Lawrence. Literary Landmarks of Jerusalem. New York, Harper & 
Bros. 1895. 

Ihne, Wilhelm. The History of Rome, English Edition, tr. by the author, 5 Vols. 
London, Longmans, Green & Co. 1871. 
Early Rome: from its foundation to its destruction by the Gauls. New 

York, Scribner's Sons. 1886. 
Researches Into the History of the Roman Constitution, tr. London, 
Longmans, Green & Co. 1853. 
Inwood, W. The Ereohtheum at Athens. London. 1827. 



200 CA TALOGUE OF BOOKS. 

Jebb, R. C. The Growth and Influence of Classical Greek Poetry (lectures, 1892). 

Boston and New York, Houghton, Mlffin & Co. 1894. 
Primer of Greek Literature. McMillan & Co. 
Jennings, A. C, and W. H. Lowe. The Psalms, with introduction and notes, 2 

Vols. London, Macmillan & Co. 1884. 
Johnson, Samuel. Oriental Religions, and Their Relation to Universal Religion. 

London, Trubner & Co. 1885. 
Johns Hopkins. University Studies in Historical and Political Science; H. B. 

Adams, ed.. Vol. 9. Baltimore, J. Hopkins Press. 1891. (Public 

lands and agrarian laws of the Roman Republic.) 
Jowett, B., tr. Dialogues of Plato, 4 Vols. New York, Scribner's Sons. 1889. 

Thucydides Peloponnesian War. London, Macmillan & Co. 
Josephus, Flavins. Works, tr. by Wm. Whiston; 3 Vols. New York, U. S. 

Book Co. 

Kalisch, Dr. M. Bible Studies. Part II, Jonah (very valuable). London, Long- 
mans, Green & Co. 1878. 
Kalisch, I. Sketch of the Talmud. New York. 1877. 
Keil, C. P. Biblical Archaeology, from the German, 2 Vols. Edinburgh T. and 

T. Clark. 1887. 
Keil, C. F., and T. Delitzsch. Commentary on the Twelve Minor Prophets, tr. 

by James Martin, 2 Vols. Edinburgh, T. and T. Clark. 1889. 
Kenrick, John. Ancient Egypt under the Phariohs, 2 Vols. New York, Redfield. 

1852. 
Phoenicia (Story of the Nations). London,' Fellowes. 
Kelly, W. R., tr. Catullus: literal prose, tr. with notes. London, Bell & Sons. 

1894. 
Lucretius: prose, tr. London and New York, G. Bell & Sons. 1894. 
Kellogg, A. H. Abraham, Joseph and Moses in Egypt. New York, Anson, D. F. 

Randolph & Co. 1887. 
Kennedy, C. R. Orations of Demosthenes. London, G. Bell & Sons. 1887. 
King, Rev. J. Recent Discoveries on the Temple Hill at Jerusalem. Religious 

Tract Society. 1888. 
Moab's Patriarchal Stone: its story and teaching. London, Bickers & 

Son. 1878. 
Kingsley, Charles. Historical Lectures and Essays. London, Macmillan & Co. 

1880. 
Greek Heroes. New York, Macmillan & Co. 1892. 
Kitto, John, Palestine: the Bible history of the Holy Land. London, Charles 

Knight & Co. 1841. 
Knappert, J. Religion of Israel, tr. by R. A. Armstrong. London, Williams & 

Norgate. 1877. 
Krummacher, T. W. Elijah the Tishbite, tr. from the German. New York, 

American Tract Society. 
David, King of Israel, tr. by W. G. Eaton. Edinburgh, T. and T. Clark. 

1874. 
K-nenen, Prof. A. The Religion of Israel to the Fall of the Jewish State, 3 Vols. 

London, Williams & Norgate. 1881. 
The Prophets and Prophecy in Israel, tr. from the Dutch by A. Milroy. 

London, Longmans, Green & Co. 1877. 



CATALOGUE OF BOOKS. 201 

Lanciani, Prof. R. Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries. Boston 
and New York, Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1892. 

Lang, A. Politics of Aristotle. London, Longmans, Green & Co. 1886. 
Homer and the Epic. London, Longmans, Green & Co. 1893. 

I^ang, A., tr. Theocritus, Bion and Moschus, tr. into English prose. London, 
Macmillan & Co. 1889. 

Lang, Rev. J. M. Gideon: his life and times (Men of the Bible). London, Nisbet 
& Co. 1888. 
Gideon and the Judges (Expositors Bible). New York, Randolph & Co. 

Larned, J. N. History for Ready Reference, 5 Vols. Springfield, Mass., Nichols 
Co. 1894. 

Layard, A. H. Discoveries at Nineveh. London. 1883. 

Nineveh and Its Remains, 2 Vols. New York, Putnam's Sons. 1851. 
Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon. London, John Murray, 1853. 

Leaf, W. A Companion to the Iliad. London, Macmilian & Co. 1892. 

Leighton, R. F. History of Rome. New York, Clark & Maynard. 

Leake, W. M. The Topography of Athens, 2 Vols. London, Rodwell. 1841. 

Lenormant, Francois. The Beginnings of History, tr. by Francis Brown. New 
York, Charles Scribner's Sons. 1886. 
Manual of Ancient History. 

Lenoye, F. De. Rameses the Great, or Egypt 3,300 Years Ago, tr. into English 
(Wonders of Art and Archasology). New York, Charles Scribner's 
Sons. 1885. 

Lepsius, Dr. Richard. Letters from Egypt, Ethiopia and Sinai (with extracts 
from his Chronology of the Egyptians), tr. by L. and J. B. Horner. 
London, G. Bohn. 1853. 

Lessing, G. E. Laocoon: an essay on the limits of painting and poetry, tr. by 
Ellen Frothingham. Boston, Roberts Bros. 1874. 

Lewis, J. H. The Holy Places of Jerusalem (illustrated). London, John Mur- 
ray. 1888. 

Liddell, H. G. Life of Julius Cassar. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1881- 

Lincoln, J. L., tr. Livy: selections from, with notes. New York, Appleton & 
Co. 1886. 

Lloyd, Rev. J. The Book of Joshua. London, Hodder & Stoughton. 1886. 

Lloyd, W. W. The Age of Pericles: politics and art of Greece from the Persian 
to Peloponnesian war, 2 Vols. London, Macmillan & Co. 1875^ 
History of Sicily to the Athenian war. London, John Murray. 1872. 

Long, George. The Decline of the Roman Republic, 5 Vols. London. Bell & 
Daldy. 

Lord, John. Beacon Lights of History, First Series. New York, Fords, Howard 
& Hulbert. 1888. 

Lowe, W. H., ed. Mishnah: on which the Palestinian Talmud rests. Oxford- 
Cambridge Press. 1883. (From MSS. University Library, Cam- 
bridge, the only edition now in print, of the Jerusalem Mishnah.) 

Lubbock, Sir J. The Origin of Civilization and Primitive Condition of Man. 
London, Longmans, Green & Co. 1881. 

Liibke, Wilhelm. Outlines of the History of Art, tr. from the Seventh German 
edition, by Clarence Cook, 2 Vols. New York, Dodd, Meade & Co. 
History of Sculpture, tr. by F. E. Burnett, 2 Vols. London, Smith & 
Elder. 1874. 

Lyell, Sir John. The Antiquity of Man. London, John Murray. 1873. 



202 CATALOGUE OF BO OKS. 

Macaulay, Lord. Lays of Ancient Rome. Boston, D. Lotlircp & Co. 
Macduff, J. R. The Prophet of Fire (Elijah). London, Nisbet & Co. 1878. 
McClintock, John, and James Strong. Cyclopedia of Biblical Theological and 

Ecclesiastical Literature, 12 Vols. New York, Harpers, 1891. 
Machiavelli, N. Historical, Political and Diplomatic Writings, tr. from the 

Italian by C. E. Detmold, 4 Vols. Boston, Osgood & Co. 1882. 
Maclaren. Topography of the Trojan War. Edinburgh. 1892. 
Maclaren, Dr. A. Life of David as Reflected in His Psalms (household library 

of exposition). London, Hodder & Stoughton. 1885. 
Mahaffy, J. P. History of Classical Greek Literature, 2 Vols. New York, Harper 

& Bros. 
The Story of Alexander's Empire. New York and London, Putnam'^s 

Sons. 1887. 
Social Life in Greece. London, Macmillan «& Co. 1883. 
Greek Pictures, Drawn with Pen and Pencil. London, Religious Tract 

Society. 1889. (Fleming Revell, agent for the United States— New 

York and Chicago.) 
Mann, Henry. Ancient and Medseval Republics: a review of their institutions 

and of the causes of their decline and fall. New York, A. S. Barnes 

& Co. 
Mariette, Auguste. Monuments of Upper Egypt, tr. by Alphonse Mariette. Bos- 
ton, J. H. Mansfield. 1890. 
Outline of Ancient Egyptian History, tr. by M. Brodrick. New York, 

Charles Scribner's Sons. 1892. 
Martin, T., tr. Horace: Ancient Classics for English readers. Philadelphia, 

Lippincott & Co. 1873. 
Maspero, G. Egyptian Archaeology, tr. by Amelia B. Edwards. New York, Put- 
nam's Sons. London, H. Grevel & Co. 1888. 
Life in Ancient Egypt and Assyria. New York, Appleton & Co. 1892. 
Merivale, Charles. The Roman Triumvirates. New York, Charles Scribner's 

Sons. 1887. 
Meyers, P. V. N. Remains of Lost Empires. New York, Harper & Bros. 
Middleton, Dr. C. Life and Letters of Marcus Tullius Cicero. London, H. G. 

Bohn, 1848. 
Middleton, Prof. J. H. The Remains of Ancient Rome. London and Edinburgih, 

Adams & Black. 1892. 
Miller, Rev. W. The Greatest of the Judges (Life of Gideon). London, Hodder 

& Stroughton. 1878. 
Milman, H. H. The History of the Jews: from the earliest period down to mod- 
ern times, 2 Vols. New York, A. C. Armstrong & Sons. 1886. 
Mitchell, L. M. A History of Ancient Sculpture, 2 Vols. New York, Dodd, Meade 

& Co. 1894. 
Mitford, William. History of Greece, 10 Vols. London, T. Cadell; Edinburgh. 

Blackwood. 1836. 
Mollett, J. W. An Illustrated Dictionary of Art and Archaeology. Boston 

Houghton, Mifilin & Co. 1883. 
Mommsen, Theodor. The History of Rome, tr. by W. Dickson, 4 Vols. New 

York, Scribner, Armstrong & Co. 1874. 
Monnier, Marc. The Wonders of Pompeii (illustrated). New York, Charles 

Scribner's Sons. 1886. 
Monroe, H. A. J., tr. Lucretius: on the nature of things, with notes. London, 

G. Bell & Sons. 1893. 



CA TALOG UE OF BOOKS. 203 

Montgomery, W. Tales of Ancient Troy, and the Adventures of Ulysses. Bos- 
ton. 1892. 
Montifiore, C. G. Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion, as illustrated 

by the religion of the ancient Hebrews (Hibbert Lectures, 1892). 

London, Williams & Norgate. 1893. 
Montesquieu, C. De. Considerations on Causes of Grandeur and Decadence 

of the Romans, tr. by John Baker. New York, Appleton & Co. 1882. 
Morris, Charles. Civilization: an historical review of its elements, 2 Vols. 

Chicago, Griggs & Co. 1890. 
Muller, Prof. Max, ed. Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 4, Part I (Vol. 23, Part II; 

Vol. 31, Part III), tr. by various Oriental scholars. Oxford. 1887. 
Muller, K. 0. History and Antiquity of the Doric Race, tr. by G. C. Lewis, 2 Vols. 

Oxford. 1839. 
Ancient Art and Its Remains, tr. by J. M. Leitch. London. 1852. 
Mure, William. Critical History of Language and Literature of Ancient Greece, 

5 Vols. London, Longmans, Brown, Green & Longmans. 1854. 
Murray, A. S. Manual of Mythology. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons. 1884. 

History of Greek Sculpture, 2 Vols. London, John Murray. 1890. 
Handbook of Greek Archaeology. New York, Scribners. 1892. 
Meyers, F. W. H. Greek Oracles (in the Hellenica). See Abbott. 

Napoleon III. History of Julius Caesar, 2 Vols. New York, Harper & Bros. 
Newton, C. T. Essays on Art and Archaeology. London, Macmillan & Co. 1880. 
Niebuhr, B. G. Lectures on Ancient History, tr. by L. Schmitz, 3 Vols. Phila- 
delphia, Blanchard & Lee. 1852. London, Taylor & Francis. 

Oliphant, Mrs. Jerusalem, the Holy City. New York and London. Macmillan 

6 Co. 1891. 

Orelli, C. Von. The Prophecies of Isaiah, tr. J. S. Banks. 1889. 

The Prophecies of Jeremiah, tr. J. S. Banks. 1889. Edinburgh, T. and 
T. Clark. 
Oxonian. Israel's Wanderings: or the Scuths, the Saxons and the Kymry. 

Palfrey, J. G. Academical Lectures on the Jewish Scriptures and Antiquities, 4 

Vols. Boston, James Monroe & Co. 1838. 
Paris Pierre. Manual of Ancient Sculpture, tr. by J. E. Harrison. London, H. 

Grevel & Co.; Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1890. 
Pausanias. Description of Greece, tr. into English by A. R. Shilleto, 2 Vols. 

London, G. Bell & Son. 1886. (This work treats of the art, history 

and life of Ancient Greece by a traveler who lived in the second 

century.) 
Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens, tr. by M. de G. Verrall. 

(Introduction by J. Harrison.) London, Macmillan «fe Co. 1890. 
Pelham, H. T. Outlines of Roman History. New York and London, G. P. 

Putnam's Sons. 1893. 
Perrot, G., and C. Chipiez. History of Art in Chaldea and Assyria, tr. 2 Vols. 

London, Chapman & Hall. 
History of Art in Ancient Egypt, tr. and ed. by W. Armstrong, 2 Vols. 

1883. 
History of Art in Phoenicia, Cyprus, etc., 2 Vols., tr. and ed. by W. 

Armstrong. 1885. 



204 CATALOGUE OF BOOKS. 

History of Art in Phrygia, Lydia, etc., 2 Vols., tr. and ed. by W. Arm- 
strong. 1892. New Yorlt, Armstrong & Son; London, Chapman & 
Hall. 
History of Art in Sardinia, Judea, Syria and Asia Minor, tr. by Gonino, 
2 Vols. New York, Armstrong & Son; London, Chapman & Hall, 
1890. 
History of Art in Persia, tr. New York, Armstrong & Son. 1892. 
History of Art in Primitive Greece, tr. from the French, 2 Vols. Lon- 
don, Chapman & Hall. 1894. 
Perry, T. S. History of Greek Literature. New York, Holt & Co. 1890. 
Perry, W. C. Greek and Roman Sculpture. London, Longmans, Green & Co. 1892. 
Petrie, W. M. F. History of Egypt, from the earliest times to the sixteenth 

dynasty. New York, Scribner's Sons. 1895. 
Philo-Judaeus (The Works of), tr. from the Greek by C. D. Young, 4 Vols. H. 

G. Bohn. 1855. 
Philo-Judaeus. On Alexandrian Greek of the first century. 

Plumtre, E. H. Book of Ecclesiastes, with notes. Oxford-Cambridge Press. 1881. 
Plumtre, tr. Aeschylus: tragedies, with biographical essay. Boston, Heath & 

Co. 1894. 
Plutarch's Lives of Greeks and Romans, tr. by A. H. Clough, 5 Vols. New York, 

Little, Brown & Co. 
Plutarch's Lives, tr. by Stuart and Long, 4 Vols. London, G. Bell & Son. 1893. 
Pollai'd, A. W., tr. Sallust Jugurthine War and Conspiracy of Catiline. Lon- 
don, Macmillan & Co. 
Polybeus (Histories of), tr. by E. S. Shuckburgh, 2 Vols. London, Macmillan & Co. 
Polybeus. Chief authority for Second Punic War. Hampton, tr. 

History of the Archaean League, tr. by W. W. Capes. (See Capes.) 
Poole, R. S. The Cities of Ancient Egypt. London, Smith, Elder & Co. 1882. 
Poole, W. H. Lectures. Anglo-Israel: or the Saxon race proved to be the lost 

tribes of Israel. Detroit, Hammond. 1889. 
Porter, F. L. Giant Cities of Bashan, and Syria's Holy Places. New York. T. 

Nelson & Sons. 1884, 
Pusey, Dr. E. B. The Minor Prophets, with Commentary and Introduction. 

London, Parker & Co. 1877. 
Radcliffe, A. G. Schools and Masters of Sculpture, New York, D, Appleton & 

Co. 1894. 
Ragozin, Z. A. The Story of Assyria. 1887. 
The Story of Chaldea. 

The Story of Babylonia (The Nation's Series). New York, G. P. Put- 
nam's Sons. 
Medea, Babylon and Persia, including a study of the Zend Avesta, New 
York, Putnam's Sons. 1888. 
Ranke, Leopold Von. Universal History of the East, ed. by G. W. Prothers. New 
York, published by Harper Bros.; London, Paul, French & Co. 1885. 
Rawlinson, Canon G. The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern 
World, 3 Vols. New York, J. B. Alden. 1885. 
Story of Ancient Egypt. New York and London, G. P. Putnam's Sons. 

1887. 
Story of Parthia. Putnam's Sons. 1893. 

History of Phoenicia. London, Longmans. Green & Co, 1889. 
Story of Phoenicia. Putnam's Sons. 1889. 



CAT4L0G UE OF BO OKS. 205 

Religions of the Ancient World. New York, Chrarles Scribner's Sons. 

1883. 
Moses: his life and times (Men of the Bible.) London, Nisbet & Co. 1887. 
The Origin of Nations, Early Civilization and Ethnic Affinities. Re- 
ligious Tract Society. 
History of Ancient Egypt, 2 Vols. London, J. Murray. 1881. 
Rawnsley, H. D. Notes for the Nile, with a metrical rendering of the hymns of 

Ancient Egypt. New York, Putnam's Sons. 1892. 
Reber, T. Von. History of Ancient Art, tr. by J. T. Clarke. New York, Harper 

& Bros. 
Renan, Ernest. History of the People of Israel, 4 Vols. Boston, Roberts Bros. 
1890. 
The Song of Songs in Acts and Scenes, tr. from the French. London, 
Triibner & Co. 1864. 
Renouf, P. Le Page. Origin and Growth of Religion, as Illustrated by the Re- 
ligion of Ancient Egypt (Hibbert Lects., 1879). London, Williams & 
Norgate. 1884. 
Riley, H. T., tr. Plautus Comedies, lit. tr. into English prose; 2 vols. London, 
Bell & Sons. 1890. 
Terence, done into English prose. New York, Harper &. Bros. 1890. 
Ovid, literally trans. London, Bell & Sons. 1890. 
Rollin, Charles. Ancient History, tr. from the French. Philadelphia, Lip- 

pincott & Co. 1854. 
Rose, William, tr. Sallust History of the Conspiracy of Catiline. St. Louis, 

Edwards & Bushnell. 
Rosengarten, A. Handbook of Architectural Styles, tr. from the German by 
W. CoUett-Sanders. London, Chatto & Winders. 1891. 

Sankey, Chas. The Spartan and Theban Supremacies. London, Longmans, 

Green & Co. 1884. 
Sayce, A. H. Fresh Light from the Ancient Monuments. Religious Tract Soc. 
1890. (By-Paths of Bible Knowledge.) 

Assyria: Its Princes, Priests and People. Rel. Tract Soc. 

Ancient Empires of the East. New York, Chas. Scribner's Sons. 1884. 

The Higher Criticism and the Verdict of the Monuments. Soc. for Prom. 
Chr. Knowledge. 1894. 

Religion of the Ancient Babylonians (Hibbert Lectures, 1887). London, 
Williams and Newgate. 

The Life and Times of Isaiah, Illustrated from the Monuments. Lon- 
don. 1890. 

Social Life in Assyria and Babylonia. New York and Chicago, F. H. 
Revell Co. 

The Hittites: the story of a forgotten Empire. Rel. Tract Soc. 1890. 
Schaff-Herzog. Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, 3 vols. London, New 

York, Chicago, Funk & Wagnalls. 1887. 
Schlegel, K. W. F., von. Philosophy of History (lectures), tr. by J. B. Robert- 
son. London, Geo. Bell & Co. 1869. 
Schleimann, Henry. Ilios the City and Country of the Trojans: researches and 
discoveries, including Autobiography of the Author. 

Troja; result of researches, etc. New York, Harper & Bros. 1884. 

Troy and Its Remains. Ed. by P. Smith. London, John Murray. 1875. 

Mycenee and Tiryns: narrative of researches and discoveries. New York, 
Scribner, Armstrong & Co. London, John Murray, .1878. 



206 CATALOGUE OF BOOKS. 

Tiryns, the Prehistoric Palace of the Kings; results of the latest excava- 
tions. London, John Murray. 1886. 
Schomann, G. P. Athenian Constitutional History, tr. by Bosanquet. London, 

Rivington & Co. 1878. 
Scott, W. A. Esther, the Hebrew Persian Queen. San Francisco, H. H. Bancroft 

& Co. 1859. 
Sellar, W. G. Roman Poets of the Republic, Oxford. 1889. 
Roman Poets of Augustan Age. Oxford. 1892. 
Antiquities of Palmyra. 
Sharpe, Samuel. History of Egypt, 2 vols. London. Bell & Sons. Sixth Ed. 

1885. 
Shepard, Hazel (pseud, of H. A. Smith). The Great Cities of the Ancient World. 

New York, Routledge & Sons. 
Simcox, G. A. History of Latin Literature, 2 vols. New York, Harper & Bros. 

1883. 
Smart, C, tr. The Works of Horace, done into English prose. London, 

G. Bell & Sons. 1888. 
Smith, George. Ancient History from the Monuments. Assyria, 1886. Babylon, 
1888. (By-Paths Bible Knowledge.) Soc. Pro. Chris. Knowledge. 
Assyrian Discoveries on the Site of Nineveh, 1873-1874. London, Sam- 
son, Lowe & Co. 1883. 
The Chaldean Account of Genesis: description of the creation, the 
deluge, the tower of Babel, etc., from the cuneiform inscriptions. 
New York, Scribner's Sons. 
Smith, Rev. G. A. The Pentateuch in its authorship, credibility and civilization. 
New York, Armstrong & Son. 
The Book of Isaiah, 2 vols. New York, Armstrong & Son. 
Historical Geography of the Holy Land. New York, Armstrong & Son. 
1895. 
Smith, H. A. Wonderful Cities. New York and London, Geo. Routledge & 

Sons. 1887. 
Smith, Philip. History of the World from the Creation to the Fall of the 
Western Roman Empire, 3 vols. New York, D. Appleton & Co. 
1885. 
Ancient History of the East (Students' Edition). New York, Harper 
& Bros. 1872. 
Smith, R. B. Carthage and the Carthagenians. London, Longmans, Green & 
Co. 1881. 
Rome and Carthage (Punic Wars). New York, Chas. Scribner's Sons. 
1895. 
Smith, T. R. and J. Slater. Architecture, Classical and Early Christian. Lon- 
don, Low & Co. 1882. 
Smith, W. R. The Prophets of Israel and Their Place in History (to B. C. 900). 
London, A. C. Black. 1882. 
The same to close of eighth century. 1882. 
Smith, U. Thoughts on the Book of Daniel. Battle Creek, Mich. 1883. 
Smyth, C. P. Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid. London, Isbister. 1880. 
Life and Work at the Great Pyramid, 3 vols. Edinburgh, Edmonston 
& Douglas. 1867. 
Spinoza, B. De, Chief Works of. Tr. from the Latin by R. H. M. Elwes, 2 

vols. London, Geo. Bell & Sons. 1887. 
Spurgeon, C. H. The Treasury of David, an original exposition of the Book 
of Psalms. 7 vols. New York and London, Funk & Wagnalls. 1892. 



CATALOGUE OF BOOKS. 207 

Stanley, A. P. Lectures on the History of the Jewish Church, 3 vols. New 

York, Scribner's Sons. 1892. 
St. Clair. Buried Cities and Bible Countries. New York, Thomas Whittaker. 

1891. 
Stewart, A. The Tale of Troy. London, Macmillan & Co. 1886. 
Strachan-Davidson, J. L. Cicero and the Fall of the Roman Republic. New 

York and London, Putnam's Sons. 1894. 
Stuart, J. and N. Revett. Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of 

Greece. London, G. Bell & Sons. 1889. 
Stuart, Rev. M. Commentary on the Book of Proverbs. 1870. 

Commentary on the Book of Bcclesiastes. 1864. New York. 
Swayne, G. C, tr. Herodotus (Anc. Classic Series). Philadelphia, J. B. Lip- 

pincott. 1873. 
Symonds, J. A. Studies of Greek Poets, 2 vols. London, Adams & Black. 1893. 
Symington, A. M. The Story of Esther, the Queen. Rel. Tract Soc, London. 

Taine, H. Italy, Rome and Naples, from the French by J. Durand. New York, 

H. Holt & Co. 1889. 
Taylor, Isaac. The Spirit of Hebrew Poetry. London, Bell & Daldy. 1861. 
Taylor, Thomas. The Eleusinian and Bacchic Mysteries; a dissertation. Ed. by 

Alex. Wilder. New York, J. W. Bouton. 1875. 
Taylor, W. M. Moses the Law Giver. New York, Harper & Bros. 

Ruth the Gleaner and Esther the Queen. New York, Harper & Bros. 

1891. 
David, King of Israel; His Life and Its Lessons. London, Chas. Burnett 

& Co. 1888. 
Teuffel, W. S. History of Roman Literature, tr. by W. Wagner; 2 vols. Lon- 
don, G. Bell & Sons. 1873. Later ed. tr. and ed. by Prof. Warr. 
Thomson, Wm. The Land and the Book. New York, Harper & Bros. 1886. 
Thucidides. History of the Peloponesian War, tr. by B. Jowett; 2 vols. Claren- 

den Press. Oxford. 1881. 
The same, literally translated by H. Dale. London, H. G. Bohn. 1854. 

(Universally regarded as one of the most important and valuable 

of historical writings.) 
Timayenis, T. T. History of Greece, 2 vols. New York, Appleton & Co. 1882. 
Tozer. Rev. H. T. Lectures on the Geography of Greece. London, Murray: 1873. 
Trollope, A. Life of Cicero, 2 vols. London, Chapman & Hall. 1880. 
Turner, S. W. (Tr.) Odes of Pindar, tr. into English prose. London, Bohn & 

Sons. 1892. 
Tylor, E. B. Primitive Culture, 2 vols. New York, Holt & Co. 1874. 
Tyng, Rev. S. H, The Rich Kinsman, or the History of Ruth. 
The Captive Orphan, Esther. New York. 1872. 

Vaux, W. S. W. Greek Cities and Islands of Asia Minor. London, Soc. for Prom. 

Chr. Knowl. 1887. 
Persia (ancient history from the monum.ents). London and New York, 

J. B. Young & Co. 1884. (An admirable sketch of Persian history.) 
Volney's Ruins, tr. from the French. Boston. 1869. 
Violet, Le Due. Discourses on Architecture, tr. from the French by B. Bushnell; 

2 vols. Boston, Ticknor & Co. 
Volkmann, M. H. Text Book to the Illustrations of the History of Art from 

the German. Boston, Prang Educational Co. 1883. 



2(^ 



CATALOGUE OF BOOKS. 



Waldstein, C. Essays on the Art of Pheidias. New York, Century Co. 1885. 
Walford, E. Politics and Economics of Aristotle. London, Bell & Sons. 1889. 
Walsh (Bp.), W. P. The Moabite Stone. Dublin. 1873. 
Warren, Capt. C. and Wilson. Recovery of Jerusalem; a narrative of exploration 

and discovery in the city and the holy land. Ed. by W. Morrison. 

New York, Appleton & Co. 1871. 
Warren, Capt. C. Underground Jerusalem. Continuation of the above. Lon- 
don, Bentley. 1876. 
Watson, J. S. and H. Dale. (Trs.) Xenophon Cyropsedia (Education and Life 

of Cyrus) and the Hellenics. Lit. tr. G. Bell & Sons. 1893. 
Sallust Literally Td. New York, Harper & Bros. 1855. 
Lucretius On the Nature of Things; done into English prose. London, 

G. Bell & Sons. 1886. 
Westropp, H. M. Handbook of Archaeology— Egyptian, Greek, Etruscan, 

Roman. London, G. Bell & Sons. 1878. 
Wey, F. Rome, Its Monuments, Arts and Antiquity; tr. by W. W. Story. Lon- 
don, Virtue & Co. 1887. 
Wharton, H. T. Sappho: Memoir, Text, etc. London, D. Stott & Co. 1887. 
Wheeler, J. T. Life and Travels of Herodotus; an imaginary biography founded 

on fact; 2 vols. New York. 1856. 
Whibley, L. Political Parties in Athens During the Peloponnesian War (Camb. 

Hist. Essays). Cambridge Press. 1889. 
Wilkinson, J. G. Ancient Egyptians, 2 vols. New York, Harper & Bros. 1854. 

(Standard work especially valuable as portraying the manners and 

customs of the people.) 
Wilson, Col. C. Jerusalem, the Holy City. London, Virtue & Co. 
W^inckelmann, J. History of Ancient Art; from the German by G. H. Lodge; 

4 vols, in 2. Boston, Ticknor & Co. 
Woltmann, A. and K. Woermann. History of Painting; from the German by 

C. Bell. New York, Dodd, Mead & Co. 1888. 
Wood, J. T. Discoveries at Ephesus. London, Longmans. Green & Co. 1877. 
Wright, Prof. W. The Empire of the Hittites. Illustrated. London. Jas. 

Nisbet & Co. 1886. 
Wyatt, M. D. Fine Art: a Sketch of Its History, Theory and Practice (Lectures). 

London and New York. Macmillan & Co. 1870. 

Yaggy, L. W. and T. L. Haines. Museum of Antiquities. Ancient Art and Lit- 
erature of 3,000 Years Ago. Chicago, Western Publishing House. 
Younge, C. D. (Tr.) Cicero, Orations. London, G. Bell & Sons. 1887. 

Zeller, Prof. E. Socrates and the Socratic School; tr. by O. J. Reicbel. London, 

Longmans, Green & Co. 1885. 
The Stoics, Bpicurians and Skeptics; Reichel tr. London, Longmans, 

Green & Co. 1892. 
Plato and the Older Academy; tr. by S. F. Alleyne and A. Goodwin. 

London, 1888. 
Pre-Socratic Philosophy: a History of Greek Philosophy; 2 vols. 

S. F. Alleyne, tr. London. 1881. 
Outlines of the History of Greek Philosophy. Alleyne and E. Abbott, 

trs. London, Longmans, Green «& Co. 1886. (An admirable work 

intended for students.) 
History of Electicism in Greek Philosophy. Alleyne. London, Longmans, Green 

& Co. 1883. 



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